📚 Year 9 CAIE Biology: Vocabulary Memorisation Guide | 9年级CAIE生物：词汇术语速记指南
Building a strong foundation in biology begins with mastering the key terms. This guide is designed to help Year 9 CAIE students memorise essential vocabulary through definitions, memory tricks, and associations. Each term is explained in context and paired with a Chinese translation to reinforce understanding and retention. By connecting new words to familiar images or mnemonics, you can make vocabulary stick and boost your confidence in exams.
在生物学科中打下坚实的基础，首先要掌握关键术语。本指南旨在帮助9年级CAIE学生通过定义、记忆技巧和联想来熟记核心词汇。每个术语都在语境中加以解释，并配有中文翻译，以加深理解与记忆。通过将新词汇与熟悉的图像或助记口诀联系起来，你能让词汇牢固扎根，提升考试信心。
1. Cell Structure Terminology | 细胞结构术语
Cell membrane: The selectively permeable border around every cell, controlling the entry and exit of substances. Memory aid: picture a 'pick-and-choose' bouncer at a club, letting only certain molecules through.
细胞膜： 每个细胞周围的选择性通透边界，控制物质的进出。记忆法：想象一位在夜店门口“精挑细选”的保安，只允许特定分子通过。
Nucleus: The control centre of the cell, housing genetic material (DNA) and directing protein synthesis and reproduction. Mnemonic: 'Nucleus is the neuron of the cell' – both give instructions.
细胞核： 细胞的控制中心，包含遗传物质（DNA），指导蛋白质合成和生殖。助记口诀：“细胞核像大脑，命令到处跑。”
Cytoplasm: A jelly-like fluid filling the cell, where most chemical reactions occur. Think of it as the 'workshop floor' where organelles float and work. The cyto- prefix means 'cell', and plasm means 'formed substance'.
细胞质： 充满细胞的胶状液体，大多数化学反应在此进行。可把它看作“车间地面”，细胞器在其中漂浮和工作。前缀cyto-意为“细胞”，plasm意为“形成物”。
Mitochondria (singular: mitochondrion): The powerhouse of the cell, carrying out aerobic respiration to release energy in the form of ATP. Memory picture: 'mighty mitochondria' with curved inner folds resembling a maze where energy is made.
线粒体（单数：mitochondrion）： 细胞的发电站，进行有氧呼吸，以ATP形式释放能量。记忆画面：“强大的线粒体”，其弯曲的内褶像迷宫一样，能量就是在这里制造的。
Cell wall: A rigid, non-living layer outside the cell membrane in plant, fungal and bacterial cells, made of cellulose (plants). It provides support and shape. Reminder: 'Walls win by staying still' – the wall is fixed, unlike the flexible membrane.
细胞壁： 植物、真菌和细菌细胞中，位于细胞膜外的坚硬非生命层，植物细胞壁由纤维素组成。它起支撑作用并维持形状。提示：“壁以静止取胜”——细胞壁是固定的，不像细胞膜那样灵活。
2. Characteristics of Living Things (MRS GREN) | 生命特征速记（MRS GREN）
Movement: All living organisms show movement, from an animal running to a plant turning towards light (tropism). Mnemonic: 'Move to thrive'.
移动： 所有生物体都会表现出运动，从动物奔跑到植物向光转向（向性）。记忆：“为繁衍而动”。
Respiration: The chemical process in cells that breaks down nutrient molecules to release energy. It happens in all living cells. Recall 'Releasing energy is Respiration'.
呼吸作用： 细胞内分解营养分子以释放能量的化学过程。所有活细胞中都会发生。记住“释放能量即呼吸”。
Sensitivity: The ability to detect and respond to changes in the environment (stimuli). For instance, pupils shrinking in bright light. Sensitivity sounds like 'sense-activity', meaning your senses are active.
感应： 探测并响应环境变化（刺激）的能力。例如，强光下瞳孔缩小。Sensitivity可拆成“sense-activity”，意为感官活跃。
Growth: A permanent increase in size and dry mass by an increase in cell number or cell size. Plants grow continuously, animals often stop after maturity. Think 'Grow by adding cells, not just water'.
生长： 通过细胞数量或体积的增加，实现尺寸和干质量的永久性增长。植物持续生长，动物通常成熟后停止。记住“生长靠增加细胞，不单靠吸水”。
Reproduction: The production of offspring, which can be sexual (involving two parents) or asexual (one parent). 'Re-produce' suggests making a copy again.
生殖： 产生后代的过程，可分为有性生殖（涉及两个亲本）和无性生殖（一个亲本）。'Re-produce'有“再次生产”之意。
Excretion: Removal of metabolic waste products from the body, such as carbon dioxide and urea. Note it is different from egestion (removal of undigested food). Excretion sounds like 'exit-cretion', waste that must exit.
