📚 Year 10 OCR Computer Science: Key Terminology Quick Revision Guide | OCR十年级计算机科学：关键术语速记指南
Mastering key terminology is essential for success in OCR Year 10 Computer Science. This guide provides clear definitions in both English and Chinese for all major topics, helping you build a strong foundation and revise efficiently.
掌握关键术语对 OCR 十年级计算机科学考试至关重要。本指南为各大主题提供了清晰的中英双语定义，助你打好基础并高效复习。
1. Computer Systems and Architecture | 计算机系统与架构
CPU (Central Processing Unit) – the primary component that fetches, decodes, and executes instructions; often called the 'brain' of the computer.
CPU（中央处理器）– 执行取指、解码和执行指令的核心部件，常被称为计算机的“大脑”。
ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) – the part of the CPU that handles mathematical calculations (addition, subtraction) and logical operations (AND, OR, NOT).
ALU（算术逻辑单元）– CPU 中处理算术运算（加、减）和逻辑运算（与、或、非）的部分。
CU (Control Unit) – directs the flow of data within the CPU; controls and coordinates the fetch-decode-execute cycle.
CU（控制单元）– 指挥 CPU 内部数据流动；控制和协调取指-解码-执行周期。
Register – a small, high-speed memory location inside the CPU; examples include Program Counter (PC), Memory Address Register (MAR), Memory Data Register (MDR), and Accumulator (ACC).
寄存器 – CPU 内部的小型高速存储位置；如程序计数器 (PC)、内存地址寄存器 (MAR)、内存数据寄存器 (MDR) 和累加器 (ACC)。
Fetch-Decode-Execute cycle – the continuous process by which the CPU retrieves an instruction from memory, interprets it, and then carries it out.
取指-解码-执行周期 – CPU 从内存取出指令、解释指令然后执行指令的循环过程。
Von Neumann architecture – a system where program instructions and data share the same memory and buses; the basis for most modern computers.
冯·诺依曼架构 – 程序指令和数据共用同一内存和总线的体系结构，是大多数现代计算机的基础。
Clock speed – the number of cycles a CPU can execute per second, measured in hertz (Hz).
时钟速度 – CPU 每秒可执行的周期数，以赫兹 (Hz) 为单位。
Cache – small amount of very fast memory inside the CPU that stores frequently accessed data, reducing the need to fetch from slower RAM.
缓存 – CPU 内部极快的小容量存储器，存放频繁使用的数据，以减少对较慢 RAM 的访问需求。
Cores – independent processing units within a CPU; a multi-core processor can execute multiple instructions simultaneously, improving performance.
核心 – CPU 内部独立的处理单元；多核处理器可同时执行多条指令，提升性能。
2. Memory and Storage | 内存与存储
RAM (Random Access Memory) – volatile memory that stores data and programs currently in use; its contents are lost when power is turned off.
RAM（随机存取存储器）– 易失性存储器，存放当前正在使用的数据和程序；断电后内容丢失。
ROM (Read Only Memory) – non-volatile memory that holds instructions needed to boot the computer (such as the BIOS); data cannot be changed by normal processes.
ROM（只读存储器）– 非易失性存储器，保存启动计算机所需的指令（如 BIOS）；正常使用中无法更改其数据。
Volatile memory – memory that requires power to maintain stored information; RAM is volatile.
易失性存储器 – 需要持续供电才能保持信息的存储器；RAM 即为易失性存储器。
Non-volatile memory – memory that retains data even without power; examples include ROM, SSD, and magnetic hard drives.
非易失性存储器 – 断电后仍能保留数据的存储器；例如 ROM、固态硬盘和机械硬盘。
Virtual memory – a portion of the hard drive used as an extension of RAM when RAM is full; it allows larger programs to run but is much slower.
虚拟内存 – 当 RAM 满时，将一部分硬盘空间用作 RAM 扩展；允许运行更大程序，但速度慢很多。
Secondary storage – non-volatile, long-term storage for programs and data; includes magnetic (hard disk), solid state (SSD), and optical (CD/DVD).
