📚 Vocabulary Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | 词汇术语速记指南
Biology at Year 10 level introduces a vast array of specialist terms that can feel overwhelming. This quick memorisation guide breaks down key vocabulary by topic and provides effective memory tricks using root words, analogies, acronyms, and visual associations. Mastering these terms will boost your confidence for CIE IGCSE Biology.
Year 10 生物学引入了大量专业术语，可能令人望而生畏。这份词汇速记指南按主题梳理核心词汇，并通过词根、类比、缩略词和视觉联想等方法，提供高效的记忆技巧。掌握这些术语将极大提升你备考 CIE IGCSE 生物学的信心。
1. Cell Structure and Function Terms | 细胞结构与功能术语
The building blocks of life come with their own special vocabulary. Key words include organelle, nucleus, mitochondria, ribosome, cell membrane, cytoplasm, chloroplast, and vacuole. Recognise the roots: 'nucle-' means kernel or centre; 'mito-' refers to thread; 'chloro-' means green; 'cyto-' means cell; 'plasm' means something moulded. Mitochondria can be remembered as 'mighty-chondria', the powerhouses. Use the mnemonic 'Ribosomes Make Proteins (RMP)'.
生命的构造单元有自己的一套特殊词汇。关键术语包括：细胞器、细胞核、线粒体、核糖体、细胞膜、细胞质、叶绿体和液泡。识别词根：'nucle-' 意为核心；'mito-' 指线状；'chloro-' 意为绿色；'cyto-' 意为细胞；'plasm' 意为被塑造的物质。可以把线粒体记作“强大的线粒体”(mighty-chondria)，是细胞的能量工厂。使用助记句 'Ribosomes Make Proteins' (核糖体制造蛋白质)来记忆。
- Organelle — tiny organ within a cell | 细胞器 — 细胞内的小器官
- Membrane — 'member' that acts as a gatekeeper | 细胞膜 — 如同看门人
- Vacuole — 'vacuum' space storing sap | 液泡 — 储存液体的“真空”空间
2. Biomolecules Terms | 生物分子术语
Understanding macromolecules begins with monomers and polymers. Carbohydrate literally means 'carbon + water' (CH₂O). Protein comes from the Greek 'proteios' meaning primary. Lipid originates from 'lipos' for fat. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) are built from nucleotides, which consist of a sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base. Use the phrase 'Carbohydrates provide quick energy, Proteins are for growth, Lipids store long-term energy, and Nucleic acids carry genetic information.'
理解大分子要从单体和聚合物入手。碳水化合物字面意思即“碳 + 水”(CH₂O)。蛋白质源于希腊语 'proteios'，意为首要的。脂质源自 'lipos'，意指脂肪。核酸(DNA 和 RNA)由核苷酸构成，核苷酸包括一个糖、一个磷酸基团和一个含氮碱基。记住这句话：“碳水化合物提供快速能量，蛋白质用于生长，脂质储存长期能量，核酸携带遗传信息。”
| Monomer (单体) | Polymer (聚合物) | Mnemonic (助记) |
|---|---|---|
| Monosaccharide (单糖) | Polysaccharide (多糖) | 'Single sugar' builds 'many sugars' |
| Amino acid (氨基酸) | Protein (蛋白质) | 'Amine' building blocks |
| Nucleotide (核苷酸) | Nucleic acid (核酸) | 'Nucleus-like' chain |
3. Enzymes | 酶
Enzyme action is all about 'lock and key'. An enzyme has an active site where a specific substrate fits. The term enzyme comes from 'en' (in) + 'zyme' (leaven). Substrate breaks into 'sub' (under) + 'stratum' (layer). Denaturation happens when high temperature or extreme pH changes the shape of the active site permanently — imagine 'de-nature' meaning to remove its natural state. Think of it: the key (substrate) can no longer fit a twisted lock (denatured enzyme).