排泄： 将代谢废物（如二氧化碳和尿素）排出体外。注意它不同于排遗（排出未消化的食物）。Excretion可联想为“强制排出”。
Nutrition: Taking in materials for energy, growth and repair. Plants make their own food by photosynthesis; animals consume other organisms. Think 'Nutrition fuels functions'.
营养： 摄入物质以获取能量、促进生长和修复。植物通过光合作用自制食物；动物摄取其他生物。“营养驱动功能”。
3. Biological Molecules | 生物分子
Carbohydrates: n (ratio CH₂O), including sugars and starch. They are the primary energy source. Mnemonic: 'Carbs = quick energy packs'.
碳水化合物： 由碳、氢、氧（比例CH₂O）组成的有机化合物，包括糖和淀粉。它们是主要能量来源。记忆：“碳水是快速能量包”。
Proteins: Large molecules composed of amino acid chains, folded into specific shapes. They function as enzymes, structural components, and antibodies. The word 'protein' comes from Greek ‘proteios’, meaning ‘primary’ – they rank first in body-building.
蛋白质： 由氨基酸链组成的大分子，折叠成特定形状。它们作为酶、结构成分和抗体发挥作用。Protein源自希腊语“proteios”，意为“首要的”——在身体构建中居首位。
Lipids (fats and oils): Composed of fatty acids and glycerol, lipids store long-term energy, provide insulation and make up cell membranes. Visual clue: 'Lipids line the membrane and lock in warmth'.
脂质（脂肪和油）： 由脂肪酸和甘油组成，脂质储存长期能量，提供保温，并构成细胞膜。视觉提示：“脂质排列成膜，锁住温暖”。
Vitamins and minerals: Micronutrients needed in small amounts for body processes. Vitamin C for healthy gums, iron for hemoglobin. Compare: 'Vital-amins and mineral keys that unlock chemical reactions'.
维生素和矿物质： 身体过程所需的微量营养素。维生素C保持牙龈健康，铁构成血红蛋白。类比：“维生素是关键维生素，矿物质是开启反应之匙”。
4. Enzymes | 酶
Enzyme: A biological catalyst that speeds up chemical reactions without being used up. Most enzymes are proteins with an active site complementary to the substrate. Easily remembered: 'Enzymes ease the reaction squeeze'.
酶： 一种生物催化剂，能加快化学反应而自身不被消耗。大多数酶是蛋白质，具有与底物互补的活性位点。记忆法：“酶缓和反应压力”。
Active site: The specific region on an enzyme where the substrate binds; its shape determines specificity. Picture a lock and key: the active site is the lock, the substrate is the key.
活性位点： 酶上底物结合的特异区域；其形状决定专一性。想象锁钥模型：活性位点是锁，底物是钥匙。
Substrate: The molecule upon which an enzyme acts. The substrate fits into the active site to form an enzyme-substrate complex. 'Sub' means under, the substrate goes under the enzyme's influence.
底物： 酶所作用的分子。底物进入活性位点形成酶-底物复合物。“Sub”表示在下，底物处于酶的影响之下。
Denaturation: The permanent change in the shape of an enzyme' active site caused by high temperature or extreme pH, preventing substrate binding. Think 'Denature = destroy nature of the active site'.
变性： 高温或极端pH导致酶活性位点形状发生永久性改变，使底物无法结合。记忆：“变性即活性形状的毁灭”。
Optimum temperature: The temperature at which an enzyme works fastest (around 37 °C for human enzymes). Mnemonic: 'Optimum means maximum rate at a moderate heat'.
最适温度： 酶工作最快的温度（人体酶约37 °C）。助记：“最适温度下速率最高”。
5. Nutrition and Digestion | 营养与消化
Ingestion: Taking food into the body through the mouth. This is the first stage of nutrition. 'Ingest' is 'in + gest', carry food inwards.
摄食： 通过口腔将食物摄入体内。这是营养的第一阶段。Ingest可拆为“入+携带”，向内运送食物。
Digestion: The breakdown of large, insoluble food molecules into small, soluble molecules using mechanical and chemical processes. Key difference: mechanical digestion (chewing) increases surface area; chemical digestion (enzymes) breaks bonds.
消化： 利用机械和化学过程，将大而不可溶的食物分子分解为小而可溶的分子。关键区别：机械消化（咀嚼）增加表面积；化学消化（酶）断裂化学键。
Absorption: gested food molecules through the wall of the small intestine into the bloodstream. Recall 'Absorb = suck up across a border'.
