📚 Year 10 CIE Physical Education: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Study Guide | Year 10 CIE 体育：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the core terminology of IGCSE Physical Education is the fastest route to confident exam performance. This guide distils the essential vocabulary across anatomy, physiology, biomechanics, and training into clear, bite‑sized pairings so you can learn, recall, and apply the right terms under pressure.
掌握 IGCSE 体育课程的核心术语是自信应考的最快途径。本指南将解剖学、生理学、生物力学和训练等领域的关键词汇提炼为简明配对，方便你随时学习、记忆并精准运用。
1. Anatomical Position & Directional Terms | 解剖学姿势与方位术语
Anatomical position – the standard reference posture: body upright, facing forward, arms at sides with palms facing forward.
解剖学姿势 – 标准参考姿势：身体直立，面向前方，双臂下垂，手掌朝前。
Anterior (ventral) – towards the front of the body.
前侧 (腹侧) – 朝向身体前方。
Posterior (dorsal) – towards the back of the body.
后侧 (背侧) – 朝向身体后方。
Medial – closer to the midline of the body.
内侧 – 更靠近身体中线。
Lateral – farther from the midline of the body.
外侧 – 远离身体中线。
Superior (cranial) – above or towards the head.
上侧 (颅侧) – 上方或朝向头部。
Inferior (caudal) – below or towards the feet.
下侧 (尾侧) – 下方或朝向足部。
Proximal – closer to the point of attachment of a limb to the trunk.
近端 – 更靠近肢体与躯干附着点。
Distal – farther from the point of attachment of a limb to the trunk.
远端 – 远离肢体与躯干附着点。
2. Skeletal System Terminology | 骨骼系统术语
Cranium – the skull bones that protect the brain.
颅骨 – 保护大脑的头骨。
Clavicle – collarbone; connects the sternum to the scapula.
锁骨 – 连接胸骨与肩胛骨的骨骼。
Scapula – shoulder blade; provides attachment for arm and back muscles.
肩胛骨 – 肩胛带骨，为手臂和背部肌肉提供附着点。
Humerus – the long bone of the upper arm.
肱骨 – 上臂的长骨。
Radius – thumb‑side bone of the forearm.
桡骨 – 前臂拇指侧的骨骼。
Ulna – little‑finger‑side bone of the forearm.
尺骨 – 前臂小指侧的骨骼。
Femur – thigh bone; the longest and strongest bone in the body.
股骨 – 大腿骨，人体最长最壮的骨骼。
Tibia – shin bone; weight‑bearing bone of the lower leg.
胫骨 – 小腿内侧主要的承重骨。
Fibula – thin bone running alongside the tibia.
腓骨 – 与胫骨平行的细长骨。
Vertebral column – spine; made up of vertebrae, protects the spinal cord.
脊柱 – 由椎骨组成，保护脊髓。
3. Joints & Movement Terminology | 关节与运动术语
Synovial joint – a freely movable joint containing synovial fluid, e.g. knee, elbow.
滑膜关节 – 可自由活动的关节，内含滑液，如膝关节、肘关节。
Ball‑and‑socket joint – allows movement in almost all directions; e.g. shoulder, hip.
球窝关节 – 几乎可向所有方向运动，如肩关节、髋关节。
Hinge joint – allows movement in one plane only; e.g. elbow, knee, ankle.
屈戍关节 (铰链关节) – 仅允许在一个平面运动，如肘、膝、踝。
Flexion – decreasing the angle at a joint.
屈曲 – 减小关节角度。
Extension – increasing the angle at a joint.
伸展 – 增大关节角度。
Abduction – moving a limb away from the midline.
外展 – 肢体远离身体中线。
Adduction – moving a limb towards the midline.
内收 – 肢体移向身体中线。
Rotation – turning a body part around its own axis.
旋转 – 身体部位绕自身轴线转动。
Circumduction – a conical movement combining flexion, extension, abduction and adduction.
环转 – 屈、伸、外展、内收组合成的圆锥形运动。
Dorsiflexion – lifting the foot upwards towards the shin.
背屈 (勾脚尖) – 脚面抬起靠近小腿前方。
Plantarflexion – pointing the foot downwards, like standing on tiptoe.
跖屈 (绷脚尖) – 脚面下压，如踮脚站立。
4. Muscular System Terminology | 肌肉系统术语
Deltoid – shoulder muscle; abducts the arm.
三角肌 – 肩部肌肉，负责手臂外展。
Biceps brachii – front of upper arm; flexes the elbow.
肱二头肌 – 上臂前侧，屈肘。
Triceps brachii – back of upper arm; extends the elbow.
肱三头肌 – 上臂后侧，伸肘。
Pectorals – chest muscles; adduct and medially rotate the arm.
