📚 Year 9 CAIE Sociology: Vocabulary and Terminology Quick Revision Guide | Year 9 CAIE 社会学：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering sociology is not just about memorising definitions – it is about truly understanding the building blocks of the subject. This guide will help you absorb key terms, recall them quickly, and apply them confidently in your Year 9 CAIE Sociology assessments. Use the bilingual paired explanations to strengthen both your English academic vocabulary and your sociological thinking.
掌握社会学不只是背诵定义——而是真正理解这门学科的基石。这份指南将帮助你吸收关键术语、快速回忆，并在 Year 9 CAIE 社会学评估中自信地运用它们。利用双语对照解释，同时增强你的英文学术词汇和社会学思维。
1. Key Sociological Concepts | 关键社会学概念
Society is a group of people sharing a common geographical territory and culture, bound by social relationships.
社会是指共享共同地理领地和文化，由社会关系联系在一起的一群人。
Culture refers to the whole way of life of a society, including its norms, values, beliefs, language and material goods.
文化指一个社会的整个生活方式，包括其规范、价值观、信仰、语言和物质产品。
Values are deeply held beliefs about what is right, desirable and important. They guide our behaviour and societal expectations.
价值观是关于何为正确、可取和重要的根深蒂固的信念。它们指导我们的行为和社会期望。
Norms are the unwritten rules of behaviour that are considered acceptable in a group or society. Breaking norms often results in informal sanctions.
规范是群体或社会中被认为可接受的不成文行为规则。违反规范往往导致非正式制裁。
Socialisation is the lifelong process through which individuals learn the culture of their society and develop their identity.
社会化是个人学习其社会文化并发展自我认同的终生过程。
Primary socialisation typically takes place within the family during early childhood, teaching basic norms and values.
初级社会化通常在童年早期于家庭内进行，教授基本规范和价值观。
Secondary socialisation occurs later through institutions such as schools, peer groups and the media, reinforcing or reshaping earlier learning.
次级社会化后来通过学校、同辈群体和媒体等机构进行，强化或重塑早期的学习。
2. Social Stratification and Inequality Terms | 社会分层与不平等术语
Social stratification is the way society is structured into hierarchical layers or strata according to factors like wealth, power and prestige.
社会分层是指社会根据财富、权力和声望等因素构建成等级层次或阶层的方式。
Social class is a grouping of people sharing similar economic and social positions, often based on occupation, income and education.
社会阶级是指拥有相似经济和社会地位的一群人，通常基于职业、收入和教育。
Status is the social position a person holds, which carries certain expectations and prestige. It can be ascribed (fixed at birth, like royalty) or achieved (earned through effort, like a qualification).
地位是一个人所拥有的社会位置，承载着特定的期望和声望。它可以是先赋的（出生即定，如皇室），也可以是成就的（通过努力获得，如学历）。
Social mobility describes movement between social strata. Upward mobility means moving to a higher class, while downward mobility is a decline.
社会流动描述的是社会阶层之间的移动。向上流动意味着进入更高阶级，而向下流动则是下降。
Life chances refer to the opportunities individuals have to improve their quality of life and access resources such as health, education and housing.
生活机会指的是个人改善生活质量以及获取健康、教育和住房等资源的机会。
Relative poverty is defined in comparison to the living standards of the majority in a society – lacking resources to participate in normal activities.
相对贫困是与一个社会大多数人的生活标准相比较来定义的——缺乏资源参与正常活动。
3. Family and Household Terminology | 家庭与家户术语
Family is a social unit based on kinship, marriage or close emotional bonds. A household is a person living alone or a group of people living together and sharing facilities, such as a flat-share.
家庭是一个基于亲属关系、婚姻或紧密情感纽带的社会单位。家户则是指单独居住的人，或共同居住并共享设施的一群人，例如合租公寓。
Nuclear family consists of two parents and their children living together as a single unit. In many societies it is considered the basic family form.
核心家庭由父母两人及其子女组成，作为一个单一单元生活在一起。在许多社会中被视为基本的家庭形式。
Extended family includes relatives beyond the nuclear family, such as grandparents, aunts, uncles and cousins, often living nearby or in the same household.
扩展家庭包括核心家庭以外的亲属，如祖父母、姑姨、叔舅和堂表亲，通常居住附近或同属一个家户。
Matrifocal family is centred on the mother and her relatives, often with the father playing a marginal role.
母主家庭以母亲及其亲属为中心，父亲往往扮演边缘角色。
Same-sex family is formed by a couple of the same gender, with or without children, recognised increasingly as one of many valid family types.
同性家庭由同性别伴侣组成，有或无子女，越来越多地被认可为多种有效家庭类型之一。
Monomatric family (often called single-parent family) is one parent, commonly the mother, raising children alone.
单亲家庭（常指单亲妈妈家庭）是由一方家长，通常是母亲，独自抚养孩子的家庭。
4. Sociology of Education Terms | 教育社会学术语
Hidden curriculum describes the informal lessons and implicit values taught in schools, such as obedience, punctuality and respect for hierarchy, which are not part of the official academic curriculum.