吸收： 消化后的小分子穿过小肠壁进入血液的过程。记忆：“吸收即跨界汲取”。
Assimilation: The uptake and use of absorbed nutrients by body cells for growth, repair and energy. After absorption, cells assimilate the molecules into their own structures. 'Assimilate' sounds like 'make similar' – you incorporate the nutrients into your own body.
同化： 身体细胞摄取并利用吸收的营养物质，用于生长、修复和供能。吸收后，细胞将营养分子融入自身结构。“同化”可联想为“把外界物质变成自身相同之物”。
Egestion: Removal of undigested waste (faeces) from the body. It is not excretion. Mnemonic: 'Egestion = Exit of garbage'.
排遗： 将未消化的废物（粪便）排出体外。不属于排泄。记忆：“排遗即垃圾退出”。
6. Transport in Plants | 植物的运输
Xylem: Hollow tubes made of dead cells, transporting water and dissolved minerals from roots to leaves. The flow is one way upward. Xylem reminds us of 'xyle- flows to the sky'.
木质部： 由死细胞构成的中空管道，将水分和溶解的矿物质从根部向上运输到叶片。流向为单向向上。“Xylem”联想为“向天流”。
Phloem: Living tubes that transport sugars (sucrose) and amino acids from sources (leaves) to sinks (roots, fruits) in a process called translocation. Movement is two-way. Think 'Phloem feeds the whole organism'.
韧皮部： 由活细胞构成的管道，将糖类（蔗糖）和氨基酸从源（叶片）运输到库（根、果实），此过程称为输导。运输是双向的。记忆：“韧皮部供养全局”。
Transpiration: The loss of water vapour from the aerial parts of the plant, mainly through stomata in leaves. It creates a pulling force that draws water up the xylem. Recall 'Transpiration is plant perspiration'.
蒸腾作用： 水蒸气从植物地上部分（主要通过叶片气孔）散失的过程。它产生一种拉力，将水分拉上木质部。记忆：“蒸腾相当于植物的流汗”。
Stomata (singular: stoma): Tiny pores on leaf surfaces surrounded by guard cells, allowing gas exchange. Light causes guard cells to swell and open the pore. Visual: 'Stoma is a tiny door that opens at dawn'.
气孔： 叶片表面的微小孔隙，由保卫细胞包围，允许气体交换。光照下保卫细胞膨胀打开气孔。图像记忆：“气孔是黎明开启的小门”。
7. Transport in Animals | 动物的运输
Heart: A muscular organ that pumps blood through the circulatory system. It has four chambers in mammals: two atria and two ventricles. Mnemonic: 'Heart is the starting station for circulation'.
心脏： 将血液泵入循环系统的肌肉器官。哺乳动物心脏有四腔：两个心房和两个心室。助记：“心脏是循环始发站”。
Arteries: y : Thick-walled, elastic vessels that carry blood away from the heart. Usually carry oxygenated blood (except the pulmonary artery). 'Arteries = Away'.
动脉： 壁厚、有弹性的血管，将血液带离心脏。通常运送含氧血（肺动脉除外）。记忆：“动脉流出”。
Veins: ds : Vessels that carry blood towards the heart, often having valves to prevent backflow. Walls are thinner and less elastic. 'Veins = Visit the heart'.
静脉： 将血液送回心脏的血管，常有瓣膜防止逆流。管壁较薄、弹性较差。记忆：“静脉回访心脏”。
Capillaries: Microscopic one-cell-thick vessels where exchange of gases, nutrients and waste occurs between blood and tissues. 'Capillaries connect highways'.
毛细血管： 仅一层细胞厚的微血管，血液与组织在此进行气体、养分和废物的交换。‘毛细血管连接主干道’。
8. Respiration | 呼吸作用
Aerobic respiration: on summarises the process: Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy (ATP). Think 'Aerobic uses air'.
有氧呼吸： 葡萄糖在氧气参与下分解，释放大量能量，产生二氧化碳和水。文字方程式概括过程：葡萄糖 + 氧气 → 二氧化碳 + 水 + 能量（ATP）。记忆：“有氧依赖空气”。
C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + ATP
葡萄糖 + 氧气 → 二氧化碳 + 水 + 能量
Anaerobic respiration: Glucose is broken down without oxygen, yielding less energy. In muscles, lactic acid is produced; in yeast, ethanol and CO₂. 'Anaerobic' can be broken into 'an- (without) aerobic (air)'.
无氧呼吸： 葡萄糖在无氧条件下分解，释放较少能量。肌肉中产生乳酸；酵母中产生乙醇和二氧化碳。“Anaerobic”可拆为“an-（无）aerobic（空气）”。
9. Excretion and Homeostasis | 排泄与稳态
Excretion: The removal of toxic metabolic waste, such as urea (produced in the liver from excess amino acids) and carbon dioxide. The kidneys filter blood and form urine. 'Excrete what you must delete'.
