📚 Year 9 CAIE Economics: Vocabulary Terminology Quick-Memorization Guide | Year 9 CAIE 经济：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the vocabulary of Economics is essential for Year 9 students beginning their CAIE journey. This guide provides clear definitions alongside memory-boosting shortcuts to help you recall key terms quickly. From scarcity to supply-side policies, every concept is explained twice—first in English, then in Chinese—so you build bilingual understanding while cementing ideas.
掌握经济学词汇对 Year 9 开始 CAIE 课程的学生至关重要。本指南提供清晰的定义，并附上增强记忆的捷径，帮助你快速记住关键术语。从稀缺性到供给侧政策，每个概念都用英文和中文各解释一遍，让你在建立双语理解的同时巩固思路。
1. The Economic Problem and Scarcity | 经济问题与稀缺性
The economic problem stems from the clash between finite resources and infinite wants. Scarcity forces individuals, businesses and governments to make choices. To remember 'scarcity', picture a 'scar'—a permanent mark of something missing, just like resources are always missing relative to our desires.
经济问题源于有限资源与无限欲望之间的冲突。稀缺性迫使个人、企业和政府做出选择。记住“稀缺性”，想象一个伤疤（scar）——一种缺失的永久印记，就像相对于我们的欲望，资源总是缺失的。
Another core term is 'choice' of . Because of scarcity, we cannot have everything; we must choose what to produce and consume. Think: ‘scarcity → choice → sacrifice’.
另一个核心术语是“选择”。由于稀缺性，我们无法拥有一切；我们必须选择生产什么和消费什么。联想：“稀缺性→选择→牺牲”。
2. Factors of Production | 生产要素
The four factors of production are natural resources (land), human effort (labour), manufactured goods used in production (capital), and the risk-taking ability to combine them (enterprise). A mnemonic is "Lucky Lions Chase Elephants" — Land, Labour, Capital, Enterprise.
生产的四种要素是自然资源（土地）、人力（劳动）、生产中使用的制成品（资本）以及将它们组合起来的风险承担能力（企业家才能）。助记法是“Lucky Lions Chase Elephants”——土地、劳动、资本、企业家才能。
Land includes all natural resources such as minerals, water, and forests. The reward for land is rent. Think: ‘landlord earns rent’.
土地包括所有自然资源，如矿产、水和森林。土地的报酬是地租。记忆：地主（landlord）赚取租金（rent）。
Labour is the physical and mental work done by people. Its reward is wages/salary. Link ‘labour’ to ‘labourer getting wages’.
劳动是人们从事的体力和脑力工作，其报酬是工资/薪水。将“劳动”与“劳动者拿工资”联系起来。
Capital refers to man-made tools, machines, and factories. The reward is interest. Visualize a bank paying interest on a business loan for machinery.
资本指人造的工具、机器和工厂，其报酬是利息。想象银行就企业购置机器的贷款支付利息。
Enterprise is the driving force that organises the other factors. The reward is profit. Remember: ‘entrepreneur earns profit’.
企业家才能是组织其他要素的驱动力，其报酬是利润。记住：“企业家赚取利润”。
3. Opportunity Cost | 机会成本
Opportunity cost is the next best alternative given up when making a choice. It is not just money; it's the value of the foregone option. To store this term, think of an ‘opportunity window’—you open one door but close another, and the closed door is the cost.
机会成本是做出选择时所放弃的次优替代方案。它不仅仅是金钱，而是被放弃选项的价值。记忆时，想想“机会之窗”——你打开一扇门，却关上了另一扇，那扇关上的门就是成本。
For example, if a government spends money on building a hospital, the opportunity cost is the schools or roads not built. Use the phrase "the real cost of something is what you give up to get it."
例如，如果政府花钱建造医院，机会成本就是未建成的学校或道路。用这个说法记忆：“某物的真正成本是你为得到它而放弃的东西。”
4. Demand and Supply | 需求与供给
Demand is the quantity of a good that consumers are willing and able to buy at various prices over a period of time. The law of demand states that as price falls, quantity demanded rises, showing an inverse relationship. Visualize 'D' as a down-slope: when price drops, demand climbs.
