📚 Year 10 CIE French: Formula & Theorem Quick Reference Guide | Year 10 CIE 法语:公式定理速查手册
Mastering French grammar can feel like solving a puzzle. This quick-reference guide recasts the essential rules for Year 10 CIE French as a set of 'formulas' and 'theorems' — concise, visual patterns you can memorise and apply in speaking and writing. From verb conjugation blueprints to agreement laws, each section gives you a reliable toolkit for tackling IGCSE-style tasks.
掌握法语语法就像解谜。这份速查手册将 Year 10 CIE 法语的核心规则重新整理为一套“公式”和“定理”——简洁、可视的规律,便于你在口语和写作中记忆与运用。从动词变位的构造蓝图到配合法则,每个小节都为你提供应对 IGCSE 题型的可靠工具箱。
1. The Present Tense -er Verb Formula | 现在时 -er 动词变位公式
The vast majority of French verbs end in -er. Their present tense follows a clear stem + ending pattern. Remove -er to find the stem, then add: -e, -es, -e, -ons, -ez, -ent. Watch out for spelling‑change verbs like manger (nous mangeons) and préférer (je préfère).
绝大多数法语动词以 -er 结尾。它们的现在时遵循清晰的词干 + 词尾模式。去掉 -er 得到词干,然后加上:-e, -es, -e, -ons, -ez, -ent。留意拼写变化动词,如 manger(nous mangeons)和 préférer(je préfère)。
| Subject | 主语 | Ending (parler) | 词尾 | Example (aimer) | 例子 |
|---|---|---|
| je | -e | j’aime |
| tu | -es | tu aimes |
| il/elle/on | -e | il aime |
| nous | -ons | nous aimons |
| vous | -ez | vous aimez |
| ils/elles | -ent | ils aiment |
The formula: Stem + ending. For regular -er verbs, the stem is the infinitive minus -er. Learn this as Theorem 1: Présent = Stem + (e, es, e, ons, ez, ent). This pattern covers hundreds of verbs and is tested heavily in IGCSE reading and writing.
公式:词干 + 词尾。对于规则 -er 动词,词干为不定式去掉 -er。请将此作为定理 1 牢记:现在时 = 词干 + (e, es, e, ons, ez, ent)。这一模式涵盖数百个动词,在 IGCSE 阅读与写作中考查频繁。
2. The Present Tense -ir and -re Verb Formulae | 现在时 -ir 与 -re 动词变位公式
Regular -ir verbs (like finir) take endings: -is, -is, -it, -issons, -issez, -issent. Note the -iss- infix in the plural. Regular -re verbs (like vendre) take: -s, -s, -, -ons, -ez, -ent. The il/elle form drops the ending entirely — il vend, not il vend (already correct).
规则 -ir 动词(如 finir)加词尾:-is, -is, -it, -issons, -issez, -issent。注意复数形式中的 -iss- 插入。规则 -re 动词(如 vendre)加词尾:-s, -s, -, -ons, -ez, -ent。il/elle 形式不加词尾——il vend 已是正确形式。
Theorem 2: For -ir verbs, Present = Stem + (-is, -is, -it, -issons, -issez, -issent). Theorem 3: For -re verbs, Present = Stem + (-s, -s, Ø these formulas in your revision notes so you can instantly spot conjugation errors in gap‑fill exercises.
定理 2:对于 -ir 动词,现在时 = 词干 + (-is, -is, -it, -issons, -issez, -issent)。定理 3:对于 -re 动词,现在时 = 词干 + (-s, -s, Ø, -ons, -ez, -ent)。在你的复习笔记中高亮这些公式,以便在填空题中立即发现变位错误。
3. The Near Future Theorem (Futur Proche) | 最近将来时定理
The futur proche is a two‑part construction that IGCSE candidates must use to talk about immediate plans. Formula: present tense of aller + infinitive. No exceptions. The auxiliary aller is conjugated, while the main verb stays in the infinitive, identical for all subjects.
最近将来时由两部分构成,IGCSE 考生必须用它谈论近期计划。公式:aller 的现在时 + 动词不定式。没有例外。助动词 aller 需要变位,而主要动词保持不定式,所有主语下形式相同。
Formula: Futur Proche = ALLER (présent) + INFINITIF
| Subject | aller | + infinitive | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| je | vais | manger | Je vais manger. |
| tu | vas | sortir | Tu vas sortir. |
| il/elle | va | faire | Elle va faire ses devoirs. |
| nous | allons | jouer | Nous allons jouer. |
This theorem appears in nearly every writing paper: describe what you are going to do next weekend or holiday. Memorise the formula exactly, and you will never lose marks on tense choice.
