📚 Year 10 CIE Science: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick-Memorisation Guide | Year 10 CIE 科学：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the precise language of science is a game‑changer for Year 10 students. From physics to biology, every key term carries a specific meaning that unlocks deeper understanding and helps you score higher on CIE exams. This guide breaks down the most essential vocabulary across the three sciences and pairs each with a simple memory trick so you can learn faster and retain longer.
掌握精准的科学语言是 Year 10 学生的“逆袭神器”。从物理到生物，每一个关键术语都承载着特定的含义，能帮你打开深度理解的大门，在 CIE 考试中拿下更高分数。本指南拆解了三门科学中最核心的词汇，并为每个术语搭配了简单的记忆技巧，让你学得更快、记得更牢。
1. Why Master Scientific Vocabulary? | 为什么必须掌握科学词汇？
Scientific terms are not just labels — they describe processes, properties and relationships. When you understand a word like 'osmosis', you instantly recall the movement of water across a partially permeable membrane. CIE exam questions frequently ask you to define, explain or apply these terms precisely, and a clear command of vocabulary often separates a grade 6 from a grade 8.
科学术语不仅是标签——它们描述的是过程、性质和关系。当你理解“渗透”这个词时，你会立刻想起水分通过半透膜的运动。CIE 考试经常要求你准确地下定义、作解释或应用这些术语，清晰的词汇掌握能力往往是将 6 分提升到 8 分的关键。
To make learning efficient, use three strategies: break words into roots, create visual associations, and always link the term to a real example or an equation.
为了高效学习，请运用三种策略：把单词拆成词根、创建视觉联想，并总是把术语与一个真实例子或方程式联系起来。
2. The Power of Word Roots | 词根的力量
Many scientific words are built from Greek or Latin roots. Once you recognise these building blocks, you can decode unfamiliar terms in an exam. For example, 'photo' means light, 'synthesis' means putting together, so 'photosynthesis' is building food using light. Similarly, 'therm' means heat, giving us 'endothermic' (heat in) and 'exothermic' (heat out).
许多科学词汇由希腊语或拉丁语词根构成。一旦你认识这些构件，就能在考场上拆解不熟悉的术语。例如，“photo”指光，“synthesis”指组合，因此“photosynthesis”（光合作用）就是用光来合成养分。同理，“therm”指热量，于是就有了“endothermic”（吸热的）和“exothermic”（放热的）。
A few high-yield roots for CIE Science are 'bio' (life), 'geo' (earth), 'hydro' (water), 'electro' (electricity) and 'kinesis' (movement). Whenever you see a long word, hunt for its root — it will give you at least 70% of the meaning.
CIE 科学中几个高频词根有“bio”（生命）、“geo”（地球）、“hydro”（水）、“electro”（电）和“kinesis”（运动）。每当你看到一个长单词，就去寻找它的词根——它至少能给你 70% 的语义线索。
3. Physical Quantities & Units | 物理量及单位
Mass vs. Weight . Remember: weight = mass × gravitational field strength (W = m × g). On the Moon your mass stays the same, but your weight changes because g is smaller.
质量与重量：质量是物体所含物质的多少，单位是千克（kg）。重量是由于重力作用在物体质量上的力，单位是牛顿（N）。牢记公式：重量＝质量 × 引力场强（W = m × g）。在月球上你的质量不变，但重量会变，因为 g 更小。
Density s kg/m³ or g/cm³. A helpful image: a kilogram of feathers has a much larger volume than a kilogram of iron, so feathers have a lower density.
密度：密度描述粒子排列的紧密程度。它是单位体积的质量，计算公式为密度＝质量 ÷ 体积（ρ = m/V），常用单位有 kg/m³ 或 g/cm³。一个清晰的画面：一公斤羽毛比一公斤铁占据的体积大得多，因此羽毛的密度较低。
Scalar vs. Vector: Scalars have only magnitude (size), such as speed, time and mass. Vectors have both magnitude and direction, such as velocity, force and displacement. 'Velocity is speed with a direction' — if you say '5 m/s north', that is a vector.
标量与矢量：标量只有大小，比如速率、时间和质量。矢量既有大小又有方向，比如速度、力和位移。“速度是带方向的速率”——如果你说“5 m/s 北”，那就是矢量。
4. Motion & Forces Terms | 运动与力的术语
Velocity and Acceleration nt, v = s/t. Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity, a = (v - u)/t. Think of a car' moving up indicates acceleration. Negative acceleration (deceleration) means slowing down.
