📚 Year 10 CIE Physics: Essential Vocabulary Quick-Memory Guide | CIE 物理核心词汇速记指南
Mastering physics begins with a solid grasp of key terminology. This guide breaks down the essential vocabulary for Year 10 CIE Physics, with quick memory tips and paired definitions in English and Chinese. Use it to sharpen your recall before exams or class tests.
学好物理始于扎实掌握关键术语。本指南梳理了 CIE 十年级物理的核心词汇，配有英汉对照定义和速记技巧，助你在考试或课堂测验前高效记忆。
1. Measurements and Units | 测量与单位
A physical quantity is anything that can be measured and expressed with a numerical value and a unit. 物理量是任何可以测量并用数值和单位表示的量。
Scalars: quantities that have magnitude (size) only, such as mass (kg), speed (m/s), time (s), energy (J). 标量：只有大小（量值）的量，例如质量（千克）、速率（米/秒）、时间（秒）、能量（焦耳）。
Vectors: quantities that have both magnitude and direction, such as velocity (m/s, bearing), force (N, direction), weight (N, downward). 矢量：既有大小又有方向的量，例如速度（米/秒，方位角）、力（牛顿，方向）、重力（牛顿，向下）。
SI base units: mass in kilograms (kg), length in metres (m), time in seconds (s), electric current in amperes (A). 国际单位制基本单位：质量用于克（kg），长度用米（m），时间用秒（s），电流用安培（A）。
Prefixes: kilo (k) = 10³, mega (M) = 10⁶, centi (c) = 10⁻², milli (m) = 10⁻³. 词头：千(k)=10³，兆(M)=10⁶，厘(c)=10⁻²，毫(m)=10⁻³。
Quick tip: remember 'M' for mega = million; 'k' for kilo = thousand; use the mnemonic "King Henry Died Drinking Chocolate Milk" for kilo, hecto, deca, (base), deci, centi, milli. 速记：'M' 代表百万，'k' 代表千；可按“King Henry Died Drinking Chocolate Milk”记常用词头顺序。
2. Kinematics | 运动学
Speed is the distance travelled per unit time; it is a scalar. The equation for speed is:
speed = distance / time (v = s / t)
速率是单位时间内走过的距离，是标量。速率公式为：速度 = 路程 ÷ 时间。
ity is speed in a given direction; it is a vector. Average velocity = displacement / time. 速度是给定方向上的速率，是矢量。平均速度 = 位移 ÷ 时间。
Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity; the unit is m/s². The average acceleration is:
a = (v - u) / t
加速度是速度变化率；单位为 m/s²。平均加速度 = (末速 v − 初速 u) / 时间 t。负加速度就是减速。
Distance– speed. Speed-time graphs: gradient = acceleration; area under graph = distance travelled. 距离–时间图：斜率 = 速率。速度–时间图：斜率 = 加速度；图下面积 = 走过的距离。
Free fall near Earth's surface: acceleration g ≈ 9.8 m/s² (often rounded to 10 m/s²). 近地表自由落体加速度 g ≈ 9.8 m/s²（常取 10 m/s²）。
3. Forces
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