📚 Psychology Key Terms Quick Memorisation Guide | 心理学关键术语速记指南
Mastering psychology starts with a solid grip on its terminology. This guide breaks down the most essential Year 10 CIE Psychology terms, pairing each definition with a simple memory shortcut to help you learn faster and recall under pressure.
学好心理学始于扎实掌握专业术语。本指南将Year 10 CIE心理学最关键的术语拆解出来，为每个定义搭配一个简单的记忆捷径，帮助你学得更快、在考试压力下轻松回想。
1. Core Research Aims and Hypotheses | 研究目的与假设核心术语
Aim – A general statement of what the researcher intends to investigate. Think of it as the 'headline' of the study. Memory tip: Aim starts with 'A' like 'Ask' – What does the researcher ask?
研究目的 – 研究者打算探究什么的概括性陈述。可以把它想成研究的“标题”。记忆诀窍：Aim 以 'A' 开头，如同 'Ask' (问) ——研究者到底要问什么？
Hypothesis – A precise, testable prediction about the relationship between variables. It often uses 'if–then' logic. Memory tip: Hypothesis = 'High-precision prediction'. Always states the expected outcome.
假设 – 关于变量之间关系的精确、可检验的预测，常使用“如果……那么……”的逻辑。记忆诀窍：假设就是 'High-precision prediction' (高精度预测)，总是陈述预期结果。
Alternative hypothesis – The hypothesis that predicts a significant difference or correlation. It is what you actually test. Memory tip: It's the 'alternative' to 'nothing happened'.
备择假设 – 预测存在显著差异或相关的假设，是你真正要检验的假设。记忆诀窍：它是“什么都没发生”的替代方案。
Null hypothesis – States there is no effect, no difference, or no relationship. Researchers try to disprove it. Memory tip: Null = nil, zero, nothing.
虚无假设 – 陈述没有效应、没有差异、没有关系。研究者试图推翻它。记忆诀窍：Null 谐音 'nil'，表示零、无。
2. Variables and Control | 变量与控制
Independent variable (IV) – The factor the researcher deliberately changes or manipulates. Memory tip: IV starts with 'I' – I change it. Also, 'Independent' goes in first, like a domino.
自变量 (IV) – 研究者主动改变或操纵的因素。记忆诀窍：IV 带 'I' ——我来改变它。它像一个多米诺骨牌，首先推下去。
Dependent variable (DV) – The factor that is measured; it depends on the IV. Memory tip: DV Depends on what the researcher does. It's the Data you collect.
因变量 (DV) – 被测量的因素，它的变化取决于 IV。记忆诀窍：DV Depends (取决于) 研究者的操作，也是你收集的 Data (数据)。
Extraneous variable – Any unwanted variable that might affect the DV, other than the IV. Memory tip: Extraneous = extra, unnecessary noise you want to silence.
额外变量 – 除 IV 之外任何可能影响 DV 的无关变量。记忆诀窍：Extraneous 就是 extra (额外的)、不必要的噪音，你要尽力消除它。
Confounding variable – An extraneous variable that changes systematically with the IV, making it impossible to tell which caused the effect. Memory tip: Confounding = confused findings – you cannot separate cause and effect.
混淆变量 – 一种与 IV 一起系统变化的额外变量，导致无法区分哪个因素引起了效应。记忆诀窍：Confounding 让你 findings (发现) 变得 confused (糊涂) ——因果难分。
Standardised procedures – Keeping the instructions, environment and materials the same for every participant to minimise extraneous variables. Memory tip: Think 'scripted' – every participant experiences the same 'movie script'.
标准化程序 – 对所有参与者保持指导语、环境和材料一致，以最小化额外变量。记忆诀窍：想象成“剧本化”——每位参与者经历同样的“电影脚本”。
3. Experimental Designs | 实验设计
Independent measures design – Different participants are used in each condition of the experiment. Memory tip: Independent groups = independent sets of people. Watch out for participant variables!
独立组设计 – 实验的每个条件下使用不同的参与者。记忆诀窍：独立组就是各自独立的一群人。注意参与者变量！
Repeated measures design – The same participants take part in all conditions. Memory tip: Repeated = same people repeat the tasks. Risk: order effects.
