📚 Year 10 OCR Engineering: Vocabulary Quick-Recall Guide | OCR 工程词汇术语速记指南
This guide covers essential technical terms for the Year 10 OCR Engineering course, organised by topic. Each term is paired with a concise English definition and its Chinese translation to support bilingual learners in recalling key concepts rapidly. Use this resource to reinforce your revision, focus on unfamiliar terms, and test yourself by covering one column.
本指南涵盖 OCR 十年级工程课程的核心术语，按主题分类。每个术语配有简洁的英文定义和中文翻译，帮助双语学生快速回忆关键概念。使用这份资料强化复习，重点关注不熟悉的术语，并可通过遮挡一列进行自测。
1. Mechanical Properties | 机械性能
Mechanical properties describe how a material responds to forces. Key terms include strength, stiffness, ductility, and toughness. Understanding these helps engineers select materials for specific applications.
机械性能描述材料如何响应力。关键术语包括强度、刚度、延展性和韧性。理解这些特性有助于工程师为特定应用选择材料。
- Stress: The internal resistance of a material to an applied force, measured as force per unit area (N/m² or Pa).
应力: 材料对施加力的内部抵抗，以单位面积力（N/m² 或 Pa）衡量。 - Strain: The deformation of a material caused by stress, expressed as a ratio of change in length to original length (no unit).
应变: 材料因应力产生的变形，表示为长度变化与原长的比率（无单位）。 - Ultimate tensile strength (UTS): The maximum stress a material can withstand while being stretched before breaking.
极限抗拉强度: 材料在断裂前被拉伸时所能承受的最大应力。 - Yield strength: The stress at which a material begins to deform plastically.
屈服强度: 材料开始发生塑性变形的应力值。 - Elastic modulus (Young's modulus): A measure of stiffness; the ratio of stress to strain in the elastic region (E = σ/ε).
弹性模量（杨氏模量）: 刚度的量度；弹性区域内应力与应变的比值 (E = σ/ε)。 - Ductility: The ability of a material to be drawn into a wire or undergo significant plastic deformation before fracture.
延性: 材料被拉成线或在断裂前发生显著塑性变形的能力。 - Hardness: Resistance to indentation, scratching or wear.
硬度: 抵抗压痕、刮擦或磨损的能力。 - Toughness: The ability of a material to absorb energy and plastically deform without fracturing.
韧性: 材料吸收能量并发生塑性变形而不断裂的能力。
2. Engineering Materials | 工程材料
Materials are classified into metals, polymers, composites and ceramics. Choosing the right material depends on its properties, cost, and manufacturing requirements. Ferrous metals contain iron, while non-ferrous metals do not.
材料分为金属、聚合物、复合材料和陶瓷。选择正确材料取决于其性能、成本和制造要求。黑色金属含铁，有色金属不含铁。
- Ferrous metal: A metal containing iron, e.g., mild steel, cast iron. Prone to rust unless protected.
黑色金属: 含铁的金属，如低碳钢、铸铁。如不保护易生锈。 - Non-ferrous metal: Metals that do not contain iron, e.g., aluminium, copper, zinc. Often more corrosion-resistant.
有色金属: 不含铁的金属，如铝、铜、锌。通常更耐腐蚀。 - Alloy: A mixture of two or more elements, at least one is a metal, to enhance properties, e.g., stainless steel (iron + chromium).
合金: 两种或多种元素的混合物，其中至少一种为金属，以改善性能，如不锈钢（铁 + 铬）。 - Thermoplastic: A polymer that softens when heated and hardens when cooled, recyclable. E.g., ABS, acrylic.
热塑性塑料: 加热软化、冷却硬化的聚合物，可回收利用。如 ABS、亚克力。 - Thermosetting plastic: A polymer that undergoes a chemical change when heated, forming a rigid structure that cannot be re-melted. E.g., epoxy resin.
热固性塑料: 加热时发生化学变化，形成无法再熔化的刚性结构。如环氧树脂。 - Composite: A material made from two or more constituent materials with different properties, e.g., carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP).
复合材料: 由两种或多种不同性质的组分材料制成，如碳纤维增强聚合物 (CFRP)。
3. Manufacturing Processes | 制造工艺
Manufacturing processes shape and join materials to create a product. Common machining operations include turning, milling and drilling. Forming and joining processes like casting and welding are also fundamental.
制造工艺将材料成形和连接以制成产品。常见的机加工操作包括车削、铣削和钻孔。铸造和焊接等成形与连接工艺也是基础。
- Turning: A machining process where a single-point cutting tool removes material from a rotating workpiece on a lathe.
车削: 在车床上使用单刃刀具从旋转工件上切除材料的加工方法。 - Milling: A process using a rotating multipoint cutting tool to remove material from a stationary workpiece.
铣削: 使用旋转多刃刀具从固定工件上切除材料。 - Drilling: Creating a round hole using a rotating drill bit.
钻孔: 使用旋转钻头加工圆孔。 - Casting: Pouring molten metal into a mould and allowing it to solidify.
铸造: 将熔融金属浇入模具并让其凝固。 - Forging: Shaping metal by compressive forces, often using a hammer or die.
锻造: 通过压缩力（通常使用锤或模具）使金属成形。 - Welding: Joining metals by melting the base metals and adding a filler material.
焊接: 通过熔化母材并添加填充材料来连接金属。
4. Measurement and Marking Out | 测量与划线
Accurate measurement and marking out are essential to ensure parts fit together correctly. Instruments such as vernier calipers and micrometers provide precision. Marking out tools transfer design dimensions onto the workpiece before cutting.
