📚 Year 9 CAIE Engineering: Vocabulary & Terminology Memory Guide | 九年级 CAIE 工程：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering engineering terminology is the first step towards thinking like an engineer. This guide organises essential vocabulary from the CAIE Year 9 Engineering syllabus into themed sections, helping you build a strong foundation through clear English–Chinese paired explanations.
掌握工程术语是像工程师一样思考的第一步。本指南将CAIE九年级工程课程大纲中的核心词汇按主题整理，通过清晰的中英文对照解释，帮助你打下扎实基础。
1. Materials and Properties | 材料与性质
A material's mechanical properties determine how it reacts to forces. Engineers pay close attention to tensile strength, compressive strength, hardness, toughness, and ductility when selecting materials for a product.
材料的机械性质决定其对力的反应。工程师在为产品选材时，会重点关注拉伸强度、抗压强度、硬度、韧性和延展性。
Tensile strength is the maximum stress a material can withstand while being stretched before breaking. Steel has high tensile strength, making it ideal for cables, bridges, and structural frameworks.
拉伸强度是材料在被拉伸直至断裂前所能承受的最大应力。钢材具有高拉伸强度，因此非常适合用于缆绳、桥梁和结构框架。
Ductility refers to a material's ability to be drawn into thin wires without fracturing. Copper is highly ductile, which is why it is the preferred choice for electrical wiring.
延展性指材料被拉成细丝而不断裂的能力。铜的延展性极佳，因此是电线的首选材料。
Hardness measures resistance to surface indentation, scratching, or wear. Diamond is extremely hard and is used on cutting tools, while softer materials may be chosen where impact resistance is more important.
硬度衡量材料抵抗表面压痕、刮擦或磨损的能力。金刚石极硬，用于切削工具；而在抗冲击更重要的情况下，则可选择较软的材料。
Thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity describe how well a material transfers heat and electric charge. Aluminium has good thermal conductivity and is often used for heat sinks, whereas plastics are good electrical insulators.
导热性和导电性描述材料传递热量和电荷的能力。铝具有良好的导热性，常用于散热器；塑料则是良好的电绝缘体。
2. Forces and Loads | 力与负载
A force is a push or pull that can cause an object to accelerate, decelerate, or change shape. In engineering calculations, forces are expressed in newtons (N).
力是能使物体加速、减速或改变形状的推或拉。在工程计算中，力以牛顿 (N) 为单位。
Load refers to any force applied to a structure
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