📚 Year 10 CIE Geography: Key Vocabulary Quick Memory Guide | Year 10 CIE 地理：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering key terminology is essential for success in CIE IGCSE Geography. This quick memory guide presents essential vocabulary across major themes, with bilingual explanations to reinforce understanding.
掌握关键术语对于 CIE IGCSE 地理考试至关重要。这份速记指南涵盖了各大主题的核心词汇，提供双语解释以加深理解。
1. Population Dynamics | 人口动态
Population dynamics studies changes in population size and composition over time.
人口动态研究人口规模和构成随时间的变化。
Birth rate is the number of live births per 1,000 people per year. It is a key indicator of population growth.
出生率是每年每千人的活产婴儿数，是人口增长的关键指标。
Death rate is the number of deaths per 1,000 people per year. Low death rates often reflect improved healthcare.
死亡率是每年每千人的死亡人数。低死亡率通常反映医疗保健改善。
Natural increase is calculated as birth rate minus death rate. When positive, population grows; when negative, it declines.
自然增长由出生率减去死亡率得出。正值表示人口增长，负值表示人口减少。
Dependency ratio compares the number of dependents (aged under 15 and over 64) to the working-age population (15–64). A high ratio indicates economic pressure.
抚养比将受抚养人口（15岁以下及64岁以上）与劳动年龄人口（15-64岁）进行比较。高抚养比表明经济压力大。
2. Migration | 人口迁移
Migration refers to the movement of people from one place to another, often involving a change of residence.
迁移是指人们从一个地方到另一个地方的移动，通常涉及居住地的改变。
A push factor is a negative circumstance that drives people away from their home area, such as war, poverty, or natural disasters.
推力因素是驱使人离开家乡的负面情况，例如战争、贫困或自然灾害。
A pull factor is a positive attraction that draws people to a new area, such as job opportunities, safety, or better services.
拉力因素是吸引人们前往新地区的积极因素，例如工作机会、安全或更好的服务。
A refugee is a person forced to flee their country due to conflict, persecution, or disaster, often crossing international borders.
难民是因冲突、迫害或灾难而被迫逃离本国、通常跨越国际边界的人。
3. Settlement Hierarchy | 聚落等级
Settlements can be ranked by size and services into a hierarchy, from hamlets to large cities.
聚落可以根据规模和服务划分为等级，从小村庄到大城市。
Threshold population is the minimum number of people needed to support a particular service, such as a shop or school.
门槛人口是维持某项服务（如商店或学校）所需的最低人口数量。
Sphere of influence is the area from which a settlement draws people to use its services. Larger settlements have larger spheres of influence.
影响范围是指聚落吸引人们前来使用其服务的区域。更大的聚落拥有更大的影响范围。
4. Plate Tectonics and Volcanoes | 板块构造与火山
Plate tectonics explains the movement of Earth's lithospheric plates and associated hazards like earthquakes and volcanoes.
板块构造解释地球岩石圈板块的运动以及相关灾害，如地震和火山。
A plate boundary is the margin where two tectonic plates meet. Boundaries can be constructive, destructive, or conservative.
板块边界是两个构造板块相遇的边缘。边界类型可分为建设性、破坏性和保守型。
Subduction occurs when an oceanic plate is forced beneath a continental plate at a destructive boundary, causing melting and volcanic activity.
俯冲是指在大洋板块在破坏性边界被迫俯冲到大陆板块之下，引发熔融和火山活动。
Shield volcanoes have gently sloping sides formed by runny lava. Composite volcanoes are steep-sided and formed from layers of lava and ash.
盾状火山具有由流动性熔岩形成的缓坡。复合火山陡峭，由熔岩和火山灰层交替构成。
5. River Landforms | 河流地貌
Rivers shape the landscape through erosion, transportation, and deposition, creating distinctive landforms.
河流通过侵蚀、搬运和沉积塑造地貌，形成独特的地形。
A drainage basin is the area of land drained by a river and its tributaries. It is separated by watersheds.
流域是由河流及其支流排水的一片陆地，由分水岭隔开。
A meander is a winding curve or bend in a river. Over time, meanders migrate and can form oxbow lakes.
曲流是河流中的蜿蜒弯曲。随着时间的推移，曲流迁移并可能形成牛轭湖。
An oxbow lake is a crescent-shaped lake formed when a meander is cut off from the main river by deposition.
牛轭湖是当曲流因沉积作用与主河道分离而形成的月牙形湖泊。
A delta is a low-lying landform at a river mouth built up from deposited sediment. Deltas often have fertile soil.
三角洲是河口处由沉积物堆积形成的低洼地貌，常拥有肥沃的土壤。
6. Coastal Processes and Landforms | 海岸过程与地貌
Coastal environments are shaped by wave action, erosion, and deposition, leading to various landforms.
海岸环境由波浪作用、侵蚀和沉积塑造，形成各种地貌。
Longshore drift is the movement of sediment along a coastline caused by waves approaching at an angle. It creates spits and beaches.
沿岸漂移是指波浪以一定角度靠近海岸时沉积物沿海岸线的移动，形成沙嘴和海滩。
A cliff is a steep rock face formed by coastal erosion. A wave-cut platform is a flat area of rock left at the base of a retreating cliff.
海蚀崖是由海岸侵蚀形成的陡峭岩面。浪蚀平台是后退的悬崖底部留下的平坦岩石区域。
A spit is a narrow ridge of sand or shingle extending from the coast into the sea, formed by longshore drift and deposition.
沙嘴是由沿岸漂移和沉积作用形成的、从海岸伸入海中的狭长沙脊或砾石脊。
7. Weather Systems | 天气系统
Weather systems are large-scale patterns of air pressure and wind that determine daily weather conditions.
天气系统是决定日常天气状况的大范围气压和风场型态。
An anticyclone is a high-pressure system with sinking air, resulting in stable, dry, and clear weather.
反气旋是高压系统，空气下沉，带来稳定、干燥和晴朗的天气。
A depression is a low-pressure system with rising air, leading to cloud formation, precipitation, and often windy conditions.
气旋（低压系统）空气上升，导致云层形成、降水，并常伴有大风天气。
A cold front marks the boundary where cold air pushes under warm air, often causing heavy rain and a temperature drop.
冷锋是冷空气推动暖空气上升的界面，常导致大雨和降温。
A warm front occurs where warm air rises over a retreating cold air mass, typically bringing prolonged rainfall and milder temperatures.
暖锋发生在暖空气爬升到后退的冷气团之上处，通常带来持续的降雨和较温和的气温。
8. Climate Zones and Vegetation | 气候带与植被
Climates around the world influence natural vegetation types, from dense forests to arid deserts.
世界各地气候影响自然植被类型，从茂密森林到干旱沙漠。
Equatorial climate is found near the Equator, with high temperatures and heavy rainfall all year, supporting tropical rainforests.
赤道气候位于赤道附近，全年高温多雨，支撑热带雨林植被。
A tropical rainforest is a dense forest with a layered structure, high biodiversity, and evergreen trees. It is often threatened by deforestation.
热带雨林是一种层次结构
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