酶的作用全在“锁钥模型”。酶有一个活性位点，特定的底物可以与之契合。术语 'enzyme' 来源于 'en'(在内) + 'zyme'(酵母)。底物拆分为 'sub'(下面) + 'stratum'(层)。变性发生在高温或极端 pH 永久性地改变活性位点的形状时——可以想象 'de-nature' 即去除其自然状态。想想看：钥匙(底物)再也插不进变形的锁(变性酶)了。
4. Membrane Transport | 膜运输
Movement across cell membranes includes diffusion, osmosis, and active transport. Diffusion ('dif-' apart, '-fus' pour) is the net movement of particles from high to low concentration. Osmosis is specifically the diffusion of water across a partially permeable membrane. Active transport requires energy from ATP to move substances against the concentration gradient, like pumping water uphill. Endocytosis and exocytosis are bulk transport processes — 'endo' (in), 'exo' (out), 'cyto' (cell).
物质穿膜运动包括扩散、渗透和主动运输。扩散('dif-' 分开，'-fus' 倾倒)指粒子从高浓度区域向低浓度区域的净运动。渗透特指水分子穿过半透膜的扩散。主动运输需要来自 ATP 的能量，逆浓度梯度搬运物质，就像把水泵上山坡。胞吞和胞吐是批量运输过程——'endo'(内)，'exo'(外)，'cyto'(细胞)。
5. Digestion and Nutrition | 消化与营养
Mechanical and chemical digestion break down food. Enzymes are named after their substrate: amylase ('amyl-' starch) breaks down amylose; protease ('prote-' protein) breaks down proteins; lipase ('lip-' fat) digests lipids. Peristalsis ('peri-' around, '-stalsis' contraction) is the wave-like muscle movement moving food along the gut. Villi (tiny finger-like projections) increase the surface area for absorption. Remember 'Villi are very important little lumps inside intestines'.
机械消化和化学消化分解食物。酶根据其底物命名：淀粉酶(amyl- 淀粉)分解直链淀粉；蛋白酶(prote- 蛋白质)分解蛋白质；脂肪酶(lip- 脂肪)消化脂质。蠕动(peristalsis 'peri-' 周围 + '-stalsis' 收缩)是推动食物沿消化道移动的波浪形肌肉运动。绒毛(指状凸起)增加了吸收的表面积。记住“Villi are very important little lumps inside intestines”(绒毛是肠道内非常重要的小团块)。
6. Plant Transport | 植物运输
Xylem transports water and mineral ions upwards from roots; phloem transports sucrose and amino acids up and down the plant. Xylem sounds like 'zylum', imagine a zylem pipeline for water. Phloem sounds like 'flow-em', think of flowing food. Transpiration is the evaporation of water from leaf surfaces — 'trans-' across, '-spiration' breathing. Translocation is the movement of nutrients through phloem. Stomata (mouth-like pores) are guarded by guard cells that control gas exchange.
木质部将水和矿物离子从根部向上运输；韧皮部将蔗糖和氨基酸在植物体内上下运输。Xylem 听起来像“zylum”，可以想象成输水管道。Phloem 听起来像“flow-em”，联想到流动的养料。蒸腾作用(transpiration)是水分从叶片表面的蒸发——'trans-' 穿过，'-spiration' 呼吸。易位是营养物质通过韧皮部的移动。气孔(像嘴一样的孔隙)由保卫细胞控制，调节气体交换。
7. Respiration and Gas Exchange | 呼吸与气体交换
Aerobic respiration requires oxygen and releases more energy. The word equation is:
Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy
有氧呼吸需要氧气并释放较多能量。文字方程式为：
葡萄糖 + 氧气 → 二氧化碳 + 水 + 能量
The balanced chemical equation is:
C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + Energy
化学平衡方程式为：
C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + 能量
Anaerobic respiration in muscles produces lactic acid and causes oxygen debt. Alveoli (singular alveolus) are tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs. 'Alve-' means cavity, and '-oli' means little. Imagine clusters of tiny grape bunches maximising surface area.