需求是在一定时期内，消费者愿意且能够以不同价格购买的商品数量。需求定律指出，价格下降时需求量增加，呈反比关系。想象“D”像一个下坡：价格下跌，需求爬升。
Supply is the quantity of a good that producers are willing and able to offer for sale at various prices. The law of supply says that as price rises, quantity supplied rises—a direct relationship. Think of 'S' soaring skyward: higher price encourages more supply.
供给是在一定时期内，生产者愿意且能够以不同价格出售的商品数量。供给定律认为，价格上升时供给量增加，呈正比关系。想象“S”向天空飙升：更高的价格鼓励更多供给。
Effective demand requires both willingness and ability to pay. Remember 'W + A = Demand': you must want it and have the money.
有效需求需要支付意愿和支付能力兼备。记住 “W + A = 需求”：你必须想要它而且有钱。
5. Market Equilibrium | 市场均衡
Market equilibrium occurs where the quantity demanded equals the quantity supplied, and there is no tendency for the price to change. You can recall it by breaking down 'equilibrium' into 'equal' + 'librium' (balance). Think of a scale perfectly balanced.
市场均衡发生在需求量等于供给量的点，价格没有变动的趋势。你可以把“equilibrium”拆成“equal”（相等）和“librium”（平衡）来记忆。想象一架完美平衡的天平。
If the price is above equilibrium, a surplus (excess supply) exists—producers lower prices to sell stock. The mnemonic: ‘Surplus = Stocks Up’.
如果价格高于均衡，就会出现过剩（超额供给）——生产者降价出售库存。助记：“Surplus = 库存上升”。
If the price is below equilibrium, a shortage (excess demand) exists—consumers bid up prices. Remember: ‘Shortage = Shoppers queuing’.
如果价格低于均衡，就会出现短缺（超额需求）——消费者抬高价格。记住：“Shortage = 购物者排队”。
6. Price Elasticity of Demand (PED) | 需求价格弹性
sures the responsiveness of quantity demanded to a change in price. The formula is PED = (% change in quantity demanded) ÷ (% change in price). Use the symbol '∆' (delta) for change: PED = (∆Qd / Qd) ÷ (∆P / P). Think 'E' for Elastic—stretchy like a rubber band: if demand stretches a lot when price changes, it’s elastic.
需求价格弹性衡量需求量对价格变化的反应程度。公式为 PED = 需求量变化百分比 ÷ 价格变化百分比。用符号 ∆ (delta) 表示变化：PED = (∆Qd / Qd) ÷ (∆P / P)。想象“E”代表弹性——像橡皮筋一样有伸缩性：如果价格变化时需求大幅伸缩，就是有弹性的。
If PED > 1, demand is price elastic—consumers are very responsive. If PED < 1, demand is price inelastic—consumers hardly change their quantity. A mnemonic: ‘Elastic like a rubber band stretches >1’.
如果 PED > 1，需求富有弹性——消费者反应很敏感。如果 PED < 1，需求缺乏弹性——消费者几乎不改变数量。助记：“弹性大于1，像拉长的橡皮筋”。
bstitutes tend to have elastic demand. Think: many substitutes = many choices = sensitive.
替代品多的商品往往需求有弹性。想想：许多替代品 = 许多选择 = 敏感。
Necessities like medicine are inelastic. Memory: ‘You can’t live without it, so you’ll pay any price.’
像药品这样的必需品是缺乏弹性的。记忆：“没有它你就活不了，所以会付任何价格。”
7. Economic Systems | 经济体制
A market economy allocates resources through the price mechanism without government intervention. Key term: ‘Invisible hand’ coined by Adam Smith. Picture an invisible hand guiding buyers and sellers to an efficient outcome.
市场经济通过价格机制分配资源，无需政府干预。关键术语：“看不见的手”，由亚当·斯密提出。想象一只看不见
Published by TutorHao | Year 9 Economics Revision Series | aleveler.com
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