此定理几乎出现在每一份写作试卷中:描述你下周末或假期打算做什么。准确记住这个公式,就不会在时态选择上丢分。
4. The Perfect Tense with Avoir (Passé Composé) | 以 avoir 构成的复合过去时
The passé composé is the most common past tense in IGCSE French. Formula for regular verbs with avoir: present tense of avoir + past participle. Past participle rules: -er → -é, -ir → -i, -re → -u. This is Theorem 5.
复合过去时是 IGCSE 法语中最常用的过去时。以 avoir 构成的规则动词公式:avoir 的现在时 + 过去分词。过去分词规则:-er → -é,-ir → -i,-re → -u。此为定理 5。
Passé Composé (avoir) = AVOIR (présent) + PARTICIPE PASSÉ
Examples: j’ai parlé, tu as fini, il a vendu. Learn the common irregular past participles as ‘atomic’ facts: eu (avoir), été (être), fait (faire), pris (prendre), mis (mettre), bu (boire), lu (lire), etc. IGCSE gap‑fills often mix regular and irregular participles, so rapid recall is vital.
例子:j’ai parlé, tu as fini, il a vendu。将常见不规则过去分词作为“原子”事实记住:eu(有)、été(是)、fait(做)、pris(拿)、mis(放)、bu(喝)、lu(读)等。IGCSE 填空题常常混合规则与不规则分词,快速回忆至关重要。
5. The Être Agreement Theorem in Passé Composé | 复合过去时中 être 的配合定理
A subset of verbs — the ‘Dr Mrs Vandertramp’ list — form their passé composé with être. The past participle then acts like an adjective and must agree in gender and number with the subject. Formula: être (présent) + past participle (agreeing with subject). Add -e for feminine, -s for plural, -es for feminine plural.
有一部分动词——“Dr Mrs Vandertramp”清单——用 être 构成复合过去时。此时过去分词发挥形容词作用,必须与主语在性数上配合。公式:être(现在时)+ 过去分词(与主语配合)。阴性加 -e,复数加 -s,阴性复数加 -es。
| Subject | Verb aller (to go) | Explanation | 解释 |
|---|---|---|
| je (f) | je suis allée | Feminine speaker adds -e |
| nous (mixed) | nous sommes allés | Plural adds -s |
| elles | elles sont allées | Feminine plural adds -es |
Candidates often forget agreement, especially with on (context decides singular/plural). Practice the theorem: Être + PP = PP must mirror subject. This also applies to reflexive verbs in the perfect tense (se laver → elle s’est lavée).
考生常忘记配合,尤其是 on(语境决定单复数)。请练习此定理:Être + 过去分词 = 过去分词必须与主语一致。这也适用于复合过去时中的自反动词(se laver → elle s’est lavée)。
6. The Imperfect Tense Formula (Imparfait) | 未完成过去时公式
The imparfait describes ongoing or repeated past actions. Its formation relies on the nous stem of the present tense. Steps: take the nous form, remove -ons, then add the endings: -ais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient. This works for virtually all verbs, including most irregular ones. The only exception is être: its stem is ét- (j'étais, tu étais, etc.).
未完成过去时描述正在进行的或重复的过去动作。其构成依赖现在时 nous 的词干。步骤:取 nous 形式,去掉 -ons,然后加上词尾:-ais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient。这适用于几乎所有动词,包括大多数不规则动词。唯一的例外是 être:其词干为 ét-(j’étais, tu étais 等)。
Imparfait = (nous stem) + (-ais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient)
| Verb | 动词 | nous form | Stem | Imparfait (je) |
|---|---|---|---|
| faire | nous faisons | fais- | je faisais |
| avoir | nous avons | av- | j’avais |
| prendre | nous prenons | pren- | je prenais |
This theorem helps IGCSE students distinguish passé composé (a completed event) from imparfait (background description). Use the acronym WHALES: Weather, Habit, Age, Location, Emotion, Scene‑setting all trigger the imparfait. The formula stays the same; you just choose based on meaning.
