📚 OCR GCSE Sociology Key Terms Memory Guide | OCR 社会学关键术语速记指南
Mastering sociological vocabulary is essential for success in OCR GCSE Sociology. This guide breaks down key terms across the core themes of families, education, social inequality, research methods, and more, offering clear definitions in both English and Chinese to support bilingual learners and last-minute revision.
掌握社会学术语是在 OCR 社会学考试中取得成功的关键。本指南梳理了家庭、教育、社会不平等、研究方法等核心主题中的关键术语，提供英中双语清晰定义，帮助双语学习者高效复习和考前快速记忆。
1. Core Sociological Concepts | 社会学核心概念
Socialisation: The lifelong process through which individuals learn the norms, values, and expected behaviours of their society.
社会化：个体终生学习所在社会规范、价值观及期望行为的过程。
Norms: Unwritten rules of behaviour that are considered acceptable in a group or society.
规范：在群体或社会中被认为可接受的不成文行为准则。
Values: Deeply held beliefs about what is right, wrong, desirable, or undesirable.
价值观：关于对错、可取与不可取的深层信念。
Culture: The whole way of life of a particular group or society, including language, customs, beliefs, and material objects.
文化：特定群体或社会的整体生活方式，包括语言、习俗、信仰和物质产品。
Social control: The mechanisms used by society to ensure individuals conform to norms and values; can be formal (laws, police) or informal (peer pressure, ridicule).
社会控制：社会用以确保个体遵从规范与价值观的机制；可以是正式（法律、警察）或非正式（同伴压力、嘲讽）。
Sanctions: Rewards or punishments used to enforce conformity; positive sanctions (praise, awards), negative sanctions (fines, imprisonment).
制裁：用以强制遵守的奖励或惩罚；正面制裁（表扬、奖励），负面制裁（罚款、监禁）。
Agents of socialisation: The institutions and groups that shape an individual's social development, such as family, education, peer group, mass media, and religion.
社会化媒介：塑造个体社会发展的机构和群体，如家庭、学校、同辈群体、大众媒体和宗教。
2. Families | 家庭
Nuclear family: A family unit consisting of two generations – parents and their dependent children – living together in one household.
核心家庭：由父母及其未成年子女两代人组成的家庭单位，共同居住于同一户。
Extended family: A family grouping that includes relatives beyond the nuclear family, such as grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins, often living nearby or together.
扩展家庭：包括核心家庭以外亲属的家庭群体，如祖父母、姨姑叔舅和表亲，经常住在一起或邻近。
Reconstituted (blended) family: A family formed when one or both partners bring children from previous relationships into a new household, often with step-parents and step-siblings.
重组家庭（混合家庭）：一方或双方将前次关系中的子女带入新家庭所形成的家庭，常有继父母和继兄弟姐妹。
Lone parent family: A family structure in which one parent (mother or father) lives with and cares for their dependent children without the other parent.
单亲家庭：由一位家长（母亲或父亲）与未成年子女共同生活并承担养育责任的家庭结构。
Symmetrical family: A family type identified by Young and Willmott, characterised by more equal sharing of domestic tasks, joint decision-making, and a companionate marriage.
对称家庭：杨和威尔莫特指出的家庭类型，特点是家务更平等分担、共同决策以及伴侣式婚姻。
Patriarchy: A social system in which men hold primary power and dominate in roles of political leadership, moral authority, and control of property.
父权制：一种社会制度，男性掌握主要权力，在政治领导、道德权威和财产控制中居主导地位。
Domestic division of labour: The way household tasks are allocated between members of a family, often analysed by gender roles.
家务分工：家庭各成员之间分配家务活的方式，常按性别角色进行分析。
3. Education | 教育
Formal curriculum: The official, planned programme of subjects and content that is taught and assessed in schools.
正式课程：学校中教授并考核的官方规划科目及内容方案。
Hidden curriculum: The unofficial and often unintentional lessons, values, and norms transmitted through the school experience, such as punctuality, obedience, and competition.
隐性课程：通过学校经历传递的非官方、往往无意的课程、价值观和规范，如守时、服从和竞争。
Labelling: The process of attaching a definition or category to an individual, which can influence how they are treated and how they see themselves; e.g. 'troublemaker' or 'bright'.