辅助存储 – 长期存储程序和数据的非易失性存储器；包括磁介质（硬盘）、固态硬盘和光盘。
Capacity – the maximum amount of data a storage device can hold, e.g., 500 GB.
容量 – 存储设备能容纳的最大数据量，如 500 GB。
Durability – how robust a storage medium is against physical damage and wear; solid state devices generally have higher durability than magnetic ones.
耐用性 – 存储介质抵抗物理损坏和磨损的能力；固态设备通常比磁介质更耐用。
3. Networks | 网络
LAN (Local Area Network) – a network covering a small geographical area, such as a school or office, typically using Ethernet or Wi-Fi.
LAN（局域网）– 覆盖较小地理范围（如学校或办公室）的网络，通常使用以太网或 Wi-Fi。
WAN (Wide Area Network) – a network that spans a large geographical area, connecting multiple LANs; the Internet is the largest WAN.
WAN（广域网）– 跨越较大地理范围、连接多个 LAN 的网络；互联网是最大的广域网。
Client-server network – a network model where a central server provides resources or services to client devices; servers manage security and file storage.
客户端-服务器网络 – 由中央服务器向客户端设备提供资源或服务的网络模型；服务器管理安全和文件存储。
Peer-to-peer network – a network in which all devices are equal and can share resources directly without a central server.
对等网络 – 所有设备地位相等、无需中央服务器即可直接共享资源的网络。
Star topology – a network layout where all devices connect to a central switch or hub; if one cable fails, only that device is affected.
星型拓扑 – 所有设备连接到中央交换机或集线器的网络布局；一根线缆故障只影响对应设备。
Mesh topology – a network layout where each device connects directly to several others; provides excellent redundancy but is expensive to cable.
网状拓扑 – 每台设备与多台设备直连的网络布局；冗余性极佳，但布线成本高。
Router – a device that forwards data packets between networks, often connecting a home network to the Internet.
路由器 – 在网络间转发数据包的设备，常将家庭网络连接到互联网。
Switch – a device that connects devices on a LAN and uses MAC addresses to send data only to the correct destination.
交换机 – 连接局域网中的设备，并利用 MAC 地址将数据只发送到正确目的地。
NIC (Network Interface Card) – hardware that enables a device to connect to a network; includes wired Ethernet cards and wireless adapters.
NIC（网络接口卡）– 使设备能够接入网络的硬件；包括有线以太网卡和无线适配器。
IP address – a unique numerical label assigned to each device on a network that uses the Internet Protocol; can be IPv4 (e.g., 192.168.1.1) or IPv6.
IP 地址 – 分配给网络中每台设备的唯一数字标签，使用互联网协议；分为 IPv4 和 IPv6。
MAC address – a hardware identifier burned into each network interface card; used for local data delivery within a LAN.
MAC 地址 – 烧录在网络接口卡中的硬件标识符，用于局域网内本地数据传发。
4. Network Security | 网络安全
Malware – malicious software designed to damage or gain unauthorised access to computer systems; includes viruses, worms, and trojans.
恶意软件 – 旨在破坏计算机系统或未经授权访问的恶意软件；包括病毒、蠕虫和特洛伊木马。
Virus – a type of malware that attaches itself to legitimate programs and replicates when those programs run, spreading to other files and systems.
病毒 – 一种附加在合法程序上、当程序运行时进行自我复制并传播到其他文件和系统的恶意软件。
Worm – standalone malware that replicates itself to spread across networks without needing a host program.
蠕虫 – 无需宿主程序即可自我复制并通过网络传播的独立恶意软件。
Trojan horse – malware disguised as legitimate software that tricks users into installing it, giving attackers hidden access.
特洛伊木马 – 伪装成合法软件、诱骗用户安装后使攻击者能隐密访问的恶意软件。
Phishing – a social engineering attack where fraudulent emails or messages trick users into revealing sensitive information such as passwords.
网络钓鱼 – 通过欺诈性电子邮件或消息诱骗用户泄露密码等敏感信息的社会工程攻击。
Social engineering – manipulating people into divulging confidential information or performing actions that compromise security.
