📚 Year 10 OCR Music: Core Knowledge Organiser | Year 10 OCR 音乐：核心知识点梳理
Welcome to your essential revision guide for Year 10 OCR Music. This resource distils the fundamental concepts, terminology, and listening skills that underpin the GCSE course. By mastering these core areas, you will strengthen your performances, deepen your compositions, and approach the listening paper with confidence.
欢迎使用十年级 OCR 音乐核心复习指南。本资源提炼了支撑 GCSe 课程的基础概念、术语和听力技能。掌握这些核心领域，你将强化表演能力，深化作曲水平，并自信地应对听力考试。
1. The Building Blocks of Sound | 声音的构建模块
All music can be described using the acronym MAD T-SHIRT: Melody, Articulation, Dynamics, Texture, Structure, Harmony, Instrumentation, Rhythm, and Tempo. These elements provide a checklist for analysing any piece.
所有音乐都可以用缩写 MAD T-SHIRT 来描述：旋律、发音法、力度、织体、结构、和声、乐器编配、节奏和速度。这些要素为分析任何作品提供了清单。
Understanding these building blocks helps you identify what you hear and communicate musical ideas effectively in both written and practical work.
理解这些构建模块有助于你识别所听内容，并在书面和实践工作中有效传达音乐构思。
2. Pitch and Melody | 音高与旋律
Pitch refers to how high or low a note sounds, determined by frequency. A melody is a sequence of pitches that forms a recognisable musical line, often supported by steps (conjunct) and leaps (disjunct).
音高指音符听起来的高低，由频率决定。旋律是一系列音高的连续，形成可辨识的音乐线条，常由级进（conjunct）和跳进（disjunct）构成。
Intervals measure the distance between two pitches. A semitone is the smallest interval (e.g., E to F), and a tone equals two semitones. Recognising intervals like the perfect 5th (e.g., 'Twinkle Twinkle') is vital for aural tests.
音程衡量两个音高之间的距离。半音是最小的音程（如 E 到 F），全音等于两个半音。识别纯五度（如《小星星》开头）等音程对听觉测试至关重要。
Scales organise pitches. Major scales follow the pattern tone-tone-semitone-tone-tone-tone-semitone (TTSTTTS). Minor scales come in natural, harmonic, and melodic forms, each with distinctive step patterns.
音阶组织音高。大调音阶遵循全全半全全全半（TTSTTTS）的模式。小调音阶分为自然、和声和旋律小调，各自具有独特的音级排列。
3. Rhythm and Metre | 节奏与节拍
Rhythm is the pattern of long and short sounds and silences in music. The basic note values are the semibreve (4 beats), minim (2 beats), crotchet (1 beat), quaver (½ beat), and semiquaver (¼ beat). Rests correspond to each duration.
节奏是音乐中长音、短音和休止的组合模式。基本音符时值有全音符（4拍）、二分音符（2拍）、四分音符（1拍）、八分音符（½拍）和十六分音符（¼拍）。休止符与相应时值对应。
Metre is the grouping of beats into regular patterns, shown by the time signature. Simple time (e.g., 2/4, 3/4, 4/4) divides beats into two equal parts, while compound time (e.g., 6/8, 9/8) divides beats into three equal parts.
节拍是将拍子分组为规律的模式，由拍号表示。单拍子（如 2/4、3/4、4/4）将每拍分成二等份，复拍子（如 6/8、9/8）将每拍分成三等份。
Syncopation places accents on weak beats or offbeats, creating rhythmic tension. Dotted notes lengthen a note by half its value, while ties combine durations across barlines.
切分音将重音放在弱拍或弱位上，产生节奏张力。附点音符将音符时值延长一半，连线则跨小节线合并时值。
4. Harmony and Tonality | 和声与调性
Tonality describes the key centre of a piece. Major keys sound bright and happy; minor keys sound sad or serious. Atonal music lacks a clear key centre. Modulation is the process of changing key during a piece.
调性描述作品的调式中心。大调听起来明亮愉快；小调听起来悲伤或严肃。无调性音乐没有明确的调性中心。转调是作品中调性变化的过程。
Chords are built from stacked thirds. The most common triads consist of a root, third, and fifth. Roman numerals label chords relative to the scale degree (I, IV, V). The primary triads I, IV, and V form the basis of tonal harmony.
和弦由三度叠置构成。最常见的三和弦由根音、三音和五音组成。罗马数字标示与音级相关的和弦（I、IV、V）。主三和弦 I、IV、V 构成调性和声的基础。
Cadences are two-chord progressions that end phrases. A perfect cadence (V–I) sounds complete; a plagal cadence (IV–I) is the 'Amen' cadence; an imperfect cadence (I–V, II–V, IV–V) sounds unfinished; an interrupted cadence (V–vi) is a surprise.
终止式是结束乐句的双和弦进行。完全终止（V–I）听感圆满；变格终止（IV–I）是“阿门”终止；不完全终止（I–V、II–V、IV–V）听起来未结束；阻碍终止（V–vi）带来意外。
Seventh chords (e.g., V⁷) add a fourth note to the triad, increasing tension and colour. Dominant 7ths are especially common in classical and popular music.
七和弦（如 V⁷）在三和弦上加入第四个音，增加张力和色彩。属七和弦在古典和流行音乐中尤为常见。
5. Texture | 织体
Texture describes how many layers of sound are heard at once and how they relate. Monophonic texture has a single melodic line without accompaniment. Homophonic texture features a melody with chordal accompaniment moving in the same rhythm (mel
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