📚 Year 10 CIE Science: Core Knowledge Review | Year 10 CIE 科学：核心知识点梳理
This comprehensive guide covers the core topics from the Year 10 CIE IGCSE Science syllabus (Combined or Co-ordinated Sciences). It is designed to help you review essential concepts in Biology, Chemistry and Physics, with clear bilingual explanations to support learners at all levels.
这本综合指南涵盖了 Year 10 CIE IGCSE 科学（综合科学或协同科学）的核心课题。旨在帮助你复习生物、化学和物理的重要概念，提供清晰的中英双语解释，帮助各个水平的学习者。
1. Cell Structure and Function | 细胞结构与功能
All living organisms are composed of cells. Prokaryotic cells (e.g. bacteria) lack a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotic cells (e.g. plants, animals) have a distinct nucleus and organelles.
所有生物体都由细胞组成。原核细胞（如细菌）没有真正的细胞核和膜结合的细胞器，而真核细胞（如植物、动物）具有明显的细胞核和细胞器。
Typical animal cells contain a nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria and ribosomes. Plant cells additionally have a cell wall, a large permanent vacuole, and chloroplasts for photosynthesis.
典型的动物细胞包含细胞核、细胞质、细胞膜、线粒体和核糖体。植物细胞还有细胞壁、一个大的中央液泡以及用于光合作用的叶绿体。
The nucleus controls the cell's activities and stores genetic material (DNA). Mitochondria are the sites of aerobic respiration, releasing energy. Ribosomes carry out protein synthesis.
细胞核控制细胞的活动并储存遗传物质（DNA）。线粒体是有氧呼吸的场所，释放能量。核糖体进行蛋白质合成。
Specialised cells have adaptations that allow them to perform specific functions. For example, red blood cells have no nucleus to maximise haemoglobin content and a biconcave shape for a larger surface area.
特化细胞具有适应特定功能的形态。例如，红细胞没有细胞核以最大化血红蛋白含量，并且呈双凹圆盘状以增大表面积。
2. Movement Across Membranes | 跨膜运输
Substances move in and out of cells by diffusion, osmosis and active transport. Diffusion is the net movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration, down a concentration gradient.
物质通过扩散、渗透和主动运输进出细胞。扩散是粒子从高浓度区域向低浓度区域的净移动，沿着浓度梯度进行。
Osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules through a partially permeable membrane, from a region of higher water potential (dilute solution) to a region of lower water potential (concentrated solution).
渗透是水分子通过选择透过性膜的扩散，从水势较高的区域（稀溶液）向水势较低的区域（浓溶液）移动。
Active transport requires energy (from ATP) to move substances against a concentration gradient, through carrier proteins. This is important for uptake of mineral ions by root hair cells and glucose absorption in the kidneys.
主动运输需要能量（来自ATP）将物质逆浓度梯度通过载体蛋白运输。这对于根毛细胞吸收矿质离子以及肾中葡萄糖的重吸收至关重要。
3. Biological Molecules and Enzymes | 生物分子与酶
Carbohydrates, proteins and lipids are the main biological molecules. Carbohydrates are made of simple sugars (e.g. glucose) and are used for energy. Starch and glycogen are polysaccharides that store energy in plants and animals respectively.
碳水化合物、蛋白质和脂质是主要的生物分子。碳水化合物由单糖（如葡萄糖）组成，用于提供能量。淀粉和糖原是多糖，分别在植物和动物体内储存能量。
Proteins are polymers of amino acids and perform a wide range of functions, including structural roles (collagen), enzymes, antibodies and hormones.
蛋白质是氨基酸的聚合物，具有多种功能，包括结构作用（胶原蛋白）、酶、抗体和激素。
Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions without being used up. They are protein molecules with an active site that is specific to a substrate.
酶是生物催化剂，能加速化学反应而自身不被消耗。它们是蛋白质分子，具有与底物特异性结合的活性位点。
Enzyme activity is affected by temperature and pH. Each enzyme has an optimum temperature and pH; extreme conditions can denature the enzyme, changing the shape of the active site so the substrate can no longer fit.
酶的活性受温度和pH影响。每种酶都有最适温度和pH；极端条件会使酶
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