📚 Year 10 WJEC Chemistry: Key Terms Memorisation Guide | WJEC 十年级化学：核心术语速记指南
Welcome to your ultimate quick-reference guide for mastering the essential chemistry vocabulary in Year 10 WJEC. Whether you are tackling atomic structure, bonding, or quantitative chemistry, having a solid command of terminology can turn a confusing topic into a straightforward one. This guide pairs each key term with a simple definition and a memory tip, presented in bite-sized English-Chinese paragraphs to help you learn actively and recall faster in exams.
欢迎使用这份终极速查指南，助你攻克十年级 WJEC 化学的核心词汇。无论你正在面对原子结构、化学键还是定量化学，扎实的术语功底都能把令人困惑的课题变得清晰明了。本指南为每个关键词汇配上了简洁的定义和记忆妙招，并通过精炼的英汉对照段落帮助你主动学习，在考试中快速提取知识。
1. Foundational Concepts | 基础概念
An element is a pure substance made of only one type of atom. You cannot break it down into anything simpler by chemical means. Think of it as the 'alphabet' of chemistry — each symbol like H or O stands for a unique building block.
元素是由同一种原子组成的纯净物，无法通过化学方法再分解成更简单的物质。可以把它想象成化学的“字母表”——每个符号如 H 或 O 代表一种独特的积木。
A compound forms when two or more different elements chemically combine in fixed proportions. Unlike elements, compounds can be separated only by chemical reactions. A handy memory trick: 'compounds' contain 'com-parts' — different parts joined together.
化合物是由两种或以上不同元素按固定比例通过化学结合形成的物质。与元素不同，化合物只能通过化学反应才能分离。一个巧记法：'compound' 包含 'com'（一起）和 'pound'（放）—— 不同部分拼在一起。
A mixture consists of two or more substances jumbled together but not chemically bonded. Air and salt water are mixtures. Remember: mixtures can be separated by physical techniques like filtration or distillation, which is not true for compounds.
混合物由两种或以上物质混合而成，但彼此并没有化学键合。空气和盐水都是混合物。要记住：混合物可用过滤、蒸馏等物理方法分离，而化合物不能这样分离。
The term 'pure' in chemistry has a specific meaning: a single substance with nothing else mixed in. In everyday language 'pure' can mean natural, but in your exam, pure means one substance only — one spot on a chromatogram.
化学中“纯的”有特定含义：只有单一物质，不含任何其他掺杂物。日常语言中“纯”可能意味着天然，但在考试中，纯是指单一物质——色谱图上仅有一个斑点。
2. Atomic Structure | 原子结构
The atom is the smallest electrically neutral particle of an element. It has a tiny central nucleus containing protons and neutrons, surrounded by electrons whizzing around in shells. An easy visual: a minuscule solar system with the nucleus as the sun.
原子是元素最小的电中性粒子。它有一个极小的中央原子核，内含质子和中子，电子则在核外的壳层中高速运动。容易想象的画面：微型太阳系，原子核是太阳。
Proton: a subatomic particle with a positive charge, found in the nucleus. The number of protons decides the element's identity and is called the atomic number. Protons are 'Positive' — both start with 'P'.
质子：带正电荷的亚原子粒子，位于原子核内。质子数决定了元素的种类，被称为原子序数。记住：质子带正电（Positive），都以 P 开头。
Neutron: a neutral particle also in the nucleus. It adds mass but no charge. Think 'Neutron' rhymes with 'neutral'. Together with protons, neutrons give the mass number.
中子：同样位于原子核内的中性粒子。它贡献质量但不带电荷。可以记成“中子 Neutral”，读音相近。中子与质子一起决定了质量数。
Electron: a tiny negatively charged particle that occupies shells around the nucleus. Electrons are incredibly light — almost 1/1840 the mass of a proton. In a neutral atom, the number of electrons equals the number of protons.
电子：带负电的微小粒子，占据核外电子层。电子极轻，质量约为质子的 1/1840。在中性原子中，电子数与质子数相等。
n = positive +1, neutron = neutral 0, electron = negative −1. Visualise a proton wearing a 'plus' sign, a neutron with a zero hat, and an electron carrying a minus flag.
电荷速记：质子 = 正电 +1，中子 = 中性 0，电子 = 负电 −1。想象质子戴着加号徽章，中子顶着零帽子，电子举着减号旗帜。
3. The Periodic Table | 元素周期表
The periodic table arranges all known elements in order of increasing atomic number. Vertical columns are called groups; horizontal rows are called periods. Elements in the same group have similar chemical properties because they have the same number of outer-shell electrons.