胸肌 – 胸部肌肉，使手臂内收并旋内。
Abdominals – stomach muscles; flex the trunk and support posture.
腹肌 – 腹部肌肉，屈曲躯干并维持姿势。
Quadriceps – group of four muscles on front of thigh; extend the knee.
股四头肌 – 大腿前侧四块肌肉，伸膝。
Hamstrings – group of muscles on back of thigh; flex the knee and extend the hip.
腘绳肌 – 大腿后侧肌群，屈膝伸髋。
Gastrocnemius – calf muscle; plantarflexes the ankle.
腓肠肌 – 小腿后侧，跖屈踝关节。
Gluteals – buttock muscles; extend and abduct the hip.
臀肌 – 臀部肌肉，伸髋和外展。
Latissimus dorsi – large back muscle; adducts, extends and medially rotates the arm.
背阔肌 – 背部大肌群，使手臂内收、后伸并旋内。
Isotonic contraction – muscle changes length while producing tension; includes concentric and eccentric.
等张收缩 – 肌肉产生张力时长度改变，含向心与离心收缩。
Concentric contraction – muscle shortens under tension (the lifting phase).
向心收缩 – 肌肉在张力下缩短 (上举阶段)。
Eccentric contraction – muscle lengthens under tension (the lowering phase).
离心收缩 – 肌肉在张力下伸长 (下放阶段)。
Isometric contraction – tension develops but muscle length does not change.
等长收缩 – 张力增加但肌肉长度不变。
5. Cardiovascular System Terminology | 心血管系统术语
Heart rate (HR) – number of heartbeats per minute.
心率 – 每分钟心跳次数。
Stroke volume (SV) – volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per beat.
每搏输出量 – 左心室每搏射出的血量。
Cardiac output (Q) – total volume of blood pumped per minute; Q = HR × SV.
心输出量 – 每分钟泵出的总血量；心输出量 = 心率 × 每搏输出量。
Arteries – blood vessels carrying oxygenated blood away from the heart (except pulmonary artery).
动脉 – 将含氧血运离心脏的血管 (肺动脉除外)。
Veins – blood vessels carrying deoxygenated blood towards the heart (except pulmonary vein).
静脉 – 将去氧血运回心脏的血管 (肺静脉除外)。
Capillaries – microscopic vessels where gas and nutrient exchange occurs.
毛细血管 – 气体和营养物质交换的微小血管。
Blood pressure – the force exerted by blood against artery walls.
血压 – 血液作用于动脉壁的压力。
Aerobic – process requiring oxygen; used for prolonged, lower‑intensity activity.
有氧 – 需要氧气的代谢过程，用于长时间低强度活动。
Anaerobic – process not requiring oxygen; used for short, high‑intensity bursts.
无氧 – 无需氧气的代谢过程，用于短时间高强度运动。
6. Respiratory System Terminology | 呼吸系统术语
Tidal volume (TV) – volume of air inhaled or exhaled during a normal breath.
潮气量 – 平静呼吸时每次吸入或呼出的气量。
Vital capacity (VC) – maximum amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after maximum inhalation.
肺活量 – 最大吸气后能尽力呼出的最大气量。
Minute ventilation (VE) – total volume of air inhaled per minute; VE = tidal volume × breathing rate.
每分通气量 – 每分钟吸入的总气量；每分通气量 = 潮气量 × 呼吸频率。
Oxygen debt – the extra oxygen required post‑exercise to restore the body to its resting state.
氧债 – 运动后恢复静态所需额外摄取的氧气。
EPOC (excess post‑exercise oxygen consumption) – the elevated oxygen consumption after vigorous exercise.
运动后过量氧耗 – 剧烈运动后氧气消耗量仍高于静息水平。
Diaphragm – dome‑shaped muscle that contracts and flattens to draw air into the lungs.
膈肌 – 穹顶状肌肉，收缩变平使空气进入肺部。
Alveoli – tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange takes place.
肺泡 – 肺内微小的气囊，气体交换在此进行。
7. Biomechanics: Levers & Planes | 生物力学：杠杆与平面
Lever – a rigid bar (bone) that moves around a fulcrum (joint) when a force (effort) overcomes a resistance (load).
杠杆 – 一块刚性杆 (骨) 绕支点 (关节) 转动，当作用力 (动力) 克服阻力 (负荷)。
First‑class lever – fulcrum lies between effort and load; e.g. nodding the head (atlanto‑occipital joint).
第一类杠杆 – 支点在力和阻力之间；如低头、仰头 (寰枕关节)。
Second‑class lever – load lies between fulcrum and effort; e.g. standing on tiptoe (ankle joint).
第二类杠杆 – 阻力在支点和力之间；如踮脚站立 (踝关节)。
Third‑class lever – effort lies between fulcrum and load; most common in the body, e.g. biceps curl (elbow).