速度与加速度：速度是位移的变化率，v = s/t。加速度是速度的变化率，a = (v - u)/t。想象一辆车的速度表：它显示的是瞬时速率，而指针向上移动则表示加速度。负加速度（减速）意味着在变慢。
Resultant Force and Newton's Second Law ultant force is the overall force acting on an object when all forces are combined. Newton's Second Law states F = m × a. A neat memory hook: 'FAM' — eration times Mass. If forces are balanced, the resultant force is zero and the object won't accelerate.
合力与牛顿第二定律：合力是所有作用在物体上的力综合后的总力。牛顿第二定律表述为 F = m × a。一个好记的口诀：“FAM”——力等于加速度乘质量。如果力平衡，合力为零，物体就不会加速。
Momentum ity (p = m × v). It is a vector and is always conserved in a closed system. Use the phrase 'mass in motion' and remember that a heavy truck moving slowly can have the same momentum as a light bullet moving fast.
动量：动量＝质量 × 速度（p = m × v）。它是一个矢量，在封闭系统中永远守恒。借用“运动中的质量”这个说法，记住一辆缓慢行驶的重型卡车可以和一颗快速飞行的轻子弹拥有相同的动量。
5. Energy Forms & Transfer | 能量形式与传递
Kinetic Energy and Gravitational Potential Energy : GPE = mgh. Link them: when you drop a ball, GPE at the top converts to KE at the bottom.
动能与重力势能：动能（KE）是运动的能量：KE = ½mv²。重力势能（GPE）是因高度而储存的能量：GPE = mgh。将它们联系起来：当你丢下一个球，最高点的 GPE 会转化为底部的 KE。
Work Done and Power work: P = W/t, measured in watts (J/s). Think of power as how quickly you transfer energy — a high-power motor does the same lifting job faster.
功与功率：功是力使物体移动时所传递的能量：W = F × d。功率是做功的速率：P = W/t，单位是瓦特（焦耳/秒）。把功率想象成传递能量的快慢——高功率电机可以更快地完成同一项提升工作。
Conservation of Energy: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred, stored or dissipated. In a Sankey diagram, the total width of the input arrow equals the combined width of useful and wasted output arrows. 'Energy is never lost, only spread out.'
能量守恒：能量不能被创造或毁灭，只能被传递、储存或耗散。在桑基图中，输入箭头总宽度等于有用输出和浪费输出箭头的宽度之和。“能量从不消失，只是被分散了。”
6. Waves & Electromagnetic Spectrum | 波与电磁波谱
Wave Parameters ber of complete waves passing a point per second, measured in hertz (Hz). The wave equation links them: wave speed v = f × λ.
波参数：振幅是离开平衡位置的最大位移。波长（λ）是两个连续波峰之间的距离。频率（f）是每秒通过某点的完整波数，单位是赫兹（Hz）。波动方程将它们联系起来：波速 v = f × λ。
Transverse vs. Longitudinal: In transverse waves, oscillations are perpendicular to the direction of energy transfer (e.g., light, water ripples). In longitudinal waves, oscillations are parallel to energy transfer (e.g., sound). Picture a slinky: wiggling it sideways gives a transverse wave; pushing and pulling gives compressions and rarefactions — a longitudinal wave.
横波与纵波：横波中，振动方向与能量传递方向垂直（如光波、水波）。纵波中，振动方向平行于能量传递方向（如声波）。想象一根弹簧：左右摆动产生横波；推拉则产生密部和疏部——即纵波。
Electromagnetic Spectrum Order: From lowest to highest frequency: Radio, Microwave, Infrared, Visible, Ultraviolet, X‑ray, Gamma. Use the mnemonic 'Real Men In Violet Underpants eXcite Girls' or 'Raging Martians Invaded Venus Using X‑ray Guns'. Visible light colours: Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, Violet (ROYGBIV).
电磁波谱排序：按频率从低到高：无线电波、微波、红外线、可见光、紫外线、X 射线、伽马射线。使用助记句“Real Men In Violet Underpants eXcite Girls”或“红橙黄绿蓝靛紫（ROYGBIV）”来记住可见光。
7. Electricity & Circuit Symbols | 电学与电路符号
Current, Voltage and Resistance low of charge, measured in amperes (A). Voltage (potential difference, V) is the energy transferred per unit charge, measured in volts (V). Resistance (R) opposes current, measured in ohms (Ω). Ohm' . An analogy: current is water flow, voltage is pressure, and resistance is pipe friction.
电流、电压与电阻：电流（I）是电荷流动的速率，单位是安培（A）。电压（电势差，V）是每单位电荷传递的能量，单位是伏特（V）。电阻（R）阻碍电流，单位是欧姆（Ω）。欧姆定律将三者联系起来：V = I × R。类比例子：电流好比水流，电压好比水压，电阻好比管壁摩擦。
Series vs. Parallel Circuits: In a series circuit, current is the same everywhere, and total resistance adds up (Rtotal oltage across each branch is the same, and total resistance decreases as more branches are added. 'Series shares current; parallel shares voltage.'