周期表按原子序数递增的顺序排列所有已知元素。纵列称为族，横行称为周期。同一族的元素具有相似的化学性质，因为它们最外层电子数相同。
Group 1 elements are the alkali metals — lithium, sodium, potassium and friends. They are soft, highly reactive, and stored under oil. Remember: all alkali metals react vigorously with water to form an alkaline solution and hydrogen gas.
第 1 族元素是碱金属——锂、钠、钾等。它们质地柔软，反应性极强，需保存在油中。记住：所有碱金属与水剧烈反应，生成碱性溶液和氢气。
Group 7 contains the halogens — fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine. Halogens exist as diatomic molecules (F₂, Cl₂, Br₂, I₂) and become darker and less reactive as you go down the group. Memory phrase: 'Friendly Clowns Bring Joy' for fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine.
第 7 族是卤素——氟、氯、溴、碘。卤素以双原子分子存在（F₂、Cl₂、Br₂、I₂），越往下颜色越深、反应性越低。记忆口诀：氟氯溴碘，向下变暗活性减。
Group 0 (or 8) are the noble gases — helium, neon, argon. They are extremely unreactive because they already have full outer shells. Label them the 'snob' gases: they don't need to bond with anyone.
第 0 族（或第 8 族）是惰性气体——氦、氖、氩。它们极不活泼，因为最外层电子已满。可以把它们标为“高冷”气体：不需要和任何原子结合。
Metals are found on the left and centre of the table; non-metals are on the right. The zig-zag line separates them. Metals tend to lose electrons; non-metals tend to gain or share.
金属位于周期表左侧和中部，非金属位于右侧，中间由一条锯齿形分界线隔开。金属倾向失去电子，非金属倾向得到或共用电子。
4. Chemical Bonding | 化学键
Ionic bonding occurs between a metal and a non-metal. The metal atom loses electrons to form a positive ion (cation), while the non-metal gains those electrons to become a negative ion (anion). The opposite charges attract strongly, forming a giant ionic lattice. Remember: 'Opposites attract' like magnets.
离子键发生在金属和非金属之间。金属原子失去电子形成阳离子，非金属得到电子变成阴离子。相反电荷强烈相吸，形成巨大的离子晶格。牢记：“异极相吸”像磁铁。
Covalent bonding takes place between non-metal atoms. They share pairs of electrons so that each atom can achieve a full outer shell. Simple covalent molecules include H₂O, CO₂ and CH₄. Think of sharing as a 'pairing deal' — both sides get a stable count of eight, or two for hydrogen.
共价键发生在非金属原子之间。它们共用电子对，使每个原子都能获得满壳层。简单共价分子如 H₂O、CO₂ 和 CH₄。把共用想象成“搭伙交易”——双方都能达到稳定八电子（氢为两电子）。
Metallic bonding is the attraction between a lattice of positive metal ions and a 'sea' of delocalised electrons. This sea allows metals to conduct electricity and heat, and lets layers of ions slide over each other, making metals malleable.
金属键是正金属离子晶格与“离域电子海”之间的吸引力。这个电子海使金属能导电、导热，并且当离子层滑动时金属可延展——这就是金属具有展性和延性的原因。
Giant covalent structures, like diamond and silicon dioxide, have billions of atoms bonded by strong covalent bonds throughout the lattice. They have very high melting points. Diamond is pure carbon with each atom tetrahedrally bonded to four others; graphite is also carbon but with layers that can slide.
巨型共价结构如金刚石和二氧化硅，由数十亿个原子通过强共价键在晶格中结合。它们熔点极高。金刚石是纯碳，每个原子以四面体形式与其他四个碳原子成键；石墨也是碳，但具有可滑动的层状结构。
5. Chemical Formulas and Equations | 化学式和方程式
A chemical formula shows the types and numbers of atoms in a substance. For example, H₂SO₄ indicates two hydrogen atoms, one sulfur atom, and four oxygen atoms. The small subscript numbers tell you 'how many' of the preceding element.
化学式表示物质中原子的种类和数目。例如 H₂SO₄ 表示 2 个氢原子、1 个硫原子和 4 个氧原子。下标的数字告诉你前面元素的“个数”。
tio of atoms in a compound. For ethene (C₂H₄), the empirical formula is CH₂. Use the rhyme 'empirical = simplest' to keep it straight.