这个定理帮助 IGCSE 学生区分复合过去时(已完成的事件)与未完成过去时(背景描写)。使用首字母缩略词 WHALES:天气、习惯、年龄、地点、情感、场景设定均触发未完成过去时。公式保持不变;你只需根据含义选择时态。
7. The Future Simple Stem + Ending Rule | 简单将来时词干 + 词尾规则
The futur simple is formed by adding endings to the future stem. Regular verbs use the whole infinitive as the stem (-er and -ir verbs). For -re verbs, drop the final -e. Endings are the same for all verbs: -ai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -ont. These endings are derived from the present tense of avoir, making them easy to recall.
简单将来时由将来词干加词尾构成。规则动词以整个不定式作为词干(-er 和 -ir 动词)。对于 -re 动词,去掉末尾的 -e。所有动词的词尾相同:-ai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -ont。这些词尾源自 avoir 的现在时,便于记忆。
Futur Simple = (future stem) + (-ai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -ont)
Irregular stems must be learnt separately: être → ser-, avoir → aur-, faire → fer-, aller → ir-, pouvoir → pourr-, vouloir → voudr-, voir → verr-, etc. The good news: the endings never change. So once you have the stem, the formula applies universally. CIE writing tasks asking ‘what will you do in the future’ test this rule directly.
不规则词干需单独记忆:être → ser-,avoir → aur-,faire → fer-,aller → ir-,pouvoir → pourr-,vouloir → voudr-,voir → verr- 等。好消息是:词尾从不变化。因此一旦掌握了词干,公式便普遍适用。CIE 写作题中询问“你将来会做什么”直接考查此规则。
8. The Conditional Mood Formula (Conditionnel) | 条件式公式
The conditional in French functions like ‘would’ + verb in English. Its formation mirrors the future simple but uses imperfect endings. Formula: future stem + imperfect endings (-ais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient). The stem is exactly the same as for the simple future — irregular stems included.
法语条件式相当于英语中的“would + 动词”。其构成与简单将来时相似,但使用未完成过去时的词尾。公式:将来词干 + 未完成过去时词尾 (-ais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient)。词干与简单将来时完全相同——包括不规则词干。
Conditionnel = Future stem + Imparfait endings
Example: je voudrais (from vouloir), tu pourrais (pouvoir), nous ferions (faire), elles iraient (aller). The conditional is heavily tested in polite constructions (Je voudrais, j’aimerais) and hypothetical scenarios (si j’avais de l’argent, j’achèterais…). Remember that ‘si’ clauses never use the conditional in the si‑part, only in the main clause — a key CIE correction tip.
例子:je voudrais(来自 vouloir),tu pourrais(pouvoir),nous ferions(faire),elles iraient(aller)。条件式在礼貌结构(Je voudrais, j’aimerais)和假设场景(si j’avais de l’argent, j’achèterais…)中考查频繁。记住:“si” 从句中从不使用条件式,只出现在主句中——这是 CIE 重要的纠错要点。
9. The Gender and Number Agreement Theorem | 性数配合定理
In French, nouns have a fixed gender (masculine or feminine) and adjectives, articles and past participles (with être) must agree. Theorem: Adjective = Base form + (no change m.sg.) / -e (f.sg.) / -s (m.pl.) / -es (f.pl.). Some adjectives are irregular (beau → belle, vieux → vieille), but the majority follow a predictable pattern of adding endings.
法语中,名词有固定性(阳性或阴性),形容词、冠词以及使用 être 的过去分词必须与之配合。定理:形容词 = 基本形式 + (阳性单数不变) / -e (阴性单数) / -s (阳性复数) / -es (阴性复数)。部分形容词不规则(beau → belle,vieux → vieille),但大多数遵循可预测的添加词尾模式。
A separate theorem covers position: most adjectives go after the noun, but a small group (BANGS: Beauty, Age, Number, Goodness, Size) come before. Examples: une belle maison, un grand chien. This affects word order in IGCSE picture‑based descriptions and short compositions.