重复测量设计 – 同一批参与者参与所有条件。记忆诀窍：Repeated (重复) ——同样的人重复做任务。隐患：顺序效应。
Matched pairs design – Participants are paired on key traits, then split into conditions. Memory tip: Think of 'twinning' – like sending one twin to each condition. Reduces participant variables.
配对组设计 – 参与者在关键特质上配对，再分入不同的条件。记忆诀窍：想象成“双胞胎”——每对双胞胎各去一个条件，减少参与者变量。
Order effects – When sequence of conditions influences performance (practice, fatigue). Memory tip: Order effects = effects from the order, not from the IV. Counterbalancing is the antidote.
顺序效应 – 条件出现的顺序影响表现（如练习效应、疲劳效应）。记忆诀窍：Order effects (顺序效应) ——来自顺序的影响，不是 IV 导致的。对抗方法是平衡抵消。
Counterbalancing – Systematically varying the order of conditions across participants to control order effects. Memory tip: Think 'ABBA' or alternating order – balance the scales of order.
平衡抵消法 – 在不同参与者之间系统地变化条件的顺序，以控制顺序效应。记忆诀窍：想想 'ABBA' 模式或交替顺序——把顺序的天平摆平。
4. Ethical Guidelines | 伦理准则
Informed consent – Participants must be told the true nature and purpose of the study before agreeing to take part. Memory tip: 'Informed' = they have the information; 'consent' = they say yes. Like signing a permission slip.
知情同意 – 在同意参与之前，必须告知参与者研究的真实性质和目的。记忆诀窍：“知情”意味着他们掌握了信息，“同意”表示他们说可以。就像签一份许可单。
Deception – Misleading or lying to participants about part of the study. Only acceptable if vital and no distress is caused. Memory tip: Deception = a trick; must be followed by a thorough debrief.
欺骗 – 误导或对参与者隐瞒研究的一部分。仅在十分必要且不造成困扰时才可接受。记忆诀窍：Deception (欺骗) 就是个花招，事后必须有彻底的知情解释。
Right to withdraw – Participants can leave the study at any time, without giving a reason. Their data must also be withdrawn if requested. Memory tip: 'Withdraw' like pulling money from a bank – any time, no penalty.
退出权利 – 参与者可以随时离开研究，无需给出理由；如要求，其数据也必须被撤回。记忆诀窍：Withdraw (退出) 就像从银行取钱一样——随时可以，没有惩罚。
Confidentiality – Personal information must be kept secret; numbers or pseudonyms replace real names. Memory tip: 'Confidential' = sealed file; no one peeks.
保密 – 个人信息必须保密，用编号或化名替代真实姓名。记忆诀窍：“保密”就像密封档案，没人能偷看。
Protection from harm – Psychological and physical risk must be no greater than in everyday life. Memory tip: Imagine a 'safety bubble' around every participant.
免受伤害 – 心理和生理风险不得高于日常生活。记忆诀窍：想象每位参与者都被一个“安全气泡”保护着。
5. Memory: Structures and Processes | 记忆：结构与过程
Encoding – Transforming sensory input into a format the brain can store. Memory tip: En-code – like turning a photo into a digital file.
编码 – 把感觉输入转化为大脑可以储存的格式。记忆诀窍：En-code (编码) ——就像把一张照片转成数码文件。
Storage – Retaining encoded information over time. Memory tip: Storage = a hard drive saving documents.
储存 – 随着时间推移保留已编码信息。记忆诀窍：Storage (储存) 就像硬盘保存文档。
Retrieval – Accessing stored memories when needed. Memory tip: Re-trieval = going to trieve (fetch) the file you saved.
提取 – 需要时读取已储存的记忆。记忆诀窍：Re-trieval ——去 fetch (取) 你存好的文件。
Sensory memory – Very brief store of sensory information (iconic < 0.5s, echoic 3–4s). Memory tip: Picture a sparkler trail – it's there and then gone.
