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Year 10 CIE IGCSE Maths: Vocabulary and Terminology Quick-Reference Guide | CIE 数学词汇术语速记指南

2026-07-19 12:38 · 本文部分内容由AI辅助创作

📚 Year 10 CIE IGCSE Maths: Vocabulary and Terminology Quick-Reference Guide | CIE 数学词汇术语速记指南

Mastering the language of mathematics is just as important as solving equations – precise vocabulary builds confidence and exam success. This bilingual reference unpacks the essential terms for Year 10 CIE IGCSE Mathematics with clear definitions, relatable examples, and memory hooks.

掌握数学语言与解方程同样重要,准确的词汇能建立信心并助你考试成功。这份双语参考为10年级 CIE IGCSE 数学拆解必备术语,配有清晰定义、易懂示例和记忆挂钩。


1. Number Types and Arithmetic | 数系与算术

Integer: A whole number that can be positive, negative or zero, with no fractional part (e.g. −5, 0, 12).

整数: 一个没有小数部分的完整数字,可以是正数、负数或零(例如 −5、0、12)。

Rational number: Any number that can be written as a fraction a/b where a and b are integers and b ≠ 0. Terminating and recurring decimals are rational.

有理数: 任何可以写成分数 a/b 的数,其中 a 和 b 是整数且 b ≠ 0。有限小数和循环小数都是有理数。

Irrational number: A number that cannot be expressed as a simple fraction; its decimal form never ends or repeats. √2 and π are irrational.

无理数: 不能用简单分数表示的数,其小数形式无限不循环。√2 和 π 是无理数。

Prime number: ly two distinct factors: 1 and itself. The first few primes are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11. (Memorise: “prime” = two factors only.)

质数: 大于 1 且恰好有两个不同因数的数:1 和它本身。最初的几个质数是 2、3、5、7、11。(记住:“质”只有两个因数。)

Factor: A number that divides another exactly, leaving no remainder. 3 is a factor of 12.

因数: 能整除另一个数而没有余数的数。3 是 12 的因数。

Multiple: The result of multiplying a number by an integer. The multiples of 5 are 5, 10, 15, 20, …

倍数: 一个数乘以整数的结果。5 的倍数有 5、10、15、20 ……

HCF (Highest Common Factor): The largest number that divides two or more numbers exactly. Think “highest shared factor”.

最大公因数 (HCF): 能整除两个或多个数的最大数。联想“最高共享因数”。

LCM (Lowest Common Multiple): The smallest number that is a multiple of two or more numbers. Useful for adding fractions.

最小公倍数 (LCM): 是两个或多个数的最小公共倍数。在分数加法中很有用。

Exponent / Power / Index: mber that tells how many times the base is multiplied by itself (e.g. 2³ means 2 × 2 × 2).

指数 / 幂: 上标小数字,表示底数自乘的次数(例如 2³ 表示 2 × 2 × 2)。

Square root (√): A value that, when multiplied by itself, gives the original number. √25 = 5 because 5² = 25.

平方根 (√): 一个数自乘后得到原数的值。√25 = 5,因为 5² = 25。

Product, sum, difference, quotient: ct = multiplication result, sum = addition, difference = subtraction, quotient = division. “Please Say Due Quota” is a quick mnemonic!

积、和、差、商: 积是乘法结果,和是加法,差是减法,商是除法。记住“积和差商”就能快速区分!


2. Fractions, Decimals and Percentages | 分数、小数与百分数

Numerator / denominator: In the fraction ³/₄, 3 is the numerator (top) and 4 is the denominator (bottom). Denominator tells how many equal parts the whole is divided into.

分子 / 分母: 在分数 ³/₄ 中,3 是分子(上),4 是分母(下)。分母表示整体被分成多少个等份。

Proper fraction: Numerator is smaller than the denominator (value < 1), like ²/₅.

真分数: 分子小于分母(值 < 1),例如 ²/₅。

Improper fraction: Numerator is greater than or equal to the denominator (value ≥ 1), e.g. ⁷/₄.

假分数: 分子大于或等于分母(值 ≥ 1),例如 ⁷/₄。

Mixed number: A whole number plus a proper fraction, such as 1¾. Always convert to improper fraction before multiplying or dividing.

带分数: 一个整数加一个真分数,例如 1¾。进行乘除运算前务必先化为假分数。

Equivalent fractions: Different fractions that name the same amount, e.g. ½ = ²/₄ = ⁴/₈.

等值分数: 表示相同数量的不同分数,例如 ½ = ²/₄ = ⁴/₈。

Recurring decimal: al with a repeating pattern; shown with a dot above the repeating digit(s). 0.333... = 0.3̇.

循环小数: 带重复样式的小数,在重复数字上方加点表示。0.333... = 0.3̇。

Percentage increase / decrease: Increase = (new − original)/original × 100%. Decrease reverses the subtraction. Remember “change over original times 100”.

百分数增减: 增加 = (新值 − 原值)/原值 × 100%。减少则调换减法顺序。记牢“变化量除以原值乘 100”。


3. Algebraic Expressions | 代数表达式

Variable: A symbol, usually a letter, that represents an unknown or changing value. In 3x + 2, x is the variable.