串联与并联电路：串联电路中电流处处相等，总电阻相加（Rtotal = R₁ + R₂）。并联电路中各支路电压相同，且支路越多总电阻越小。“串联分电流，并联分电压。”
Circuit Symbols: Recognise standard symbols: cell, battery, resistor, variable resistor, lamp, diode, LED, ammeter (series connection) and voltmeter (parallel connection). Drawing circuits clearly earns marks, so practise the straight-line, right-angle style CIE expects.
电路符号：熟记标准符号：电芯、电池组、电阻、可变电阻、灯泡、二极管、发光二极管、安培计（串联连接）和伏特计（并联连接）。画清电路图能直接拿分，务必按照 CIE 要求的直线直角风格加以练习。
8. Atomic Structure & Bonding | 原子结构与化学键
Subatomic Particles: Protons (positive, mass ~1) and neutrons (neutral, mass ~ in shells. Atomic number = number of protons; mass number = protons + neutrons. Remember, 'A P M N' — Atomic number = Proton count, Mass = Neutrons plus Protons.
亚原子粒子：质子（带正电，质量≈1）和中子（不带电，质量≈1）位于原子核内；电子（带负电，质量极小）在壳层中运行。原子序数＝质子数；质量数＝质子数＋中子数。记住口诀“A P M N”——原子序数就是质子数，质量数是中子加质子。
Ions and Isotopes: An ion is an atom that has gained or lost electrons, giving it a charge. Cations are positive (lost electrons); anions are negative (gained electrons). Isotopes are atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons, hence different mass numbers but same chemical properties.
离子与同位素：离子是得到或失去电子从而带电的原子。阳离子带正电（失去电子）；阴离子带负电（得到电子）。同位素是同一种元素中中子数不同的原子，因此质量数不同，但化学性质相同。
Bonding Types: Ionic bonding involves transfer of electrons from a metal to a non‑ a giant lattice (e.g., NaCl). Covalent bonding involves sharing electron pairs between non‑ allic bonding is a sea of delocalised electrons around positive metal ions. Use the phrase 'Ionic = Give and take; Covalent = Share; Metallic = Sea.'
化学键类型：离子键是电子从金属转移到非金属，形成巨型晶格（如 NaCl）。共价键是非金属之间共用电子对（如 H₂O, CO₂）。金属键是离域电子形成的“电子海”包围着金属阳离子。采用“离子键是给予和获取，共价键是分享，金属键是电子海”来记忆。
9. Chemical Reactions & Equations | 化学反应与方程式
Reactants, Products and State Symbols: Reactants are substances that start a reaction; products are what are formed. A balanced equation shows equal numbers of each atom on both sides. State symbols — (s), (l), (g), (aq) — must be written in CIE answers when known. Aqueous (aq) means dissolved in water.
反应物、生成物与状态符号：反应物是反应开始的物质；生成物是反应形成的物质。配平后的方程式显示两边每种原子的数目相等。状态符号——(s)、(l)、(g)、(aq)——若已知必须在 CIE 答案中写出。水溶液 (aq) 表示溶解在水中。
Exothermic vs. Endothermic bsorb heat (temperature drops), e.g., thermal decomposition of calcium carbonate. Remember 'exo = exit (heat exits), endo = enter (heat enters).'
放热与吸热反应：放热反应释放热量到环境中（温度升高），如燃烧。吸热反应吸收热量（温度下降），如碳酸钙的热分解。记住“exo=出口（热量出去），endo=入口（热量进来）”。
Redox in Terms of Electrons: Oxidation is loss of electrons; Reduction is gain of electrons — OIL RIG. For example, when magnesium reacts with oxygen, Mg atoms lose electrons (oxidised) and O atoms gain electrons (reduced). Another memory tool: 'LEO the lion says GER' (Lose Electrons Oxidation, Gain Electrons Reduction).
氧化还原与电子：氧化是失去电子；还原是得到电子——OIL RIG。例如镁与氧气反应时，Mg 原子失去电子（被氧化），O 原子得到电子（被还原）。另一个记忆法是“LEO the lion says GER”（丢电子氧化，得电子还原）。
10. Acids, Bases & pH Scale | 酸、碱与pH标度
Acids and Alkalis e base that releases hydroxide ions (OH⁻) in water, with pH greater than 7. Neutralisation: H⁺ + OH⁻ → H₂O.