感觉记忆 – 感觉信息的极短暂储存（图像记忆 < 0.5 秒，声像记忆 3-4 秒）。记忆诀窍：想象烟花棒留下的光尾——转瞬即逝。
Short-term memory (STM) – Limited capacity (7±2 chunks) and short duration (approx. 18–30s without rehearsal). Memory tip: STM = 'Small Temporary Memory'. Rehearse to keep it alive.
短时记忆 (STM) – 容量有限（7±2 个组块），保持时间短（无复述下约 18–30 秒）。记忆诀窍：STM = '小而临时的记忆'。靠复述来保持。
Long-term memory (LTM) – Potentially unlimited capacity and duration. Memory tip: LTM = 'Library That's Massive', storing everything from facts to skills.
长时记忆 (LTM) – 容量和持续时间几乎无限。记忆诀窍：LTM = '巨大的图书馆'，储存从事实到技能的一切。
6. Memory Studies and Effects | 记忆研究与效应
Rehearsal – Repeating material to keep it in STM or transfer it to LTM. Memory tip: Like singing a phone number over and over.
复述 – 重复材料以将其保留在短时记忆中或转入长时记忆。记忆诀窍：就像一遍遍哼唱一个电话号码。
Chunking – Grouping separate bits of information into larger, meaningful units. Memory tip: Phone numbers are chunked 07700 900 123, not a long string of digits.
组块化 – 将分离的信息比特组合成较大的、有意义的单元。记忆诀窍：电话号码被分块成 07700 900 123，而不是一长串数字。
Primacy effect – Better recall of words at the beginning of a list (LTM). Memory tip: Primacy = Prime position, first words get the most rehearsal.
首因效应 – 对列表开头词汇的回忆更好（属于长时记忆）。记忆诀窍：Primacy 就像 Prime (首要) 位置，开头的词得到最多复述。
Recency effect – Better recall of words at the end of a list (STM residual). Memory tip: Recency = Recently heard, still echoing in STM.
近因效应 – 对列表末尾词汇的回忆更好（短时记忆的残留）。记忆诀窍：Recency 就是 recent (最近) 听到的，仍在 STM 中回荡。
Serial position curve – The U-shaped pattern combining primacy and recency effects. Memory tip: Think of a smile shape – ends are high, middle is low.
系列位置曲线 – 结合首因和近因效应的 U 形模式。记忆诀窍：想象一个微笑的形状——两端高，中间低。
7. Perception and Illusions | 知觉与错觉
Sensation – Raw data received by sensory receptors (light, sound, etc.). Memory tip: Sensation = simple sense input, no interpretation yet.
感觉 – 感觉接收器接收到的原始数据（光、声音等）。记忆诀窍：Sensation 就是单纯的 sense (感官) 输入，尚未解读。
Perception – The brain's interpretation of sensory information. Memory tip: Perception = Personal interception – how you see it.
知觉 – 大脑对感觉信息的解读。记忆诀窍：Perception 是个人的解读——你怎么看。
Visual illusion – A mismatch between physical reality and perceptual experience. Memory tip: Illusion = 'It looks like something else' – your brain gets tricked.
视错觉 – 物理现实与知觉体验之间的错配。记忆诀窍：Illusion 就是“看起来像是别的东西”——你的大脑被耍了。
Muller-Lyer illusion – Two equal lines appear different lengths due to arrowheads. Memory tip: Imagine a room corner – outward fins look further away, so the line seems longer.
缪勒-莱耶错觉 – 两条等长的线段因箭头方向不同而看起来不等长。记忆诀窍：想象房间角落——向外的箭头看起来更远，所以线段显得更长。
Size constancy – We perceive an object as the same size even when its retinal image changes with distance. Memory tip: A car doesn't shrink as it drives away; it's size constancy at work.
大小恒常性 – 即使视网膜影像随距离改变，我们仍将物体知觉为同样大小。记忆诀窍：车开远了不会真的变小，那就是大小恒常性在起作用。
8. Social Influence: Conformity and Obedience | 社会影响：从众与服从
Conformity – Adjusting behaviour or beliefs to match a group norm. Memory tip: Conform = to form with the group. Everyone nods, so you nod.
