📚 Year 10 CIE Physics: Core Knowledge Review | 核心知识点梳理
This article provides a comprehensive yet clear review of the essential physics concepts covered in Year 10 of the CIE IGCSE Physics syllabus (0625). It is designed to help you master the core topics through concise explanations and side-by-side English-Chinese content, ensuring you build a solid foundation for your examinations.
本文全面而清晰地梳理了 CIE IGCSE 物理 (0625) 十年级的核心知识点。通过简洁的解释和中英文对照的内容，帮助你牢固掌握关键概念，为考试打下坚实基础。
1. Motion | 运动
Distance is a scalar quantity that measures the total path length travelled. Displacement is a vector quantity equal to the straight-line distance from start to finish in a given direction.
距离是标量，衡量物体运动轨迹的总长度。位移是矢量，等于从起点到终点的直线距离，并具有方向。
cement. Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity: a = (v - u) / t, measured in m/s².
速率是距离的变化率 (v = d / t)，速度是位移的变化率。加速度是速度的变化率：a = (v - u) / t，单位为 m/s²。
For constant acceleration, the equations of motion are:
对于匀加速直线运动，运动学公式如下：
v = u + at
s = ut + ½at²
v² = u² + 2as
s = (u + v) × t ÷ 2
On a velocity-time graph, the gradient gives acceleration and the area under the graph gives displacement.
在速度-时间图中，斜率表示加速度，图线下方所围的面积表示位移。
2. Forces and Newton's Laws | 力与牛顿定律
A force is a push or pull that can change an object's speed, direction, or shape. It is a vector quantity measured in newtons (N).
力是能改变物体速度、方向或形状的推或拉，是矢量，单位是牛顿 (N)。
Newton's First Law: An object remains at rest or in uniform motion unless acted upon by a resultant force.
牛顿第一定律：若无净外力作用，物体将保持静止或匀速直线运动状态。
Newton's Second Law: The resultant force equals mass times acceleration (F = ma).
牛顿第二定律：净外力等于质量乘以加速度 (F = ma)。
Newton's Third Law: For every action force, there is an equal and opposite reaction force.
牛顿第三定律：每一个作用力都有一个大小相等、方向相反的反作用力。
Friction is a force opposing motion. Terminal velocity is reached when air resistance equals weight, resulting in zero resultant force.
摩擦力是阻碍运动的力。当空气阻力等于重力时，物体达到终极速度，此时净外力为零。
3. Mass, Weight and Density | 质量、重量与密度
nd is a scalar. Weight is the gravitational force on a mass (W = mg), measured in newtons.
质量是物体所含物质的多少，单位为千克 (kg)，是标量。重量是作用在质量上的重力 (W = mg)，单位是牛顿。
Gravitational field strength g on Earth is approximately 10 N/kg (or 9.8 N/kg).
地球表面的引力场强度 g 约为 10 N/kg（或更为精确的 9.8 N/kg）。
mass per unit volume: ρ = m / V. Objects with density less than water (1 g/cm³) float.
密度 ρ 定义为单位体积的质量：ρ = m / V。密度小于水 (1 g/cm³) 的物体会漂浮。
4. Momentum | 动量
Momentum p = m × v, and is a vector quantity. The unit is kg m/s.
动量 p = m × v，是矢量，单位是 kg m/s。
The principle of conservation of momentum states that in a closed system with no external forces, total momentum before a collision equals total momentum after.
动量守恒定律指出，在没有外力的封闭系统中，碰撞前的总动量等于碰撞后的总动量。
rate of change of momentum: F = Δp / t. This formula links force to the change in motion.
力也等于动量变化率：F = Δp / t。这个公式将力与运动状态的改变联系起来。
5. Energy, Work and Power | 能量、功与功率
red in joules (J). Kinetic energy (KE = ½mv²), gravitational potential energy (GPE = mgh).
能量是做功的能力，单位是焦耳 (J)。动能 KE = ½mv²，重力势能 GPE = mgh。
nergy transferred when a force moves an object: W = F × d (in the direction of the force).
功是力使物体移动时所转移的能量：W = F × d（沿着力的方向）。
he rate of doing work: P = W / t, measured in watts (W). One watt is one joule per second.
功率是做功的速率：P = W / t，单位是瓦特 (W)。1 瓦特等于每秒 1 焦耳。
med (conservation of energy). Efficiency = useful energy output / total energy input × 100%.
能量既不能创造也不能消灭，只能转移或转化（能量守恒）。效率 = 有用能量输出 / 总能量输入 × 100%。
6. Pressure | 压强
s the force acting per unit area: p = F / A. Its unit is pascal (Pa), where 1 Pa = 1 N/m².
压强是作用在单位面积上的力：p = F / A。单位是帕斯卡 (Pa)，1 Pa = 1 N/m²。
and ρ is density. The pressure at a point in a liquid acts equally in all directions.
液体中的压强随深度增加：p = hρg，其中 h 为深度，ρ 为液体密度。液体中某点的压强向各个方向传递的大小相等。
Atmospheric pressure decreases with altitude and is measured using a barometer (e.g., mercury barometer).
大气压强随海拔升高而减小，可用气压计（如水银气压计）测量。
7. Thermal Physics | 热物理学
the average kinetic energy of particles; absolute temperature is in kelvin (K = °C + 273).
温度衡量粒子平均动能；热力学温度的单位是开尔文 (K = °C + 273)。
tance is heated, its temperature rise depends on specific heat capacity c: Q = mcΔθ.
物质受热升温的多少取决于比热容 c：Q = mcΔθ。
is given by specific latent heat L: Q = mL (fusion for melting, vaporisation for boiling).