隐性课程描述的是学校中非正式教授的课程和隐含的价值观，例如服从、守时和对等级制度的尊重，这些并非官方学术课程的一部分。
Labelling theory suggests that teachers may attach labels to students (e.g., 'bright' or 'troublesome'), and these labels can influence the students' self-concept and future achievement.
标签理论指教师可能会给学生贴上标签（如“聪明”或“麻烦”），这些标签会影响学生的自我认知和未来成就。
Self-fulfilling prophecy occurs when a prediction or label comes true simply because it was believed and acted upon. A student labelled as 'low ability' may lose confidence and underperform, confirming the label.
自我实现预言指的是当一个预测或标签被相信并据此对待后，预言自然成真。被贴上“低能力”标签的学生可能丧失信心、表现不佳，从而印证了标签。
Streaming / Setting is the practice of grouping students according to perceived ability across all subjects (streaming) or for particular subjects (setting). It can reinforce inequality.
分流/分班是根据对学生能力的整体评估（分流）或特定学科（分班）进行分组的行为，这可能加剧不平等。
Material deprivation refers to a lack of physical resources such as adequate housing, nutritious food or educational materials, which can hinder a child's performance at school.
物质剥夺指缺乏物质资源，如适当的住房、营养食物或学习资料，这会阻碍儿童的在校表现。
5. Crime and Deviance Terms | 犯罪与越轨行为术语
Deviance is any behaviour that violates social norms and expectations. It does not have to be illegal – wearing unusual clothing can be deviant but not criminal.
越轨是任何违反社会规范和期望的行为。它不一定是非法的——穿奇装异服可能是越轨的，但并非犯罪。
Crime is a specific form of deviance that breaks formal written laws and is punishable by the state.
犯罪是越轨的一种特定形式，违反了正式的成文法律，由国家予以惩罚。
Anomie (Durkheim) describes a state of normlessness where society provides little moral guidance to individuals, often during periods of rapid social change, leading to increased deviance.
失范（涂尔干）描述了一种规范缺失的状态，在社会迅速变化时期，社会给予个体的道德指引很少，导致越轨行为增加。
White-collar crime is committed by people in professional or high-status positions, typically involving fraud, embezzlement or corporate offences.
白领犯罪由专业人士或地位较高者实施，通常涉及欺诈、挪用公款或企业犯罪。
Moral panic occurs when the media and public react disproportionately to a group or behaviour, labelling it as a major threat to societal values, often leading to stricter social control.
道德恐慌指媒体和公众对某个群体或行为反应过度，将其标榜为对社会价值观的重大威胁，往往导致更严厉的社会控制。
6. Media and Society Terms | 媒体与社会术语
Mass media refers to all forms of communication that reach large audiences simultaneously, including television, newspapers, radio and digital platforms.
大众媒体指所有能够同时触及大量受众的传播形式，包括电视、报纸、广播和数字平台。
Stereotype is a simplified, often exaggerated image of a group of people, based on assumptions rather than facts. Media stereotypes can reinforce prejudice.
刻板印象是一种简化、通常夸大的对某个群体的形象，基于假设而非事实。媒体刻板印象会强化偏见。
Hypodermic syringe model suggests that media messages are directly 'injected' into a passive audience and produce an immediate, uniform effect. Critics argue today's audiences are more active.
皮下注射模型认为媒体信息像针剂一样直接“注射”给被动受众，并产生即时、一致的效果。批评者认为当今受众更为主动。
Uses and gratifications model takes the opposite view: audiences actively choose and use media to fulfill needs such as entertainment, information, personal identity and social interaction.
使用与满足模型持相反观点：受众主动选择和使用媒体以满足娱乐、信息获取、个人认同和社交互动等需求。
Cultural globalisation refers to the worldwide spread of cultural products, ideas and values, often accelerated by media corporations, leading to both cultural homogenisation and hybridisation.
文化全球化指文化产品、思想和价值观在全球范围的传播，通常被媒体集团加速，导致文化同质化和文化混合。
7. Research Methods Terminology | 研究方法术语
Quantitative data is numerical information, such as statistics and percentages, used to identify patterns and make generalisations.
定量数据是数字信息，如统计数据和百分比，用于识别模式和做出概括。
Qualitative data is non-numerical, descriptive information that provides depth and insight into people's experiences and meanings, often collected through interviews or observation.
定性数据是非数字的、描述性的信息，提供对人们经验和含义的深度洞察，通常通过访谈或观察收集。
Primary data is collected first-hand by the researcher specifically for the study (e.g., a sociology student's own questionnaire).
原始数据是由研究人员为研究目的亲自收集的第一手资料（例如社会学学生自己设计的问卷）。
Secondary data has been collected by someone else and already exists, such as government statistics, historical documents or previous research studies.