标签化：给个体贴上某种定义或类别的过程，会影响他人如何对待此人及其自我认知；如“捣乱分子”或“聪明”。
Self-fulfilling prophecy: When a false definition of a situation evokes behaviour that makes the originally false conception come true; in education, a pupil labelled as low ability may underperform accordingly.
自我实现预言：当对情境的错误定义引发行为，使原本错误的观念变为现实；在教育中，被标为能力低的学生可能因此表现不佳。
Setting / streaming: Grouping students by ability for specific subjects (setting) or for all subjects (streaming), which can affect self-esteem and teacher expectations.
分班/分流：按能力将学生分入特定科目班级（分班）或全部科目班级（分流），可能影响自尊和教师期望。
Cultural capital: The knowledge, attitudes, skills, and language that the middle class possesses and that are valued by the education system, giving them an advantage (Bourdieu).
文化资本：中产阶级拥有的知识、态度、技能和语言，受到教育体系重视，从而给他们带来优势（布迪厄）。
Material deprivation: A lack of physical resources such as adequate housing, income, and educational materials, which can hinder a child's educational achievement.
物质剥夺：缺乏足够的住房、收入和教育资料等物质资源，可能阻碍儿童的学业成绩。
4. Social Stratification | 社会分层
Social stratification: The hierarchical arrangement of individuals into divisions of power, status, and wealth within a society; a structured inequality.
社会分层：根据权力、地位和财富将个体在社会中划分为不同等级的安排；是一种结构性的不平等。
Social class: A group of people sharing a similar economic position in society, typically defined by occupation, income, and wealth.
社会阶级：社会中经济地位相近的一群人，通常由职业、收入和财富界定。
Life chances: The opportunities an individual has to obtain socially valued resources and experiences, such as good health, education, and housing; closely linked to social class (Weber).
生活机会：个体获取有社会价值资源及经历的机会，如健康、教育和住房；与社会阶级密切相关（韦伯）。
Absolute poverty: A condition where a person lacks the minimum income needed to meet basic physical needs such as food, shelter, and clothing.
绝对贫困：缺乏满足基本生理需求（如食物、住所和衣物）所需最低收入的状况。
Relative poverty: Poverty defined in relation to the living standards of the majority in a given society; being unable to afford the normal lifestyle and activities of that society.
相对贫困：相对于社会中大多数人的生活标准而定义的贫困；无法负担该社会正常的生活方式和活动。
Social mobility: The movement of individuals or groups between different social positions; can be upward (into a higher class), downward, or horizontal (within the same level).
社会流动：个体或群体在不同社会位置之间的移动；可以是向上流动（进入更高阶级）、向下流动或水平流动（同一层级内）。
Welfare state: A system in which the government provides a range of services and benefits to protect citizens from social and economic hardships, such as the NHS, state pensions, and unemployment benefits.
福利国家：政府提供一系列服务和福利，以保护公民免受社会和经济困难的制度，如国家医疗服务、国家养老金和失业救济。
5. Crime and Deviance | 犯罪与越轨
Deviance: Behaviour that violates the accepted norms of a society; does not necessarily break the law (e.g. wearing unusual clothes).
越轨：违反正统规范的行为；不一定触犯法律（如穿着奇装异服）。
Crime: Any action that breaks the formal, written laws of a society and is punishable by the legal system.
犯罪：任何违反社会正式成文法律并由法律系统予以惩处的行为。
Anomie: A state of normlessness where societal norms break down, leading individuals to feel disconnected and engage in deviant behaviour (Durkheim).
失范：社会规范崩溃的无规范状态，导致个体产生疏离感并从事越轨行为（迪尔凯姆）。
Labelling theory: The idea that deviance is not inherent in an act, but rather a label applied by those with the power to do so; being labelled a 'criminal' can push a person toward further crime (Becker).
标签理论：认为越轨并非行为本身固有，而是有权者所贴的标签；被贴上“罪犯”标签可能将人推向进一步犯罪（贝克尔）。
White-collar crime: Non-violent crimes committed by individuals of high social status in the course of their occupations, e.g. fraud, embezzlement (Sutherland).
白领犯罪：高社会地位者在职业过程中实施的非暴力犯罪，如欺诈、挪用公款（萨瑟兰）。
Moral panic: An intense feeling of concern over a group or behaviour that is seen as threatening societal values; often amplified by the media (Cohen).