排泄： 清除有毒代谢废物，如尿素（肝脏由过量氨基酸产生）和二氧化碳。肾脏过滤血液并形成尿液。“排泄必须清除的废物”。
Homeostasis: The maintenance of a constant internal environment, including temperature, blood glucose and water balance. 'Homeo' means similar, 'stasis' means standing still – keeping things steady.
稳态： 维持恒定的内环境，包括体温、血糖和水分平衡。“Homeo”意为相似，“stasis”意为静止——保持事物稳定。
Urea: A nitrogenous waste product formed in the liver, transported in the blood to the kidneys and excreted in urine. Urea is the 'urine precursor'.
尿素： 肝脏中形成的含氮废物，通过血液运输到肾脏，随尿液排出。尿素是“尿液前体”。
10. Ecology and Ecosystems | 生态与生态系统
Ecosystem: A community of living organisms interacting with each other and their non-living environment. Think of it as 'ecology's system'.
生态系统： 生物群落与其非生物环境相互作用构成的整体。记忆：“生态的系统”。
Population: All the organisms of a single species living in a particular area. A population of daisies in a field. Count the same kind.
种群： 生活在特定区域内同一物种的所有个体。如一片田地里的雏菊种群。同一类算一个种群。
Community: All the populations of different species living together in a habitat. A community includes grass, rabbits, foxes. 'Community combines many kinds'.
群落： 栖息地中所有不同物种种群的总和。群落包括草、兔、狐狸。“群落组合多样”。
Habitat: The natural environment where an organism lives, providing food, shelter and mates. 'Habit-ats' means the place it habitually occupies.
栖息地： 生物生活的自然环境，提供食物、庇护所和配偶。“栖息地”即习惯占据的地方。
11. Reproduction | 生殖
Sexual reproduction: Fusion of male and female gametes (sperm and egg) to form a zygote, leading to offspring with genetic variation. It involves two parents. Remember 'Sexual means sharing genetic material'.
有性生殖： 雄性和雌性配子（精子和卵细胞）融合形成受精卵，产生具有遗传变异的子代。涉及两个亲本。记忆：“有性即共享基因”。
Asexual reproduction: One parent produces genetically identical offspring without gametes. Examples: binary fission in bacteria, runners in strawberries. 'Asexual is a solo clone show'.
无性生殖： 单个亲本不经配子产生遗传完全相同的后代。例如细菌的二分裂、草莓的匍匐茎。“无性是单人克隆秀”。
Fertilisation: male gamete. In plants, pollen grain fusing with ovule; in animals, sperm fusing with egg. 'Fertilisation = fusion to form a new life'.
受精： 雄配子与雌配子的结合。植物中，花粉粒与胚珠融合；动物中，精子与卵细胞融合。“受精即融合开启新生命”。
12. Genetics and Inheritance | 遗传与遗传学
Gene: A section of DNA that codes for a specific protein, determining a trait. 'Gene is a recipe in the DNA cookbook'.
基因： DNA上编码特定蛋白质的一段序列，决定性状。记忆：“基因是DNA食谱中的一道菜谱”。
Allele: of a gene. For example, the gene for eye colour may have a blue allele and a brown allele. 'Allele = alternative form of a gene'.
等位基因： 基因的另一种版本。例如，决定眼色的基因可能有蓝色等位基因和褐色等位基因。“等位即基因的备选”。
Dominant allele: An allele that is always expressed in the phenotype when present, even if only one copy is inherited. Usually represented by a capital letter. Think 'dominant dictates the appearance'.
显性等位基因： 只要存在就会在表现型中表达的等位基因，即使只遗传一份拷贝。通常用大写字母表示。“显性决定外貌”。
Recessive allele: An allele that is expressed only when two copies are present (homozygous). Represented by a lowercase letter. It 'recedes' into the background if a dominant allele is present.
隐性等位基因： 只有当两个拷贝都存在（纯合）时才会表达的等位基因。用小写字母表示。有显性基因存在时，它会‘退缩’到幕后。
Genotype: he : The genetic makeup of an organism, i.e. the combination of alleles. Example: BB, Bb, or bb. 'Genotype = gene type written in letters'.
基因型： 生物体的遗传组成，即等位基因的组合。例如：BB、Bb或bb。“基因型即字母写就的基因类型”。
Phenotype: al or : The observable physical or biochemical characteristics of an organism, resulting from genotype and environment. 'Phenotype = physical photo of the genes'.
表现型： 生物体可观察的物理或生化特征，由基因型和环境共同决定。“表现型是基因的物理快照”。
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