二手数据已由他人收集并现存，如政府统计、历史文献或先前的研究。
Validity refers to whether research truly measures what it claims to measure – a valid study gives a true picture of social reality.
效度指的是研究是否真正测量了它声称要测量的内容——有效的研究能真实呈现社会现实。
Reliability means that if the research were repeated under similar conditions, it would produce consistent results. Questionnaires often have high reliability.
信度意味着如果研究在相似条件下重复进行，会产生一致的结果。问卷通常具有高信度。
Sampling is the process of selecting a smaller group from the wider population to take part in a study. A representative sample reflects the characteristics of the whole population.
抽样是从更广泛的人群中选择一个较小的群体参与研究的过程。一个有代表性的样本能反映整个总体的特征。
8. Quick Memorisation Techniques for Sociology Terms | 社会学术语速记技巧
Create acronyms for lists of factors: for example, use 'PEEL' for labelling effect steps – Prediction, Expectation, Effect, Loop – even though it's not exact, personal memory hooks help.
为因素列表创造首字母缩略词：例如用 'PEEL' 记标签效应步骤——预测、期待、效果、循环，即便不精确，个人记忆钩子很有用。
Turn abstract terms into visual stories: imagine normlessness (anomie) as a school corridor with no rules and everyone walking in random directions – the mental image sticks.
把抽象术语转化为图像故事：想象失范（anomie）就是一条没有规则的学校走廊，人人随意乱走——这种心理图像会牢牢记住。
Use etymology: 'matri-' means mother, so matrifocal is focused on the mother; 'patri-' means father and appears in patriarchal. Recognising roots simplifies learning.
利用词源：'matri-' 表示母亲，所以母主家庭专注于母亲；'patri-' 表示父亲，出现在父权制中。识别词根简化学习。
Employ bilingual flashcards with the English term on one side and the Chinese definition on the other. Test yourself both ways to strengthen recall in two languages.
制作双语抽认卡，一面是英文术语，另一面是中文定义。双向测试，增强双语记忆。
Build mind maps linking a central concept (e.g., 'social inequality') to related terms like class, status, life chances and poverty. Visual connections support deeper recall.
构建思维导图，将中心概念（如“社会不平等”）与阶级、地位、生活机会和贫困等相关术语联系起来。可视化连接有助于深度回忆。
9. Commonly Confused Terms – Clarified | 常见混淆术语辨析
Status vs. Role: status is your position (student, parent), while role is the behaviour expected from that position (studying, caring). Think: 'I occupy a status, I perform a role.'
地位与角色：地位是你的位置（学生、家长），而角色是该位置期望的行为（学习、照顾）。记住：“我占据一个地位，我履行一个角色。”
Norm vs. Value: a value is a broad principle (honesty), a norm is a specific rule of behaviour (not cheating). Values underpin norms.
规范与价值观：价值观是广泛的原则（诚信），规范是具体的行为规则（不作弊）。价值观支撑规范。
Family vs. Household: all families are households, but not all households are families. A household can be a single person living alone or a group of friends sharing a flat.
家庭与家户：所有家庭都是家户，但不是所有家户都是家庭。家户可以是一个独居者或一群合租的朋友。
Deviance vs. Crime: deviance breaks social norms; crime breaks legal norms. Wearing pyjamas to a shop is deviant; shoplifting is criminal and deviant.
越轨与犯罪：越轨违反社会规范；犯罪违反法律规范。穿睡衣去商店是越轨行为；入店行窃既是犯罪也是越轨。
Reliability vs. Validity: reliable research is repeatable and consistent; valid research accurately captures the truth. A broken ruler may give consistent (reliable) but incorrect (invalid) measurements.
信度与效度：有信度的研究可重复且一致；有效度的研究准确捕捉真相。一把坏掉的尺子可能给出始终一致（有信度）但错误（无效度）的测量。
10. Revision Strategy and Final Tips | 复习策略与最后提示
Begin your revision by categorising terms into themes – stratification, family, education, crime, media – this mimics how exam questions are structured.
开始复习时按主题分类术语——分层、家庭、教育、犯罪、媒体——这模拟了考题的结构方式。
Write a short sociological sentence using each term, then translate it into Chinese to test your bilingual understanding. Active use cements memory far better than passive reading.
用每个术语写一个简短的社会学问句，然后翻译成中文以测试双语理解。主动使用远比被动阅读更能巩固记忆。
Work with a study partner: one person gives the Chinese definition, the other recalls the English term and explains it. This interactive method reveals gaps in both languages.
与学习伙伴一起练习：一人给出中文定义，另一人回忆英文术语并进行解释。这种互动方法能暴露出两种语言中的知识空白。
Finally, remember that sociology terms are tools for thinking. When you truly understand the concept, the vocabulary becomes part of your analytical toolkit, not just a word to memorise.
最后，请记住社会学术语是思考的工具。当你真正理解了概念，词汇就会成为你分析工具箱的一部分，而不只是一个需要死记硬背的词。
Published by TutorHao | Sociology Revision Series | aleveler.com
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