另一条定理涉及位置:大多数形容词置于名词之后,但一小部分(BANGS:美观、年龄、数目、好坏、尺寸)置于名词之前。例子:une belle maison, un grand chien。这会影响 IGCSE 图画描述和短篇作文中的词序。
10. The Negation Equation | 否定方程
Basic negation in French wraps the verb with ne … pas. In the present tense, ne comes before the verb and pas after. For compound tenses like the passé composé, ne goes before the auxiliary, pas after: je n’ai pas fini. With infinitives, both parts go before the infinitive: ne pas parler. Other negative structures (ne … jamais, ne … rien, ne … personne) follow the same wrapping pattern, but personne can act as a subject or object and behaves a bit differently.
法语的基本否定用 ne … pas 将动词包裹。现在时中,ne 置于动词前,pas 置于动词后。对于复合时态如复合过去时,ne 放在助动词前,pas 放在后:je n’ai pas fini。与不定式连用时,两部分均放在不定式前:ne pas parler。其他否定结构(ne … jamais、ne … rien、ne … personne)遵循相同的包裹模式,但 personne 可作主语或宾语,行为略有不同。
Negation = ne + verb (or auxiliary) + pas/jamais/rien
Remember that in spoken French the ne is often dropped, but in IGCSE writing you must always include it except in informal notes. The formula helps you position the negatives correctly in any tense, a feature assessed in grammar accuracy marks.
请记住,口语中 ne 常被省略,但在 IGCSE 写作中必须始终写出,除非是非正式便条。该公式帮助你在任何时态中正确定位否定词,这是语法准确性评分中的考查点。
11. The Object Pronoun Placement Theorem | 宾语代词位置定理
French object pronouns (me, te, le, la, nous, vous, les, lui, leur) follow strict word‑order laws. In simple tenses (present, imperfect, future, conditional), they come directly before the conjugated verb: Je le vois. In compound tenses, they go before the auxiliary: Je l’ai vu. For two‑verb constructions (vouloir + infinitive, aller + infinitive), the pronoun goes before the infinitive: Je vais le faire.
法语宾语代词(me, te, le, la, nous, vous, les, lui, leur)遵循严格的语序法则。在简单时态中(现在、未完成过去、将来、条件式),它们置于变位动词正前方:Je le vois。在复合时态中,它们置于助动词之前:Je l’ai vu。对于双动词结构(vouloir + 不定式、aller + 不定式),代词置于不定式之前:Je vais le faire。
The universal formula: Pronoun + (auxiliary) + verb. When two pronouns occur (e.g. me le), the order is fixed: me/te/se/nous/vous before le/la/les before lui/leur before y before en. Learn the sequence as a chant to avoid errors in listening and writing. IGCSE comprehension often tests whether you can identify what a pronoun refers to, which depends on understanding this placement.
通用公式:代词 + (助动词) + 动词。当出现两个代词时(如 me le),顺序固定为:me/te/se/nous/vous 在 le/la/les 之前,在 lui/leur 之前,在 y 之前,最后是 en。像唱歌一样记住这个顺序,避免听力和写作中的错误。IGCSE 阅读理解常考查你是否能识别代词所指,这有赖于理解此位置规则。
12. The Comparative and Superlative Formulae | 比较级与最高级公式
French comparison is rule‑based. For most adjectives, use plus/moins/aussi + adjective + que. Superlative: le/la/les plus/moins + adjective, placing the article before plus/moins. With bon and mauvais, irregular forms apply: meilleur (better) and pire (worse); superlatives le meilleur, le pire. The comparison of quantities uses plus de… que / moins de… que / autant de… que.
法语比较级有规律可循。对于大多数形容词,使用 plus/moins/aussi + 形容词 + que。最高级:le/la/les plus/moins + 形容词,冠词置于 plus/moins 前。对于 bon 和 mauvais,需用不规则形式:meilleur(更好)和 pire(更坏);最高级为 le meilleur、le pire。数量比较使用 plus de… que / moins de… que / autant de… que。
Comparative: plus/moins/aussi + ADJ + que
Superlative: le/la/les plus/moins + ADJ
Example: Marie est plus grande que Luc. C’est la plus intéressante. The formulas are straightforward, but you must match the agreement: the article in the superlative agrees with the noun, and the adjective still agrees with the noun it modifies (elle est la plus intelligente). In writing tasks, these structures raise your grade by showing grammatical range.
例子:Marie est plus grande que Luc。C’est la plus intéressante。公式简明,但必须确保配合:最高级中的冠词与名词一致,形容词仍需与所修饰名词配合(elle est la plus intelligente)。在写作任务中,这些结构能展现语法广度,从而提升分数。
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