经验式（最简式）是化合物中各原子最简单的整数比。对乙烯（C₂H₄）而言，经验式为 CH₂。用谐音记：“经验式”就是“精简式”。
A balanced chemical equation has the same number of each type of atom on both sides, obeying the law of conservation of mass. Never change the small subscripts to balance — only place large numbers (coefficients) in front of the formulas.
配平的化学方程式在反应前后同种原子数目相等，遵守质量守恒定律。切勿更改小下标来配平——只能在化学式前面添加系数（大数字）。
State symbols indicate the physical state of each species: (s) for solid, (l) for liquid, (g) for gas, and (aq) for aqueous solution (dissolved in water). Think of (aq) as 'aqua' — water. Always include state symbols when a question asks for a full equation.
状态符号标明每种物质的物理状态：(s) 固体，(l) 液体，(g) 气体，(aq) 水溶液。将 (aq) 联想为 “aqua”——水。当题目要求写完整方程式时，务必包含状态符号。
6. The Mole and Quantitative Chemistry | 摩尔与定量化学
for amount of substance. One mole of any substance contains exactly 6.02 × 10²³ particles — Avogadro' tant. This enormous number allows chemists to count atoms by weighing. Picture a mole as a 'chemist's dozen', but much, much larger.
摩尔是物质的量的单位。1 摩尔任何物质恰好包含 6.02 × 10²³ 个粒子——阿伏伽德罗常数。这个巨大的数字让化学家可以通过称重来计数原子。把摩尔想象成“化学家的打”，不过大得多。
number of moles = mass (g) ÷ Mᵣ
摩尔数 = 质量（克）÷ 相对分子质量 Mᵣ
Relative atomic mass (Aᵣ) is the average mass of an atom of an element compared to 1/12th the mass of carbon-12. It has no units. Relative formula mass (Mᵣ) adds up Aᵣ values for all atoms in a formula — and again, no units.
相对原子质量 (Aᵣ) 是一个元素的原子平均质量与碳-12 原子质量的 1/12 的比值，没有单位。相对式量 (Mᵣ) 是将化学式中所有原子的 Aᵣ 值相加，同样没有单位。
les → mole ratio → mass. Many marks are lost by forgetting to convert mass to moles first.
根据反应物计算产物质量时，要使用配平方程式中的摩尔比。三步口诀：质量 → 摩尔 → 摩尔比 → 质量。很多同学因忘记先将质量转化为摩尔而丢分。
Concentration is measured in mol/dm³ (moles per cubic decimetre) or g/dm³. The equation triangle:
moles = concentration (mol/dm³) × volume (dm³)
浓度单位是 mol/dm³（摩尔每立方分米）或 g/dm³。公式三角：
摩尔 = 浓度 (mol/dm³) × 体积 (dm³)
7. Acids, Bases and Salts | 酸、碱和盐
An acid is a substance that releases hydrogen ions (H⁺) when dissolved in water. Common laboratory acids are hydrochloric acid (HCl), sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) and nitric acid (HNO₃). Acids have a pH less than 7; the lower the pH, the higher the H⁺ concentration.
酸是溶于水时释放氢离子 (H⁺) 的物质。实验室常见酸有盐酸 (HCl)、硫酸 (H₂SO₄) 和硝酸 (HNO₃)。酸的 pH 小于 7；pH 越小，H⁺ 浓度越高。
A base is any substance that neutralises an acid to form a salt and water. Metal oxides and metal hydroxides are typical bases. An alkali is a soluble base that releases hydroxide ions (OH⁻) in water. All alkalis are bases, but not all bases are alkalis.
碱是任何能中和酸生成盐和水的物质。金属氧化物和金属氢氧化物是典型碱。可溶性碱在水中释放氢氧根离子 (OH⁻)，被称为 alkali（强碱/可溶碱）。所有 alkali 都是 bases，但并非所有 bases 都是 alkali。
formed when the H⁺ of an acid is replaced by a metal or ammonium ion. Learn to name salts: hydrochloric acid gives chlorides, sulfuric acid gives sulfates, nitric acid gives nitrates.
