📚 Year 10 CIE Biology: Formula & Theorem Quick-Reference Handbook | 公式定理速查手册
This handbook provides a rapid reference for essential formulas, key principles, and equations you will encounter in Year 10 CIE Biology. Keep it handy for quick revision before exams and whenever you tackle calculation-based questions.
本书册汇集了Year 10 CIE生物学中必备的公式、关键定理和方程式，适合考前快速查阅和解决计算类问题。
1. Magnification and Size Calculations | 放大倍率与尺寸计算
Magnification describes how much larger an image appears compared to the actual object. The core formula relates image size, actual size, and magnification.
放大倍率描述的是图像相对于实际物体放大的倍数。核心公式关联了图像大小、实际大小和放大倍率。
Magnification = Image size / Actual size M = I / A
To find the actual size of a specimen, rearrange the formula: Actual size = Image size / Magnification. Always convert all lengths to the same unit before calculating. Common unit conversions are shown in Section 10.
要计算样本的实际大小，可将公式变形：实际大小 = 图像大小 ÷ 放大倍率。计算前务必将所有长度单位统一。常用单位换算见第10节。
ell image measures 5 mm at magnification ×400. Actual size = 5 mm / 400 = 0.0125 mm = 12.5 µm.
示例：某细胞图像在×400放大下宽度为5 mm，实际大小 = 5 mm ÷ 400 = 0.0125 mm = 12.5 µm。
When using a microscope with an eyepiece graticule, you must first calibrate the graticule with a stage micrometer to find the value of one eyepiece unit.
当使用带目镜测微尺的显微镜时，必须先借助镜台测微尺校准目镜测微尺，以确定每个目镜单位代表的实际长度。
2. Surface Area to Volume Ratio | 表面积与体积比
Surface area to volume ratio (SA:V) is a key concept explaining cell size, diffusion efficiency, and the need for transport systems in multicellular organisms.
表面积与体积比（SA:V）是解释细胞大小、扩散效率以及多细胞生物需要运输系统的关键概念。
Surface area to volume ratio = Surface area / Volume
increases, the ratio falls. This means a larger organism or cell has a relatively smaller surface area for exchange.
对于边长为s的立方体：表面积 = 6s²，体积 = s³，因此SA:V = 6/s。随着s增大，比率下降。这意味着较大的生物体或细胞用于物质交换的相对表面积变小。
Small SA:V explains why cells are microscopic and why animals have specialised exchange surfaces like alveoli and villi, which increase surface area within a small volume.
较小的SA:V说明了为什么细胞是微观的，也解释了为何动物演化出肺泡、小肠绒毛等专门交换表面——它们能在有限体积内大幅增加表面积。
When designing model cells (e.g., agar cubes in diffusion experiments), the rate of diffusion can be compared by measuring how far a coloured front moves in a given time.
在设计细胞模型时（例如琼脂块扩散实验），可以通过测量有色前缘在给定时间内移动的距离来比较扩散速率。
3. Rates of Reactions and Biological Processes | 反应速率与生物过程
Biological rates can be expressed as
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