第三类杠杆 – 动力在支点和阻力之间；在人体中最常见，如肱二头肌弯举 (肘关节)。
Sagittal plane – divides the body into left and right; movements such as flexion and extension occur here.
矢状面 – 将身体分为左右两部分；屈曲、伸展等运动发生在此平面。
Frontal (coronal) plane – divides the body into front and back; movements such as abduction and adduction.
冠状面 (额状面) – 将身体分为前后两部分；外展、内收等运动。
Transverse plane – divides the body into top and bottom; rotational movements occur here.
水平面 (横切面) – 将身体分为上下两部分；旋转运动发生在此平面。
8. Components of Fitness Terminology | 体适能要素术语
Cardiovascular endurance – ability of heart and lungs to supply oxygen to muscles during sustained exercise.
心血管耐力 – 在持续运动中，心脏和肺部向肌肉供氧的能力。
Muscular endurance – ability of a muscle or muscle group to perform repeated contractions without fatigue.
肌耐力 – 肌肉或肌群重复收缩而不易疲劳的能力。
Muscular strength – maximum force a muscle can exert in a single contraction.
肌力 – 肌肉单次收缩能产生的最大力量。
Flexibility – range of motion around a joint.
柔韧性 – 关节的活动范围。
Body composition – proportion of fat mass to lean mass in the body.
身体成分 – 身体内脂肪质量与瘦体重的比例。
Agility – ability to change direction quickly while maintaining control.
敏捷性 – 快速改变方向并保持控制的能力。
Balance – maintaining the centre of mass over the base of support.
平衡 – 将身体重心保持在支撑面内。
Coordination – smooth integration of body parts to produce a controlled movement.
协调性 – 身体各部分平稳配合以完成受控动作。
Power – combination of speed and strength; explosive strength.
爆发力 – 速度和力量的结合，爆发性力量。
Reaction time – time taken to initiate a response to a stimulus.
反应时 – 对刺激开始作出反应所需的时间。
Speed – rate at which a person can perform a movement or cover a distance.
速度 – 完成动作或移动一定距离的速率。
9. Training Principles Terminology | 训练原则术语
Specificity – training should be relevant to the demands of the sport.
针对性 – 训练应与运动项目的要求密切相关。
Overload – subjecting the body to greater stress than usual to force adaptation; controlled by the FITT principle.
超负荷 – 让身体承受比平时更大的压力以迫使其适应；通过 FITT 原则控制。
Progression – gradually increasing the training load as fitness improves.
渐进性 – 随着体适能提高逐渐增加训练负荷。
Reversibility – fitness gains are lost when training is stopped ('use it or lose it').
可逆性 – 停止训练后已获得的体适能会丧失 ('用进退废')。
FITT principle – Frequency, Intensity, Time, Type; variables used to design and modify training programmes.
FITT 原则 – 频率 (Frequency)、强度 (Intensity)、时间 (Time)、类型 (Type)；用于设计和调整训练计划。
Warm‑up – light activity and stretching before exercise to prepare the body and prevent injury.
热身 – 运动前进行轻度和伸展活动，让身体做好准备并预防损伤。
Cool‑down – gradual reduction in intensity after exercise to aid recovery and remove waste products.
放松 (整理活动) – 运动后逐渐降低强度，促进恢复并清除代谢废物。
10. Sport Injuries & First Aid Terminology | 运动损伤与急救术语
Sprain – stretching or tearing of a ligament.
扭伤 – 韧带被过度拉伸或撕裂。
Strain – stretching or tearing of a muscle or tendon.
拉伤 – 肌肉或肌腱的过度拉伸或撕裂。
Fracture – a break in a bone; can be simple (closed) or compound (open).
骨折 – 骨骼断裂；可分为单纯性 (闭合) 或复杂性 (开放) 骨折。
Concussion – a temporary disturbance of brain function caused by a blow to the head.
脑震荡 – 头部受到打击引起的短暂脑功能紊乱。
RICE protocol – Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation; immediate treatment for soft‑tissue injuries.
RICE 原则 – 休息 (Rest)、冰敷 (Ice)、加压 (Compression)、抬高 (Elevation)；软组织损伤的即时处理方法。
Abrasion – a superficial scrape of the skin caused by friction.
擦伤 – 因摩擦引起的表皮刮伤。
Dehydration – excessive loss of body water that impairs performance and can be dangerous.
脱水 – 身体水分过多流失，影响运动表现并可能造成危险。
Hypothermia – dangerously low core body temperature.
失温 (低温症) – 核心体温降至危险的低水平。
Hyperthermia – dangerously high core body temperature; often associated with heat stroke.
高热 (中暑) – 核心体温升至危险的高水平；常伴随热射病。
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