从众 – 调整行为或信念以符合群体规范。记忆诀窍：Conform 就是和群体一form (一致)。大家都点头，你也点头。
Normative social influence – Conforming to be liked or accepted. Memory tip: 'Normal' = want to feel normal, fitting in.
规范性社会影响 – 为了被喜欢或接受而从众。记忆诀窍：想表现得 'Normal' (正常)，想要合群。
Informational social influence – Conforming because you believe the group knows better. Memory tip: Info – you lack info, so you copy others.
信息性社会影响 – 因为相信群体更了解情况而从众。记忆诀窍：Info – 你缺乏 information，所以模仿他人。
Obedience – Following direct commands from an authority figure. Memory tip: Obedience = obeying an order. Think Milgram's shock experiment.
服从 – 遵从权威人物的直接命令。记忆诀窍：Obedience (服从) 就是 obey (服从) 一个命令。想想米尔格伦的电击实验。
Social loafing – Putting in less effort when working in a group than alone. Memory tip: Loafing = loafing around – hiding in the crowd.
社会惰化 – 在群体中工作时比单独工作时付出更少的努力。记忆诀窍：Loafing 就是 loafing around (闲逛) ——藏在人群中偷懒。
Bystander effect – The more people present, the less likely any one person is to help. Memory tip: Bystander = by-stand, stand by but don't act. Diffusion of responsibility.
旁观者效应 – 在场人数越多，个体出手帮忙的可能性越低。记忆诀窍：Bystander (旁观者) ——站在旁边却不行动。责任扩散了。
9. Brain and Neuropsychology | 脑与神经心理学
Central nervous system (CNS) – Brain and spinal cord; the body's main processing centre. Memory tip: CNS = 'Central Command Centre'.
中枢神经系统 – 大脑和脊髓，身体的主要处理中心。记忆诀窍：CNS 就是“中央指挥中心”。
Neuron – A nerve cell that transmits electrical impulses. Memory tip: Neuron = 'nerve on' – keeps the signal flowing.
神经元 – 传递电冲动的神经细胞。记忆诀窍：Neuron 就像是 'nerve on' ——信号持续流动。
Synapse – The tiny gap between neurons where neurotransmitters carry the signal. Memory tip: Synapse = 'sending across a gap'; think of a relay baton pass.
突触 – 神经元之间的微小间隙，由神经递质传递信号。记忆诀窍：Synapse 就像是“跨越间隙传递”；想象接力棒交接。
Neurotransmitter – Chemical messenger (e.g., serotonin, dopamine) released into the synapse. Memory tip: 'Neuro-trans-mitter' = brain signal transmitter.
神经递质 – 释放到突触中的化学信使（如血清素、多巴胺）。记忆诀窍：Neuro-trans-mitter (神经-传递-者) = 大脑信号传递者。
Localisation of function – Specific brain areas control specific functions (e.g., Broca's area for speech production). Memory tip: Each area has a 'local' job; it's a map, not mush.
功能定位 – 特定脑区控制特定功能（如布罗卡区负责言语表达）。记忆诀窍：每个区域都有“当地的”工作；大脑是地图，不是浆糊。
10. Learning Theory Terminology | 学习理论术语
Classical conditioning – Learning by association; a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus after repeated pairing with an unconditioned stimulus. Memory tip: Pavlov's dogs – bell (NS) + food (UCS) → bell (CS) → drool (CR). Think 'pairing'.
经典条件作用 – 通过联想学习；中性刺激与无条件刺激反复配对后成为条件刺激。记忆诀窍：巴甫洛夫的狗——铃声 (NS) + 食物 (UCS) → 铃声 (CS) → 流口水 (CR)。想想“配对”。
Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) – Something that naturally triggers a response without learning (e.g., food). Memory tip: Unconditioned = unlearned, automatic trigger.
无条件刺激 (UCS) – 无需学习就能自然引发反应的事物（如食物）。记忆诀窍：Unconditioned (无条件) = unlearned (未学习的)，自动触发。
Conditioned response (CR) – The learned response to a previously neutral stimulus. Memory tip: Conditioned means 'after conditioning'; the response is created by the pairing.