肌肉中的无氧呼吸会产生乳酸，并导致氧债。肺泡(单数 alveolus)是肺部气体交换的微小气囊。'Alve-' 意为腔，'-oli' 意为小。想象成成串的小葡萄，最大化表面积。
8. Excretion and Homeostasis | 排泄与稳态
Excretion removes metabolic waste, different from egestion (removal of undigested food). The kidney contains nephrons, the functional units. A glomerulus is a knot of capillaries where filtration occurs; the filtrate is collected by Bowman's capsule. Reabsorption then returns useful substances to the blood. Homeostasis maintains a constant internal environment — 'homeo-' same, 'stasis' standing still. Remember the phrase 'Gloomy Bear FReakes out' for Glomerulus, Bowman's capsule, Filtration, Reabsorption.
排泄清除代谢废物，不同于排遗(排出未消化的食物)。肾脏包含肾单位，即其功能单元。肾小球是一团毛细血管，过滤在此进行；滤液由鲍曼氏囊收集。重吸收则将有用物质送回血液。稳态(homeostasis)维持恒定的内部环境——'homeo-' 相同，'stasis' 静止。记住一句助记词“Gloomy Bear FReakes out”(忧郁的熊吓坏了)，对应 Glomerulus, Bowman's capsule, Filtration, Reabsorption。
9. Coordination and Response | 协调与反应
stimulus → receptor → sensory neurone → relay neurone → motor neurone → effector. The word 'synapse' ('syn-' together, '-hapse' ction between neurones. Hormones are chemical messengers; adrenaline prepares the body for 'fight or flight', while insulin lowers blood glucose — think 'inSULIN puts sugar IN cells'.
神经系统使用电脉冲。反射弧是一条快速、自动的反应通路：刺激→感受器→感觉神经元→中继神经元→运动神经元→效应器。'synapse'(突触)一词('syn-' 共同 + '-hapse' 连接)指神经元之间的连接点。激素是化学信使；肾上腺素令身体做好“战或逃”的准备，而胰岛素降低血糖——记住 'inSULIN puts sugar IN cells'(胰岛素把糖放进细胞里)。
10. Reproduction | 生殖
Asexual reproduction involves one parent and produces clones; sexual reproduction involves two gametes fusing. Gamete ('gam-' marriage) is a sex cell. A zygote is a fertilised egg. Mitosis divides one cell into two identical daughter cells ('mito-' thread). Meiosis halves the chromosome number to produce gametes ('meio-' less). Pollination is the transfer of pollen, and fertilisation is the fusion of nuclei. The placenta links the fetus to the mother.
无性生殖涉及一个亲代，产生克隆；有性生殖涉及两个配子融合。配子(gamete, 'gam-' 婚姻)是性细胞。受精卵(zygote)是受精后的卵细胞。有丝分裂将一个细胞分裂为两个相同的子细胞('mito-' 线)。减数分裂将染色体数目减半以产生配子('meio-' 减少)。传粉是花粉的转移，受精是核的融合。胎盘将胎儿与母体连接。
11. Basic Genetics | 遗传学基础
es are different versions of a gene. A dominant allele masks a recessive one. Homozygous ('homo-' same) means two identical alleles; heterozygous ('hetero-' keup, phenotype the physical expression. Use Punnett squares to predict outcomes. Remember 'Phenotype = Physical', both start with P.
基因是编码蛋白质的一段 DNA。等位基因是基因的不同版本。显性等位基因会掩盖隐性等位基因。纯合(homozygous, 'homo-' 相同)指两个等位基因相同；杂合(heterozygous, 'hetero-' 不同)指两个等位基因不同。基因型是遗传组成，表现型是物理表现。使用庞纳特方格进行预测。记住“Phenotype = Physical”(表现型=物理特征)，两者都以 P 开头。
12. Ecosystems | 生态系统
→ ecosystem. A habitat is where an organism lives, while a niche is its role and position — like a 'niche' eak down dead material and recycle nutrients. A food chain shows energy transfer; multiple chains form a food web. Biomass is the mass of living material. Trophic level comes from 'troph-' meaning nourishment.
关键组织层次：个体→种群→群落→生态系统。栖息地是生物生活的地方，而生态位是其角色和地位——就像墙壁上的壁龛，雕像恰好安放在内。生产者(植物)通过光合作用制造食物。消费者摄食其他生物。分解者分解死物并循环养分。食物链展示能量传递；多条链构成食物网。生物量指活物质的质量。营养级源于 'troph-'，意为滋养。
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