变量: 一个符号,通常是字母,表示未知或变化的数值。在 3x + 2 中,x 是变量。

Coefficient: The number multiplied by the variable. In 5y, the coefficient is 5.

系数: 与变量相乘的数字。在 5y 中,系数是 5。

Term: A single number, variable, or product of numbers and variables, separated by + or − signs. 4x², −3xy and 7 are terms.

项: 一个单独的数、变量或数与变量的乘积,以 + 或 − 符号分隔。4x²、−3xy 和 7 都是项。

Expression: A combination of terms without an equals sign, e.g. 2a² − 3b + 5.

表达式: 不含等号的项的式组,例如 2a² − 3b + 5。

Like terms: Terms with exactly the same variable part raised to the same power. Only like terms can be added or subtracted.

同类项: 变量部分及其指数完全相同的项。只有同类项才能相加减。

Simplify: Collect like terms and perform operations to write an expression in its shortest form.

化简: 合并同类项并执行运算,将表达式写至最简形式。

Expand: Multiply out brackets: a(b + c) = ab + ac. Watch for negative signs: −2(x − 3) = −2x + 6.

展开: 将括号乘开:a(b + c) = ab + ac。注意负号:−2(x − 3) = −2x + 6。

Factorise: se of : The reverse of expanding; write an expression as a product of its factors, e.g. 6x − 9 = 3(2x − 3).

因式分解: 展开的逆过程;将表达式写成因数的乘积,例如 6x − 9 = 3(2x − 3)。

Quadratic expression: An expression with the highest power 2, like x² − 5x + 6, often factorised into two brackets.

二次表达式: 最高次幂为 2 的表达式,如 x² − 5x + 6,常可分解为两个括号的乘积。


4. Equations and Inequalities | 方程与不等式

Equation: xpressions are equal, linked by =, e.g. 2x + 3 = 11. It can be solved to find the unknown.

方程: 表明两个表达式相等的陈述,用等号连接,例如 2x + 3 = 11。求解可得未知数。

Solution (root): The value that makes an equation true. For x + 4 = 9, the solution is x = 5.

解(根): 使方程成立的值。对于 x + 4 = 9,解是 x = 5。

Linear equation: re : An equation where the variable has exponent 1, producing a straight-line graph. General form: y = mx + c.

线性方程: 变量指数为 1 的方程,图像是一条直线。一般形式为 y = mx + c。

Simultaneous equations: A pair of equations containing the same two unknowns, solved together to find values that satisfy both.

联立方程组: 包含相同两个未知数的一对方程,要同时求解,找出满足两者的值。

Inequality: Compares two expressions using <, >, ≤ or ≥. Solution is a range of values.

不等式: 用 <、>、≤ 或 ≥ 比较两个表达式。解是一个数值范围。

Compound inequality: quality signs in one statement, e.g. 3 < x ≤ 7, meaning x is greater than 3 and at most 7.

复合不等式: 一条式子里含两个不等号,例如 3 < x ≤ 7,表示 x 大于 3 且不超过 7。

Shading region: ding the unwanted region or the feasible region. Dashed line for < or >, solid for ≤ or ≥.

区域阴影: 在图像上,不等式通过涂去不需要的区域或涂出可行区域来表示。< 或 > 用虚线,≤ 或 ≥ 用实线。


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5. Sequences and Sets | 序列与集合

Sequence: A list of numbers in a specific order. Each number is a term.

序列: 按特定顺序排列的一列数。每个数都叫项。

nth term: A formula that generates any term of a sequence from its position n. For 3, 5, 7, 9… the nth term is 2n + 1.

第 n 项: 从位置 n 生成序列任意项的公式。序列 3、5、7、9…… 的第 n 项为 2n + 1。

Arithmetic sequence: h a constant difference between consecutive terms (common difference d). E.g. 4, 7, 10, 13… (d = 3).

等差数列: 相邻两项差为常数的序列(公差 d)。例如 4、7、10、13……(d = 3)。

Geometric sequence: nce where each term is multiplied by a constant ratio r to get the next term. 2, 6, 18, 54… (r = 3).

等比数列: 每一项乘以常数比 r 得到后一项的序列。2、6、18、54……(r = 3)。

Set: A collection of distinct objects, written inside curly brackets { }. A = {2, 4, 6, 8}.

集合: 不同对象的汇集,写在花括号 { } 内。A = {2, 4, 6, 8}。

Element (member): An object in a set; denoted by ∈. 4 ∈ A means 4 is an element of set A.

元素(成员): 集合中的对象;用 ∈ 表示。4 ∈ A 意思是 4 是集合 A 的元素。

Empty set ∅: A set with no elements. Its symbol is ∅ or { }.

空集 ∅: 不含任何元素的集合。符号为 ∅ 或 { }。

Union ∪: Everything in set A or set B (or both). A ∪ B combines elements.

并集 ∪: 集合 A 或集合 B(或两者)中的所有元素。A ∪ B 合并元素。

Intersection ∩: Only what is common to both sets. A ∩ B = elements in both A and B.