条件反应 (CR) – 对先前中性刺激的习得反应。记忆诀窍：Conditioned 就是“条件化之后”；反应是配对创造出来的。
Operant conditioning – Learning through consequences; behaviour is shaped by reinforcement and punishment. Memory tip: Operant = operates on the environment. Think Skinner's box – rat presses lever for food.
操作条件作用 – 通过后果学习；行为由强化和惩罚塑造。记忆诀窍：Operant (操作) 就是对环境操作。想想斯金纳箱——老鼠按杠杆得食物。
Positive reinforcement – Adding a pleasant stimulus to increase behaviour (e.g., giving praise). Memory tip: Positive = add something; reinforcement = strengthens. Add a gold star.
正强化 – 添加愉快刺激以增加行为（如给予表扬）。记忆诀窍：正 = 加东西；强化 = 加强。加一颗金星。
Negative reinforcement – Removing an unpleasant stimulus to increase behaviour (e.g., taking away a headache when you take medicine). Memory tip: Negative = remove something unpleasant. NOT punishment.
负强化 – 移除不愉快刺激以增加行为（如服药后头痛消失）。记忆诀窍：负 = 移除不愉快的东西。注意，这不是惩罚。
11. Sampling and Data Types | 抽样与数据类型
Target population – The whole group the researcher wants to draw conclusions about. Memory tip: Target = the bullseye group you're aiming to understand.
目标总体 – 研究者希望得出结论的整个群体。记忆诀窍：Target (目标) 就是你想要了解的靶心群体。
Random sample – Every member of the target population has an equal chance of being selected. Memory tip: Like pulling names from a hat – unbiased.
随机样本 – 目标总体的每个成员被选中的机会均等。记忆诀窍：就像从帽子里抽名字——没有偏倚。
Opportunity sample – Using whoever is available and willing at the time. Memory tip: Opportunity = 'taking the chance you have' – ask the first people you meet.
机会样本 – 使用当时恰好可用且愿意的人。记忆诀窍：Opportunity (机会) = 抓住眼前的机会——问你最先遇到的人。
Quantitative data – Numerical data that can be counted or measured. Memory tip: Quantitative = Quantity – numbers.
定量数据 – 可以计数或测量的数值数据。记忆诀窍：Quantitative = Quantity (数量) ——数字。
Qualitative data – Non-numerical data describing qualities or opinions (words, themes). Memory tip: Qualitative = Quality – rich, descriptive detail.
定性数据 – 描述性质或观点的非数值数据（词语、主题）。记忆诀窍：Qualitative = Quality (性质) ——丰富、详细的描述。
12. Reliability and Validity | 信度与效度
Reliability – Consistency of a measure; if repeated, it gives similar results. Memory tip: Reliability = 'repeat-ability' – can you trust the same score again?
信度 – 测量的稳定性；如果重复测量，会得到类似结果。记忆诀窍：Reliability (信度) 就是 repeat-ability (可重复性) ——能再次相信同一个分数吗？
Validity – Whether the study measures what it claims to measure. Memory tip: Validity = 'valid' – is the result actually true to the aim?
效度 – 研究是否确实测量了它声称要测量的东西。记忆诀窍：Validity (效度) 就是 valid (有效) ——结果真的对准研究目的了吗？
Ecological validity – How well findings apply to real-life settings. Memory tip: Eco–logical: does it make sense in the real world's 'ecology'?
生态效度 – 研究结果在多大程度上适用于现实生活环境。记忆诀窍：Eco–logical：在现实世界“生态”中合逻辑吗？
Demand characteristics – Cues in an experiment that reveal the aim, causing participants to change their behaviour. Memory tip: Participants 'demand' to know what's going on – then they act differently.
需求特征 – 实验中透露研究目的的线索，导致参与者改变行为。记忆诀窍：参与者“要求”知道发生了什么——然后他们就表现得不一样了。
Social desirability bias – Participants give answers they think are more socially acceptable. Memory tip: 'Looking good' bias – everyone wants to seem nice.
社会赞许性偏差 – 参与者给出他们认为更被社会认可的答案。记忆诀窍：“形象管理”偏差——人人都想显得友善。
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