酸和碱：酸在水中释放氢离子（H⁺），pH 值小于 7。常见酸有 HCl、H₂SO₄、HNO₃。碱能中和酸；可溶性的碱称为碱，在水中释放氢氧根离子（OH⁻），pH 大于 7。中和反应：H⁺ + OH⁻ → H₂O。
Salt Formation oxide/hydroxide → salt + water; Acid + carbonate → salt + water + carbon dioxide. The salt' drochloric acid gives chlorides, sulfuric acid gives sulfates, nitric acid gives nitrates.
盐的形成：酸＋金属 → 盐＋氢气；酸＋金属氧化物/氢氧化物 → 盐＋水；酸＋碳酸盐 → 盐＋水＋二氧化碳。盐的名称源自酸：盐酸生成氯化物，硫酸生成硫酸盐，硝酸生成硝酸盐。
pH Scale and Indicators: pH runs 0‑14; 7 is neutral. Universal indicator turns red in strong acid, green in neutral, and purple in strong alkali. Litmus turns red in acid and blue in alkali. A memory image: 'Red acid, blue base — like a traffic light gone chemistry.'
pH 标度与指示剂：pH 范围 0‑14，7 为中性。通用指示剂在强酸中变红，中性时变绿，强碱中变紫。石蕊在酸中变红，在碱中变蓝。联想画面：“红色酸，蓝色碱——像个化学版的红绿灯。”
11. Cell Biology & Transport | 细胞结构与运输
Cell Organelles: Nucleus — controls cell activities and contains DNA. Mitochondria — site of aerobic respiration, releasing energy. Chloroplast — site of photosynthesis, contains chlorophyll. Cell membrane — partially permeable, controls what enters and exits. A plant cell also has a rigid cell wall and a large permanent vacuole.
细胞器：细胞核——控制细胞活动并含有 DNA。线粒体——有氧呼吸的场所，释放能量。叶绿体——光合作用的场所，含有叶绿素。细胞膜——具有半透性，控制物质进出。植物细胞还有坚硬的细胞壁和一个大型中央液泡。
Diffusion, Osmosis and Active Transport: Diffusion is the net movement of particles from a region of high concentration to low concentration — down a concentration gradient, passive. Osmosis is the specific diffusion of water through a partially permeable membrane. Active transport moves substances against the concentration gradient, requiring energy from respiration.
扩散、渗透与主动运输：扩散是粒子从高浓度区域向低浓度区域的净运动——顺浓度梯度，不耗能。渗透是水分子通过半透膜的特定扩散。主动运输是逆浓度梯度运动，需要呼吸作用提供的能量。
A CIE favourite: 'Osmosis is a special case of diffusion, but never say it is the same thing.' Remember that turgid plant cells are swollen with water, and flaccid (plasmolysed) cells have lost water and the membrane pulls away from the wall.
CIE 常考：“渗透是扩散的一个特例，但绝不能说两者完全相同。”记住，植物细胞在水分充足时呈坚挺（质壁分离复原状态），失水时则变得萎软（质壁分离），细胞膜与细胞壁分离。
12. Genetics & Ecology Terminology | 遗传与生态学术语
DNA, Genes and Alleles: DNA is a double‑helix polymer carrying the genetic code. A gene is a section of DNA that codes for a specific protein. An allele is a different version of the same gene — e.g., the gene for eye colour may have a brown allele and a blue allele. Dominant alleles mask recessive ones when present.
DNA、基因与等位基因：DNA 是携带遗传密码的双螺旋聚合物。基因是 DNA 上编码特定蛋白质的一段序列。等位基因是同一基因的不同版本——例如，控制眼色的基因可能有棕色等位基因和蓝色等位基因。显性等位基因会掩盖隐性等位基因的表达。
Ecological Terms: Population — all organisms of one species in a habitat. Community — all populations living together. Ecosystem — tertiary consumer. Arrows show energy flow. Trophic level: each feeding level in a chain.
生态学术语：种群——栖息地中同一物种的所有个体。群落——生活在一起的所有种群。生态系统——群落与其物理环境相互作用形成的整体。食物链：生产者 → 初级消费者 → 次级消费者 → 三级消费者。箭头表示能量流动方向。营养级：食物链中的每一个取食层次。
Pyramids and Cycles: A pyramid of numbers shows the count of organisms at each level; a pyramid of biomass shows total mass — always upright for land ecosystems. The carbon cycle and nitrogen cycle describe nutrient recycling. Remember that all energy originally comes from the Sun, and decomposers break down dead matter returning nutrients to the soil.
金字塔与循环：数量金字塔表示各营养级生物的数量；生物量金字塔表示总质量——陆地生态系统总是正立的。碳循环和氮循环描述了养分的循环利用。记住所有能量最初都来自太阳，分解者分解死去的有机体使养分回归土壤。
Published by TutorHao | Science Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图