📚 CIE Year 10 Engineering Vocabulary Quick-Memorisation Guide | CIE 十年级工程词汇速记指南
Welcome to this quick-memorisation guide designed for Year 10 CIE Engineering students. Mastering key vocabulary is the first step towards understanding concepts, solving technical problems and performing well in your examinations. This guide provides clear, concise explanations in both English and Chinese, paired point by point so you can quickly learn and recall essential engineering terms. Each section covers a specific topic area, offering easy-to-remember definitions, useful formulas and memory tips.
欢迎使用这份专为 CIE 十年级工程学生设计的词汇速记指南。掌握关键术语是理解概念、解决技术问题并在考试中取得好成绩的第一步。本指南以中英文逐一对照的方式呈现清晰简明的解释，帮助您快速学习和记忆核心工程词汇。每一节聚焦一个特定的主题领域，提供易于记忆的定义、实用的公式和记忆技巧。
1. Material Properties and Testing | 材料特性与测试
Understanding the basic properties of materials helps engineers choose the right substance for each component. The terms below describe how materials behave under different conditions and how we measure those behaviours.
了解材料的基本特性有助于工程师为每个部件选择合适的物质。下列术语描述材料在不同条件下的行为以及我们如何测量这些行为。
Density is the mass per unit volume of a material, normally expressed in kilograms per cubic metre (kg/m³). It tells us how heavy a material feels for a given size. Low-density materials like aluminium are preferred for lightweight structures.
密度 是材料单位体积的质量，通常以千克每立方米 (kg/m³) 表示。它告诉我们给定尺寸的材料有多重。铝等低密度材料常用于轻质结构。
Hardness is the resistance of a material to permanent indentation, scratching or cutting. It is commonly measured using the Brinell, Vickers or Rockwell tests. A hard material, such as hardened steel, resists surface wear well.
硬度 是材料抵抗永久压痕、划痕或切割的能力。通常使用布氏、维氏或洛氏硬度试验来测量。硬化钢等高硬度材料能很好地抵抗表面磨损。
Toughness refers to a material's ability to absorb energy and plastically deform without fracturing. Tough materials, like mild steel, can withstand sudden impacts. Toughness is the opposite of brittleness.
韧性 指材料吸收能量并发生塑性变形而不断裂的能力。韧性材料（如低碳钢）可以承受突然的冲击。韧性是脆性的反义词。
Ductility is the capacity of a material to be stretched into a wire without breaking. Copper exhibits high ductility, making it ideal for electrical wiring. Ductility is often measured by percentage elongation in a tensile test.
延展性 是材料被拉伸成丝而不断裂的能力。铜具有很高的延展性，非常适合用于电线。延展性通常通过拉伸试验中的伸长率来衡量。
Corrosion resistance is the ability of a material to withstand chemical attack from its environment, such as rusting in iron or tarnishing in silver. Stainless steel offers excellent corrosion resistance due to its chromium content.
耐腐蚀性 是材料抵御环境化学侵蚀的能力，例如铁生锈或银失去光泽。不锈钢因其含有铬而具有出色的耐腐蚀性。
2. Mechanical Properties and Stress–Strain | 力学性能与应力–应变
When a force acts on a material, it experiences stress and strain. The following terms define how materials respond to loads, helping engineers predict failure and design safe components.
当力作用于材料时，材料会承受应力和应变。下列术语定义了材料如何响应载荷，帮助工程师预测失效并设计安全部件。
Stress (σ) is the internal force per unit area within a material. It is calculated as force divided by cross-sectional area.
σ = F / A
应力 (σ) 是材料内部单位面积上的内力。它由力除以横截面积计算得出。
Strain (ε) is the extension or deformation per unit length. It is a dimensionless ratio comparing the change in length to the original length.
ε = ΔL / L₀
应变 (ε) 是单位长度的伸长量或变形量。它是一个无量纲的比值，用长度变化除以原始长度。
Young's modulus (E) is a measure of a material's stiffness. It is the ratio of stress to strain in the elastic region.
E = σ / ε
A high Young's modulus means the material is very stiff and resists deformation, such as steel; a low value indicates a flexible material like rubber.
杨氏模量 (E) 是衡量材料刚度的指标。它是弹性区域内应力与应变的比值。杨氏模量高意味着材料非常刚硬且抗变形，例如钢；数值低则表示像橡胶这样的柔性材料。
Yield strength is the stress at which a material begins to deform plastically. Below this point, the material returns to its original shape when the load is removed. Designing components to stay below yield strength prevents permanent damage.
屈服强度 是材料开始发生塑性变形时的应力。在此点以下，卸去载荷后材料会恢复原状。将部件设计在屈服强度以下可以防止永久性损坏。
Ultimate tensile strength (UTS) is the maximum stress a material can withstand while being stretched before necking and fracture. It represents the highest point on the engineering stress–strain curve.