交集 ∩: 仅两个集合共有的部分。A ∩ B = 同时属于 A 和 B 的元素。

Venn diagram: A visual way to show sets and their relationships, often with overlapping circles inside a rectangle (universal set).

韦恩图: 展示集合及其关系的可视化工具,通常用矩形(全集)内重叠的圆表示。


6. Functions and Graphs | 函数与图像

Function: A rule that assigns exactly one output for every input. Written as f(x) = … (read “f of x”).

函数: 为每个输入恰好分配一个输出的规则。记作 f(x) = …(读作“f of x”)。

Domain: The set of all allowed input (x) values for a function.

定义域: 函数所有允许的输入(x)值的集合。

Range: The set of all possible output (y) values the function produces.

值域: 函数产生的所有可能输出(y)值的集合。

Gradient (slope): Steepness of a line, calculated as rise/run or (change in y)/(change in x). Positive gradient slopes upward.

斜率(倾斜度): 直线的陡峭程度,计算方式为纵向变化 / 横向变化(Δy/Δx)。正斜率向上倾斜。

Intercept: intercept is where the line meets the y-axis (x = 0). In y = mx + c, c is the y-intercept.

截距: 直线与坐标轴的交点。y 截距是直线与 y 轴的交点(x = 0)。在 y = mx + c 中,c 是 y 截距。

Linear function: Forms a straight line, equation y = mx + c, where m is gradient, c is y-intercept.

线性函数: 形成一条直线,方程 y = mx + c,其中 m 是斜率,c 是 y 截距。

Quadratic function: ower, e.g. f(x) = ax² + bx + c. Its graph is a parabola, shaped like a U (or upside-down).

二次函数: 最高次幂为 x² 的函数,如 f(x) = ax² + bx + c。其图像是一条抛物线,呈 U 形(或倒 U 形)。

Root of a function: ue : The x-value where f(x) = 0; graphically, it’s where the curve crosses the x-axis. Also called zero.

函数的根: 使 f(x) = 0 的 x 值;从图形上看就是曲线与 x 轴交点处。也叫零点。


7. Geometry: Lines, Angles and Shapes | 几何:线、角与形状

Acute angle: An angle less than 90°. Sharp like a “cute” little angle.

锐角: 小于 90° 的角。如一个“尖尖的小角”。

Obtuse angle: An angle greater than 90° but less than 180°.

钝角: 大于 90° 但小于 180° 的角。

Reflex angle: An angle greater than 180° but less than 360°.

反角: 大于 180° 但小于 360° 的角。

Parallel lines: Lines that never meet, remaining the same distance apart. Marked with arrows. Alternate angles, corresponding angles and co-interior angles appear when a transversal cuts them.

平行线: 永不相交且间距相等的直线,用箭头标记。当截线穿过时,会产生内错角、同位角与同旁内角。

Perpendicular lines: Lines that intersect at a right angle (90°).

垂直线: 以直角(90°)相交的线。

Triangle types: Equilateral (3 equal sides, 60° each), isosceles (2 equal sides, base angles equal), scalene (no equal sides), right-angled (one 90°).

三角形类型: 等边三角形(三边相等,各 60°),等腰三角形(两腰相等,底角相等),不等边三角形(各边不等),直角三角形(一角为 90°)。

Angle sum: triangle add to 180°. Quadrilateral adds to 360°. n-sided polygon sums to (n − 2) × 180°.

内角和: 三角形内角和为 180°。四边形为 360°。n 边形的内角和为 (n − 2) × 180°。

Circle vocabulary: Radius (half diameter), diameter (chord through centre), circumference (perimeter), arc (part of circumference), sector (pie slice), chord (line segment between two points on circle), tangent (line touching circle at one point).

圆形词汇: 半径(直径的一半)、直径(过圆心的弦)、周长(圆周)、弧(圆周的一部分)、扇形(“饼片”)、弦(圆上两点间的线段)、切线(与圆仅一点接触的直线)。

Pythagoras’ theorem: In a right triangle, a² + b² = c², where c is the hypotenuse. A powerful distance finder.

勾股定理: 在直角三角形中,a² + b² = c²,其中 c 是斜边。一个强大的有距离查找工具。


8. Trigonometry Basics | 三角学基础

Hypotenuse: The longest side of a right-angled triangle, opposite the right angle.

斜边: 直角三角形中最长的边,对着直角。

Opposite / adjacent: In relation to a given acute angle θ, the opposite is the side facing θ, the adjacent is the side next to θ (not the hypotenuse).

对边 / 邻边: 对于给定的锐角 θ,对边就是面对 θ 的边,邻边是紧挨 θ 的边(不是斜边)。

SOH CAH TOA (mnemonic): Sin θ = Opposite/Hypotenuse, Cos θ = Adjacent/Hypotenuse, Tan θ = Opposite/Adjacent. “Some Old Hippie Caught Another Hippie Tripping On Acid” – or make up your own!

SOH CAH TOA(记忆法): Published by TutorHao | Year 10 Mathematics Revision Series | aleveler.com

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