中和反应可用离子方程式概括：H⁺(aq) + OH⁻(aq) → H₂O(l)。盐是酸中的 H⁺ 被金属离子或铵离子取代后形成的离子化合物。学会命名盐：盐酸产生氯化物，硫酸产生硫酸盐，硝酸产生硝酸盐。
The pH scale runs from 0 (strongly acidic) to 14 (strongly alkaline), with 7 being neutral. Universal indicator turns a rainbow of colours: red for strong acid, green for neutral, purple for strong alkali. Use the rhyme: '0 to 6 acid mix, 7 is water, 8 to 14 alkaline scene.'
pH 标度从 0（强酸性）到 14（强碱性），7 为中性。通用指示剂呈现彩虹色：强酸为红，中性为绿，强碱为紫。口诀：“零到六酸溜溜，七是水中游，八到十四碱糊糊。”
8. Redox and Reactivity | 氧化还原与反应活性
Oxidation and reduction always occur together — hence 'redox'. Oxidation is the loss of electrons. Reduction is the gain of electrons. A memorable mnemonic: OIL RIG — Oxidation Is Loss, Reduction Is Gain.
氧化与还原总是同时发生——因此称为“氧化还原”。氧化是失去电子，还原是得到电子。经典记忆法：OIL RIG——氧化是失电子（Oxidation Is Loss），还原是得电子（Reduction Is Gain）。
of magnesium. But the electron definition is more powerful and covers many more reactions.
从氧的角度看，氧化最初指加氧，还原指去氧。例如 2Mg + O₂ → 2MgO 中镁被氧化。但电子的定义更强大，涵盖的反应更广。
The reactivity series lists metals in order of their willingness to lose electrons and form positive ions. Potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, aluminium, (carbon), zinc, iron, (hydrogen), copper, silver, gold. A fun sentence: 'Please Stop Calling Me A Careless Zebra, Instead Try Learning How Copper Saves Gold.'
金属活动性顺序按金属失去电子形成阳离子的倾向排列：钾、钠、钙、镁、铝、（碳）、锌、铁、（氢）、铜、银、金。趣味记忆句：“Please Stop Calling Me A Careless Zebra, Instead Try Learning How Copper Saves Gold.”（请别再叫我粗心的斑马，试着学学铜如何拯救金。）
om copper sulfate solution: Zn + CuSO₄ → ZnSO₄ + Cu. This is also a redox reaction because electrons are transferred.
置换反应指较活泼金属把较不活泼金属从其化合物中“挤”出来。例如锌从硫酸铜溶液中置换出铜：Zn + CuSO₄ → ZnSO₄ + Cu。这也是氧化还原反应，因为发生了电子转移。
9. Electrolysis | 电解
Electrolysis is the decomposition of an ionic compound using direct current electricity. The compound must be molten or dissolved in water so that the ions are free to move. The substance broken down is called the electrolyte. Electrolysis splits the name: 'electro-' for electricity, '-lysis' for splitting.
电解是利用直流电使离子化合物分解的过程。化合物必须处于熔融态或溶于水中，让离子能够自由移动。被分解的物质叫电解质。电解一词拆开看：“电”指电流，“解”指分解。
The positive electrode is the anode, which attracts negative ions (anions). Oxidation takes place at the anode because anions lose electrons. The negative electrode is the cathode, which attracts positive ions (cations). Reduction occurs at the cathode. Remember: 'An Ox, Red Cat' — Anode Oxidation, Reduction Cathode.
正极是阳极（anode），吸引阴离子（anions）。阳极发生氧化，因为阴离子失去电子。负极是阴极（cathode），吸引阳离子（cations）。阴极发生还原。用口诀：“阳氧阴还”——阳极氧化，阴极还原。英文版：“An Ox, Red Cat”。
In the electrolysis of molten lead(II) bromide, grey lead metal forms at the cathode and brown bromine gas at the anode. Half equations show electron transfer:
Cathode: Pb²⁺ + 2e⁻ → Pb
Anode: 2Br⁻ → Br₂ + 2e⁻
在电解熔融溴化铅时，阴极生成灰色金属铅，阳极生成红棕色溴气。半反应式显示电子转移：
阴极：Pb²⁺ + 2e⁻ → Pb
阳极：2Br⁻ → Br₂ + 2e⁻
When electrolysing aqueous solutions, water can also be split. The products depend on the reactivity of the metal and the concentration of the ions. For sodium chloride solution, you get hydrogen at the cathode and chlorine at the anode, leaving sodium hydroxide in solution. Never assume products; always check the discharge series.