极限抗拉强度 (UTS) 是材料在拉伸时颈缩和断裂前所能承受的最大应力。它代表工程应力–应变曲线上的最高点。
3. Forces, Loads and Moments | 力、荷载与力矩
Structures and machine parts are subjected to various types of forces. Recognising these force types is essential for analysing how components will perform under real-world conditions.
结构和机器零件承受着多种类型的力。识别这些力的类型对于分析部件在真实条件下的表现至关重要。
Tension is a pulling force that tends to stretch a member. Cables in a suspension bridge are in tension. The material experiences tensile stress and elongates.
拉伸 是一种趋于拉长构件的拉力。悬索桥的缆索就处于拉伸状态。材料承受拉伸应力并伸长。
Compression is a pushing force that tends to shorten or crush a member. Columns in buildings experience compression. Materials with high compressive strength, like concrete, work well here.
压缩 是一种趋于缩短或压碎构件的推力。建筑物的柱子承受压缩力。像混凝土这样抗压强度高的材料在这种场合表现良好。
Shear is a force that tends to cause layers of a material to slide past each other. Rivets and bolts often experience shear forces when joining plates. Shearing stress is calculated as force parallel to the area divided by that area.
剪切 是一种趋于使材料层之间发生滑移的力。铆钉和螺栓在连接板材时常常承受剪切力。剪切应力按平行于面积方向的力除以该面积计算。
Torsion is a twisting force that produces torque. Drive shafts in vehicles are subjected to torsion. The resulting shear stress is distributed around the cross section.
扭转 是一种产生扭矩的扭曲力。车辆的传动轴承受扭转作用。由此产生的剪应力分布在横截面上。
Bending moment is the reaction induced in a structural element when an external force causes it to bend. It is calculated as force multiplied by the perpendicular distance from a point.
M = F × d
Beams experience bending moments that create tensile stress on one side and compressive stress on the other.
弯矩 是外部力导致结构构件弯曲时在其内部产生的反作用。它计算为力乘以到某一点的垂直距离。梁承受弯矩，在一侧产生拉伸应力，另一侧产生压缩应力。
4. Manufacturing Processes | 制造工艺
Engineers must be familiar with common ways of shaping and joining materials. Each manufacturing process has specific advantages and is chosen based on material, shape complexity and production volume.
工程师必须熟悉常用的材料成形和连接方法。每种制造工艺都有独特的优势，其选择取决于材料、形状复杂度和产量。
Casting involves pouring molten metal into a mould cavity where it solidifies. Sand casting and die casting are common variants. Casting is ideal for producing complex shapes with internal cavities.
铸造 是将熔融金属浇注到模具型腔中使其凝固的过程。砂型铸造和压力铸造是常见的变体。铸造非常适合生产带有内腔的复杂形状。
Forging shapes metal by applying compressive forces, often when the metal is hot. Forged components have improved grain structure and superior strength compared to cast parts. Crankshafts and spanners are often forged.
锻造 通过对金属施加压缩力进行成形，通常在金属加热后进行。与铸造件相比，锻造件具有改善的晶粒结构和更优越的强度。曲轴和扳手常采用锻造生产。
Welding joins materials, usually metals or thermoplastics, by melting the workpieces and adding a filler material to form a strong joint. Arc welding and MIG welding are widely used in structural fabrication.
焊接 通过熔化工件并添加填充材料形成坚固接头来连接材料，通常是金属或热塑性塑料。电弧焊和 MIG 焊在结构制造中应用广泛。
Machining removes material using cutting tools to achieve precise dimensions and surface finishes. Turning, milling and drilling are machining operations performed on lathes and milling machines. Machining is suitable for low to medium production volumes.
机械加工 使用切削刀具去除材料，以达到精确的尺寸和表面光洁度。车削、铣削和钻削是在车床和铣床上进行的加工操作。机械加工适用于中低产量。
Forming changes the shape of a solid workpiece without adding or removing material, for example by bending, rolling or pressing. Sheet metal can be formed into car body panels using stamping presses.
成形 在不增加或去除材料的情况下改变固体工件的形状，例如通过弯曲、轧制或压制。金属薄板可通过冲压机成形为汽车车身面板。
5. Measurement and Quality Control | 测量与质量控制
Precision measurement ensures that components fit and function correctly. Quality control terms help engineers maintain standards and reduce defects in production.
精密测量确保部件正确配合和运行。质量控制术语帮助工程师维持标准并减少生产中的缺陷。
Tolerance has a tolerance of 0.2 mm. Tighter tolerances increase manufacturing cost but improve fit.