道德恐慌：对被视为威胁社会价值观的群体或行为产生的强烈担忧；常被媒体放大（科恩）。
Corporate crime: Illegal acts committed by a company or by individuals acting on behalf of a corporation, such as environmental pollution or health and safety breaches.
公司犯罪：公司或代表公司行事的个人实施的违法行为，如环境污染或违反健康安全规定。
6. Research Methods | 研究方法
Quantitative data: Information expressed in numerical form, such as statistics, percentages, and charts; often linked to positivist approaches.
定量数据：以数字形式表达的信息，如统计数据、百分比和图表；常与实证主义方法相关。
Qualitative data: Rich, in-depth information that records people's feelings, meanings, and attitudes, usually in written or verbal form; favoured by interpretivists.
定性数据：记录人们感受、意义和态度的丰富深入信息，通常为文字或语言形式；诠释主义偏好此方法。
Validity: The extent to which research findings provide a true and accurate picture of social reality.
效度：研究发现能真实准确反映社会现实的程度。
Reliability: The consistency of research findings; if a study is repeated using the same methods, it should produce similar results.
信度：研究发现的一致性；如用相同方法重复研究，应得出相似结果。
Representativeness: The degree to which the sample used in a study reflects the characteristics of the wider population being studied.
代表性：研究所用样本反映更广泛被研究总体特征的程度。
Sampling methods: Techniques used to select a group from a population; random sampling (everyone has equal chance), stratified sampling (taking subgroups proportionately), snowball sampling (referrals build sample).
抽样方法：从总体中选取群体的技术；随机抽样（每人有同等机会），分层抽样（按比例选取子群体），滚雪球抽样（通过推荐扩展样本）。
Ethical issues: Moral principles guiding research, including informed consent, confidentiality, protection from harm, and avoiding deception.
伦理问题：指导研究的道德原则，包括知情同意、保密、免受伤害和避免欺骗。
Primary / Secondary data: Primary data is collected first-hand by the researcher for a specific purpose (e.g. questionnaires, interviews); secondary data already exists and is used by the researcher (e.g. official statistics, historical documents).
一手/二手数据：一手数据由研究者为特定目的亲自收集（如问卷、访谈）；二手数据是已存在并被研究者使用（如官方统计、历史文献）。
7. Media | 媒体
Mass media: Forms of communication designed to reach large audiences, including television, radio, newspapers, and the internet.
大众媒体：旨在触及广大受众的传播形式，包括电视、广播、报纸和互联网。
Media representation: The way in which the media portrays particular groups, communities, ideas, or topics to an audience.
媒体再现：媒体向受众描绘特定群体、社区、观念或话题的方式。
Stereotype: A simplified, often exaggerated, generalisation about a group of people, which media can reinforce (e.g. gender, ethnic stereotypes).
刻板印象：对一群人简化、常夸张的概括，媒体可能强化这一点（如性别、种族刻板印象）。
Agenda-setting: The ability of the media to focus public attention on particular issues by repeatedly covering them, thus shaping what people think is important.
议程设置：媒体通过反复报道某些议题，将公众注意力集中起来，从而影响人们认为重要的内容。
Hypodermic syringe model: A media effects theory that suggests media messages are directly 'injected' into the passive audience and have an immediate, powerful effect.
皮下注射模型：一种媒体效果理论，认为媒体信息像被直接“注射”入被动受众体内，产生即时、强大的影响。
Uses and gratifications model: An approach that emphasises how audiences actively use media to meet their needs, such as for entertainment, information, personal identity, and social interaction.
使用与满足模型：强调受众如何主动使用媒体来满足自身需求，例如娱乐、信息、个人认同和社交互动。
Digital divide: The gap between those who have ready access to digital technology and the internet and those who do not, often linked to age, social class, and geography.
数字鸿沟：能便捷获取数字技术与互联网的人群与不能的人群之间的差距，常与年龄、社会阶级和地理位置有关。
8. Power and the State | 权力与国家
Power: The ability of an individual or group to achieve their goals or impose their will on others, even against resistance (Weber).
权力：个体或群体实现自己目标或将意志强加于他人的能力，即使遇到抵抗（韦伯）。
Authority: Legitimate power that is accepted as rightful, such as that held by a teacher, police officer, or elected leader.
权威：被视为正当的合法权力，例如教师、警察或民选领导人所拥有。
Democracy: A political system in which citizens have a say in decision-making, typically through elected representatives and free elections.