电解水溶液时，水也可能被分解。产物取决于金属的活泼性和离子浓度。如电解氯化钠溶液，阴极产生氢气，阳极产生氯气，溶液中留下氢氧化钠。切勿随意认定产物，永远要核对放电顺序。
10. Energetics and Rates of Reaction | 能量变化与反应速率
An exothermic reaction transfers energy to the surroundings, usually making them warmer. Combustion and neutralisation are exothermic. Think 'exo' as 'exit' — energy exits the system. Endothermic reactions absorb energy from the surroundings, causing a temperature drop. Photosynthesis is endothermic.
放热反应将能量传递给周围环境，通常使环境变暖。燃烧和中和反应是放热的。把“exo”想成“exit”——能量离开系统。吸热反应从周围吸收能量，导致温度下降。光合作用是吸热的。
Activation energy is the minimum energy particles must collide with for a reaction to occur. Even exothermic reactions need a spark to get going. Quick image: pushing a boulder over a hill — you need initial energy to overcome the peak.
活化能是粒子发生反应所需碰撞的最小能量。即使是放热反应也需要一些启动的能量。想象推巨石越过山丘——你需要初始能量来翻过峰顶。
The rate of a chemical reaction tells you how quickly reactants turn into products. You can measure it by recording the volume of gas produced, the change in mass, or the time taken for a cross to disappear in a precipitation reaction.
化学反应速率表示反应物转化为产物的快慢。你可以通过测量产生气体的体积、质量变化或沉淀反应中十字标记消失的时间来测定。
vation energy), higher concentration or pressure (more particles in the same volume), larger surface area (more exposed solid reactant), and the use of a catalyst. Learn as 'T.C.S.C.' — Temperature, Concentration, Surface area, Catalyst.
加快反应速率的因素：升高温度（粒子运动加快，更多碰撞能量达到活化能）、增大浓度或压强（单位体积粒子数增多）、增大表面积（固体反应物暴露更多）、以及使用催化剂。可记作四字诀：温浓表催。
A catalyst is a substance that speeds up a reaction without being used up. It provides an alternative reaction pathway with lower activation energy. Enzymes are biological catalysts. In your exam, a catalyst lowers the activation energy but does not change the products or the overall energy change of the reaction.
催化剂是能加快反应速率、自身不被消耗的物质。它提供了一条活化能较低的反应途径。酶是生物催化剂。考试中记住：催化剂降低活化能，但不改变产物的种类，也不改变反应的总能量变化。
11. Essential Practical Terms | 实验必会术语
Filtration separates an insoluble solid from a liquid. The mixture pours through filter paper in a funnel; the solid (residue) stays behind, and the liquid (filtrate) passes through. Think: 'filter leaves the solid behind, like a sieve.'
过滤是将不溶性固体从液体中分离的方法。混合物倒入装有滤纸的漏斗，固体（残渣）留在纸上，液体（滤液）通过。联想：过滤就像筛子，把固体留下。
Crystallisation obtains a soluble salt from its solution. Gently heat the solution to evaporate some of the solvent, then let it cool. Crystals form as the solubility decreases. A safe method: 'warm, wait, and watch crystals grow.'
结晶法用于从溶液中获取可溶性盐。缓慢加热溶液蒸发部分溶剂，然后冷却。随着溶解度下降，晶体会析出。安全口诀：“微热、等候，看晶体长大。”
Distillation separates a solvent from a solution or separates liquids with different boiling points. Simple distillation boils off the solvent and condenses it in a Liebig condenser. Fractional distillation uses a fractionating column for better separation of mixtures like crude oil.
蒸馏用于从溶液中分离溶剂或分离沸点不同的液体。简单蒸馏将溶剂蒸出，并在冷凝管中冷凝。分馏使用分馏柱，能更有效地分离如原油这样的混合物。
Chromatography separates mixtures of soluble substances by using a mobile phase and a stationary phase. In paper chromatography, substances travel up the paper at different rates, producing a chromatogram. The Rf value (distance moved by spot ÷ distance moved by solvent) helps identify the substances.
色谱法利用流动相和固定相分离可溶性混合物。在纸色谱中，各物质在纸上以不同速度上升，形成色谱图。Rf 值（斑点移动距离 ÷ 溶剂前沿移动距离）有助于鉴定物质。
Precision and reproducibility matter. When repeating measurements, 'repeatable' means you get similar results yourself; 'reproducible' means someone else gets similar results using your method. Always wear safety goggles and tie back hair — no exceptions in the science lab.
精密度和可重现性很重要。重复测量时，“可重复”指你自己得到相似结果；“可重现”指别人按照你的方法也能得到相似结果。永远要佩戴护目镜并扎好头发——实验室里无例外。
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