在物态变化过程中，温度保持不变。所需的能量由比潜热 L 计算：Q = mL（熔解用熔化潜热，沸腾用汽化潜热）。
Conduction, convection and radiation are three methods of heat transfer. Conduction occurs mainly in solids, convection in fluids, and radiation can travel through a vacuum.
热传导、对流和热辐射是三种热传递方式。传导主要发生在固体中，对流发生在流体中，辐射可以在真空中进行。
8. General Wave Properties | 波的一般性质
ude, wavelength (λ), frequency (f), period (T = 1/f), and wave speed v = fλ.
波传递能量而不传递物质。关键物理量：振幅、波长 λ、频率 f、周期 T = 1/f 以及波速 v = fλ。
Transverse waves have vibrations perpendicular to the direction of energy transfer (e.g., light, ripples on water). Longitudinal waves have vibrations parallel to the direction of energy transfer (e.g., sound).
横波的振动方向与能量传递方向垂直（如光、水波）。纵波的振动方向与能量传递方向平行（如声波）。
Reflection, refraction and diffraction are wave behaviours. Refraction involves change in speed and wavelength; diffraction is the spreading of waves around obstacles.
反射、折射与衍射是波的行为。折射涉及波速和波长的变化；衍射是波在障碍物周围扩散的现象。
9. Light and Optics | 光与光学
The law of reflection states that the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection (both measured from the normal).
光的反射定律指出，入射角等于反射角（均从法线量起）。
efraction occurs when light passes from one medium to another and changes speed. Use Snell's law: n = sin i / sin r, where n is the refractive index.
当光从一种介质进入另一种介质速度改变时发生折射。运用斯涅尔定律：n = sin i / sin r，其中 n 是折射率。
Converging (convex) lenses can form real, inverted images or virtual, magnified images depending on object distance from the focal point.
会聚透镜（凸透镜）可根据物距焦距关系形成倒立实像或正立放大的虚像。
Total internal reflection occurs when light travels from a denser to a less dense medium at an angle greater than the critical angle.
当光从光密介质到光疏介质且入射角大于临界角时，发生全内反射。
10. Electricity | 电学
flow of charge: I = Q / t, measured in amperes (A). Charge Q is measured in coulombs (C).
电流 I 是电荷流动的速率：I = Q / t，单位是安培 (A)。电荷 Q 的单位是库仑 (C)。
e (voltage) V is the energy transferred per unit charge: V = W / Q, measured in volts (V).
电势差（电压）V 是单位电荷所转移的能量：V = W / Q，单位是伏特 (V)。
Ohm' tant temperature, V = IR, where R is constant. Resistance R is measured in ohms (Ω).
欧姆定律：对于温度不变的金属导体，V = IR，其中 R 为定值。电阻 R 的单位是欧姆 (Ω)。
Series circuits: current same everywhere, total resistance Rtotal = R₁ + R₂ + ... . Parallel circuits: voltage same across each branch, total resistance 1/Rtotal = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂.
串联电路：各处电流相等，总电阻 Rtotal = R₁ + R₂ + ...。并联电路：各支路电压相等，总电阻 1/Rtotal = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂。
/ R. Energy transferred E = IVt = Pt, often measured in kilowatt-hours for domestic usage.
电功率 P = IV = I²R = V² / R。转移的电能 E = IVt = Pt，家庭用电常用千瓦时为单位。
11. Magnetism and Electromagnetism | 磁学与电磁学
Permanent magnets have north and south poles. Like poles repel and unlike poles attract. Magnetic field lines point from north to south.
永磁体具有北极和南极。同极相斥，异极相吸。磁感线从北极指向南极。
An electromagnet is created by passing a current through a coil of wire (solenoid), often with an iron core to strengthen the field. Its magnetic field can be switched on and off.
电磁铁通过给线圈（螺线管）通电产生磁场，通常加入铁芯以增强磁场。其磁场可被接通和断开。
otor effect: a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field experiences a force. Fleming' t-hand rule gives direction: thumb = force, first finger = field, second finger = current.
电动机效应：通电导体在磁场中受到力的作用。弗莱明左手定则判断方向：拇指表示力，食指表示磁场，中指表示电流。
Electromagnetic induction: a voltage is induced in a conductor when it cuts magnetic field lines, or when the magnetic field around a coil changes. This is the principle of generators.
电磁感应：当导体切割磁感线，或线圈周围的磁场发生变化时，会产生感应电压。这是发电机的基本原理。
12. Radioactivity | 放射性
Radioactive decay occurs when an unstable atomic nucleus emits radiation to become more stable. Three main types: alpha (α), beta (β), and gamma (γ).
放射性衰变是原子核不稳定时放出辐射而趋于稳定的过程。三种主要辐射：α 粒子、β 粒子和 γ 射线。
| Type | Nature | Penetration | Ionising power |
|---|---|---|---|
| Alpha | Helium nucleus (2p+2n) | Low, stopped by paper | High |
| Beta | Fast electron | Medium, stopped by aluminium | Medium |
| Gamma | Electromagnetic wave | High, reduced by thick lead | Low |
Half-life is the time taken for half the radioactive nuclei in a sample to decay, or for the count rate to halve.
半衰期是样品中一半的放射性原子核发生衰变，或计数率减半所需的时间。
Applications include medical tracers, thickness control, carbon dating, and radiotherapy. Safety precautions: minimise exposure time, increase distance, use shielding.
应用包括医学示踪、厚度控制、碳年代测定和放射治疗。安全预防措施：尽量缩短照射时间、增大距离、使用屏蔽。
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