公差 是尺寸允许的变动范围。例如，一根轴标注为 20 mm ±0.1 mm，其公差为 0.2 mm。更紧的公差会增加制造成本，但能改善配合。
Accuracy refers to how close a measured value is to the true value. A Vernier caliper that reads 10.02 mm when measuring a 10.00 mm gauge block shows high accuracy.
准确度 指测量值与真实值的接近程度。一把游标卡尺在测量 10.00 mm 量块时读数为 10.02 mm，表明其准确度很高。
Precision describes the repeatability of measurements, regardless of whether they are close to the true value. An instrument can be precise (consistent readings) but not accurate (biased).
精密度 描述测量结果的可重复性，无论它们是否接近真实值。一台仪器可以精密（读数一致）但不准确（存在偏差）。
Calibration is the process of adjusting an instrument so that its readings match a known standard. Micrometres and digital scales require regular calibration to maintain accuracy and traceability.
校准 是调整仪器使其读数与已知标准一致的过程。千分尺和数字秤需要定期校准以保持准确度和可追溯性。
Vernier caliper is a measuring tool that can take internal, external and depth readings with a typical resolution of 0.02 mm or 0.001 inch. A vernier scale provides the fractional reading aligned with the main scale.
游标卡尺 是一种可测量内径、外径和深度的量具，典型分辨率为 0.02 mm 或 0.001 英寸。游标尺提供与主尺对齐的分数读数。
6. Electronics Fundamentals | 电子学基础
Basic electric circuits are at the heart of many engineered systems. Understanding voltage, current and resistance is essential for designing and troubleshooting electronic devices.
基本电路是许多工程系统的核心。理解电压、电流和电阻对设计和排除电子设备故障至关重要。
Voltage (V) is the electrical potential difference between two points that drives current through a circuit. It is measured in volts (V). A battery provides a constant voltage source.
电压 (V) 是驱动电流流过电路的两点间电位差，以伏特 (V) 为单位。电池提供恒定的电压源。
Current (I) is the rate of flow of electric charge, measured in amperes (A). In a metallic conductor, current is the movement of free electrons from negative to positive, though conventional current flows from positive to negative.
电流 (I) 是电荷流动的速率，以安培 (A) 为单位。在金属导体中，电流是自由电子从负极向正极的移动，而传统电流方向是从正极流向负极。
Resistance (R) opposes the flow of current and is measured in ohms (Ω). Factors affecting resistance include material resistivity, length and cross-sectional area. Resistors are components that introduce a specific resistance into a circuit.
电阻 (R) 阻碍电流的流动，以欧姆 (Ω) 为单位。影响电阻的因素包括材料电阻率、长度和横截面积。电阻器是向电路中引入特定电阻值的元器件。
Ohm's law states that the current through a conductor is directly proportional to the voltage across it, provided temperature remains constant.
V = I × R
This fundamental law allows you to calculate any one of the three quantities if the other two are known.
欧姆定律 指出在温度恒定的条件下，通过导体的电流与其两端的电压成正比。这一基本定律允许您在已知任意两个量的情况下计算第三个量。
Electrical power (P) is the rate at which electrical energy is transferred. It is calculated by multiplying voltage by current, and its unit is the watt (W).
P = I × V
For a resistive load, power can also be expressed as P = I² R or P = V² / R.
电功率 (P) 是电能转换的速率。它由电压乘以电流得出，单位是瓦特 (W)。对于电阻性负载，功率也可表示为 P = I² R 或 P = V² / R。
7. Structures | 结构
Structures are assemblies of members designed to carry loads safely. Recognising structural elements and the forces they carry is fundamental for civil and mechanical engineers.
结构是为安全承载载荷而设计的构件组合。识别结构元件及其所承受的力是土木和机械工程师的基本功。
Beam is a horizontal structural member designed to resist loads applied laterally to its axis. Beams primarily experience bending and shear. Examples include floor joists and bridge girders.
梁 是一种水平结构构件，设计用于抵抗沿其轴线横向施加的载荷。梁主要承受弯曲和剪切。例子包括楼板搁栅和桥梁大梁。
Column is a vertical member designed to carry compressive axial loads. Columns can fail by crushing or buckling, so slenderness ratio is an important design consideration.
柱 是一种设计用于承受轴向压缩载荷的竖向构件。柱子可能因压碎或屈曲而失效，因此长细比是重要的设计考量。
Truss is a framework of members joined at their ends to form a rigid structure. Trusses are composed of triangles and carry loads primarily in tension and compression, making them efficient for roofs and bridges.
桁架 是由端部连接的杆件组成的框架，形成刚性结构。桁架由三角形构成，主要以拉伸和压缩方式承载载荷，因此对屋盖和桥梁非常高效。
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