民主：公民通过民选代表和自由选举参与决策的政治制度。
Political socialisation: The process by which individuals learn and internalise political attitudes and values, often influenced by family, education, and media.
政治社会化：个体学习并内化政治态度和价值观的过程，常受家庭、教育和媒体影响。
Pressure group: An organised group that seeks to influence government policy and public opinion without seeking to be elected; can be sectional (protecting members' interests) or promotional (campaigning for a cause).
压力团体：有组织的团体，旨在影响政府政策和公众舆论但不愿参选；可为保护性（保护成员利益）或倡导性（为某一事业运动）。
Participation crisis: A concern about a decline in traditional forms of political engagement, such as low voter turnout and declining party membership.
参与危机：对传统政治参与形式下降的担忧，如投票率降低和政党成员人数减少。
9. Global Sociology | 全球社会学
Globalisation: The increasing interconnectedness of the world in terms of economic, cultural, political, and technological exchanges.
全球化：世界在经济、文化、政治和技术交流方面日益加深的相互联系。
Cultural homogenisation: The process by which local cultures become more alike or standardised, often through the spread of global brands and media.
文化同质化：本地文化因全球品牌和媒体的传播而变得越发相似或标准化的过程。
Transnational corporations (TNCs): Large companies that operate in multiple countries, influencing local economies and cultures; e.g. McDonald's, Nike.
跨国公司：在多个国家运营的大型公司，影响地方经济和文化；如麦当劳、耐克。
Cultural imperialism: The dominance of one culture over another, often seen in the spread of Western values and consumer goods to other parts of the world.
文化帝国主义：一种文化对另一种文化的主导，常表现为西方价值观和消费品向世界其他地区扩散。
Glocalisation: The adaptation of global products or ideas to fit local cultures; combining 'global' and 'local' (e.g. McDonald's offering specific menu items in different countries).
全球本土化：全球产品或理念为适应本地文化而做的调整；将“全球”与“本地”结合（如麦当劳在不同国家提供特定菜单）。
Global culture: A shared set of norms, values, and practices that emerge from the interplay of different cultures due to globalisation, such as the use of English as a lingua franca and shared online trends.
全球文化：由于全球化不同文化相互交融而产生的共享规范、价值和实践，如英语成为通用语和共同的网络潮流。
10. Quick Memory Tricks | 速记技巧
Use acronyms: To recall the functions of the family (Murdock), remember 'SREE' – Sexual, Reproductive, Economic, Educational.
使用首字母缩略词：回忆家庭的功能（默多克），记住“SREE”——性、生殖、经济、教育。
Link concepts to researchers: r authors, e.g. labelling theory → Becker, anomie → Durkheim, cultural capital → Bourdieu.
将概念与研究者挂钩：制作思维导图连接关键理论与作者，例如标签理论→贝克尔，失范→迪尔凯姆，文化资本→布迪厄。
Picture opposites: Many sociological terms exist in pairs: deviance vs crime, quantitative vs qualitative, validity vs reliability, absolute vs relative poverty. Visualise the two sides on a flashcard.
想象对立概念：许多社会学术语成对存在：越轨与犯罪，定量与定性，效度与信度，绝对贫困与相对贫困。在抽认卡上可视化这两边。
Real-world examples: Attach a concrete example to each term: for 'moral panic', think of how the media covered 'hoodies'; for 'hidden curriculum', recall school uniforms and bells.
现实世界例子：为每个术语附上具体例子：对于“道德恐慌”，想想媒体如何报道“连帽衫”；对于“隐性课程”，想想校服和铃声。
Sentence frames: Practise writing a one-sentence definition in your own words. For instance, 'Self-fulfilling prophecy is when a label leads a person to behave in a way that makes the label come true.'
句子框架：练习用自己的话写一句话定义。例如，“自我实现预言就是标签导致一个人以使其成真的方式行事。”
Quick-draw icons: For visual learners, sketch a simple icon next to a term: a syringe for hypodermic syringe model, a ladder for social mobility, a broken rule sign for anomie.
快速绘制图标：对视觉学习者，在术语旁画简单图标：注射器代表皮下注射模型，梯子代表社会流动，规则破碎标志代表失范。
Peer quiz: Test a friend or family member by giving the Chinese definition and asking for the English term, then reverse – bilingual recall strengthens memory.
同伴测验：给朋友或家人中文定义，要求说出英文术语，然后反过来——双语回忆强化记忆。
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