精确的测量和划线对于确保零件正确配合至关重要。游标卡尺和千分尺等仪器提供精密测量。划线工具在切削前将设计尺寸转移到工件上。
- Vernier caliper: A precision measuring instrument with a main scale and a sliding vernier scale for internal, external and depth measurements.
游标卡尺: 带有主尺和滑动游标的精密测量仪器，用于内径、外径和深度测量。 - Micrometer: An instrument providing very accurate measurements of small dimensions, typically to 0.01 mm.
千分尺: 可精确测量小尺寸的仪器，通常精度可达 0.01 mm。 - Try square: A tool used to mark and check 90° angles.
直角尺: 用于标记和检查 90° 角的工具。 - Scriber: A sharp-pointed tool for marking lines on metal.
划线针: 用于在金属上划线的尖锐工具。 - Engineer's blue: A marking fluid applied to metal surfaces to make scribed lines more visible.
蓝油（划线液）: 涂在金属表面使划线更明显的着色液。 - Marking gauge: A tool with a sharp point or wheel used to mark a line parallel to an edge.
划线规: 带有尖点或滚轮的工具，用于标记与边缘平行的线。
5. Forces and Structural Elements | 力与结构构件
Engineers must understand how forces act on structures. Tension pulls, compression pushes, and shear causes layers to slide. Structural elements like beams and columns are designed to carry these loads safely.
工程师必须理解力如何作用于结构。拉力拉伸，压力压缩，剪力导致滑动。梁和柱等结构构件设计用于安全承载这些载荷。
- Tension: A pulling force that stretches a material.
拉力: 拉伸材料的力。 - Compression: A pushing force that shortens or crushes a material.
压力: 缩短或压碎材料的力。 - Shear force: A force acting perpendicular to the surface, causing layers to slide against each other.
剪切力: 垂直于表面作用的力，导致各层相互滑动。 - Bending moment: The reaction induced in a structural element when an external force causes it to bend.
弯矩: 外力使构件弯曲时在构件内部引发的反作用力。 - Beam: A horizontal structural member that resists loads applied perpendicular to its length.
梁: 抵抗横向载荷的水平结构构件。 - Column: A vertical structural member designed to withstand compressive loads.
柱: 设计用于承受压缩载荷的垂直结构构件。
6. Tolerances and Fits | 公差与配合
No part can be made to an exact size repeatedly. Tolerance specifies the allowable variation, while fits describe how mating parts interact. Clearance, transition, and interference fits are used depending on functional requirements.
没有零件可以重复加工到完全精确的尺寸。公差规定了允许的变动范围，而配合描述了配合零件间的相互作用。根据功能要求使用间隙、过渡和过盈配合。
- Tolerance: The permissible limit of variation in a physical dimension.
公差: 物理尺寸的允许变动范围。 - Clearance fit: When the shaft diameter is always smaller than the hole diameter, allowing free movement.
间隙配合: 轴径始终小于孔径，允许自由运动。 - Interference fit: When the shaft is larger than the hole, requiring force or heat to assemble; provides a tight connection.
过盈配合: 轴径大于孔径，需用力或加热装配，提供紧密连接。 - Transition fit: A fit that may have either clearance or interference depending on actual dimensions.
过渡配合: 依实际尺寸可能产生间隙或过盈的配合。 - Upper/Lower deviation: The maximum/minimum difference between the actual size and the basic size.
上/下偏差: 实际尺寸与基本尺寸之间的最大/最小差值。
7. Electronics Fundamentals | 电子学基础
Electrical circuits are part of many engineering systems. Voltage pushes current through components, and resistance opposes this flow. Ohm's law links these three quantities in a simple formula.
电路是许多工程系统的一部分。电压推动电流通过元件，电阻阻碍电流流动。欧姆定律用一个简单公式关联这三个量。
- Voltage (V): The electrical potential difference that drives current through a circuit, measured in volts.
电压: 驱动电流通过电路的电位差，以伏特 (V) 为单位。 - Current (I): The flow of electric charge, measured in amperes (A).
电流: 电荷的流动，以安培 (A) 为单位。 - Resistance (R): Opposition to current flow, measured in ohms (Ω).
电阻: 对电流流动的阻碍，以欧姆 (Ω) 为单位。 - Ohm's law I x R. The voltage across a conductor is directly proportional to the current through it.
欧姆定律: V = I x R，导体两端的电压与通过它的电流成正比。 - Series circuit: A circuit with only one path for current; components share voltage.
串联电路: 只有一条电流路径的电路；元件分压。 - Parallel circuit: A circuit with multiple paths; each component receives the full supply voltage.
并联电路: 有多条电流路径的电路；每个元件承受全电压。
8. CAD and CAM | 计算机辅助设计与制造
Computer-aided design (CAD) enables accurate 2D drawings and 3D models. Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) uses this digital data to control machine tools, often via CNC. These technologies reduce errors and speed up production.
计算机辅助设计 (CAD) 可创建精确的二维图纸和三维模型。计算机辅助制造 (CAM) 使用这些数字数据控制机床，通常通过 CNC 实现。这些技术减少错误并加快生产。
- CAD (Computer-Aided Design): Using computer software to create, modify and analyse 2D or 3D designs.
计算机辅助设计: 使用计算机软件创建、修改和分析二维或三维设计。 - CAM (Computer-Aided Manufacturing): Using computers to
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