社会工程 – 操纵人员泄露机密信息或执行危及安全的操作。
Brute-force attack – a trial-and-error method where an attacker systematically tries many passwords until the correct one is found.
暴力破解 – 攻击者通过系统地尝试大量密码直至找到正确密码的试错方法。
Denial of Service (DoS) – an attack that floods a network or server with traffic to make it unavailable to legitimate users.
拒绝服务 (DoS) – 通过大量流量淹没网络或服务器使其无法为合法用户提供服务的攻击。
Firewall – a system that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic based on predetermined security rules.
防火墙 – 根据预定安全规则监控和控制网络进出流量的系统。
Encryption – the process of converting data into a coded form so that only authorised parties with a key can read it.
加密 – 将数据转换为编码形式，只有持有密钥的授权方才能读取的过程。
5. System Software | 系统软件
Operating system – system software that manages hardware resources, provides a user interface, and enables applications to run.
操作系统 – 管理硬件资源、提供用户界面并允许应用程序运行的系统软件。
GUI (Graphical User Interface) – an interface that uses windows, icons, menus, and pointers (WIMP), making computers easier to use.
GUI（图形用户界面）– 使用窗口、图标、菜单和指针 (WIMP) 的界面，使计算机更易用。
CLI (Command Line Interface) – a text-based interface where users type commands to perform tasks; efficient for advanced users.
CLI（命令行界面）– 用户通过键入命令执行任务的文本界面；对高级用户而言效率高。
Memory management – the process by which the operating system allocates and deallocates RAM to running programs, preventing conflicts.
内存管理 – 操作系统为运行的程序分配和释放 RAM 的过程，防止冲突。
Multitasking – the ability of an operating system to run multiple applications and processes apparently at the same time.
多任务处理 – 操作系统能够看似同时运行多个应用程序和进程的能力。
Peripheral management – the operating system's control of input/output devices (keyboard, printer) using device drivers.
外设管理 – 操作系统通过设备驱动程序对输入／输出设备（键盘、打印机）的控制。
File management – the organisation, storage, and retrieval of data files; includes folder structures and access permissions.
文件管理 – 数据文件的组织、存储和检索；包括文件夹结构和访问权限。
Utility software – programs that perform maintenance tasks; examples include disk defragmentation, backup tools, and anti-virus software.
实用程序软件 – 执行维护任务的程序；如磁盘碎片整理、备份工具和防病毒软件。
6. Ethical, Legal, and Environmental Impacts | 道德、法律与环境影响
Data Protection Act 2018 – UK law that governs how personal data can be collected, processed, and stored, giving individuals rights over their information.
《2018 年数据保护法》– 管辖个人数据收集、处理和存储方式的英国法律，赋予个人对其信息的权利。
Computer Misuse Act 1990 – UK legislation making it illegal to gain unauthorised access to computer systems or to disrupt them with malware.
《1990 年计算机滥用法》– 将未经授权访问计算机系统或用恶意软件干扰系统定为非法的英国立法。
Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 – protects the intellectual property of creators, making it illegal to copy or distribute digital works without permission.
《1988 年版权、外观设计和专利法》– 保护创作者的智力财产，未经许可复制或分发数字作品属非法。
Open source software – software whose source code is freely available; it can be modified and redistributed (e.g., Linux).
开源软件 – 源代码免费开放的软件；可修改和重新分发（如 Linux）。
Proprietary software – software that is owned by a company; users must purchase a license and cannot access or modify the source code.
专有软件 – 公司拥有的软件；用户必须购买许可证，且无法访问或修改源代码。
E-waste – discarded electronic devices; improper disposal can release toxic materials into the environment.
电子废弃物 – 废弃的电子设备；不当处置会向环境释放有毒物质。
Digital divide – the gap between people who have easy access to digital technology and the internet and those who do not.
数字鸿沟 – 能轻松访问数字技术与互联网的人群与无法访问的人群之间的差距。
7. Algorithms | 算法
Algorithm – a step-by-step sequence of instructions designed to solve a problem or perform a task.
算法 – 为解决某个问题或执行某项任务而设计的一系列按步骤执行的指令。
Pseudocode – a way of describing algorithms using structured text that resembles programming code but is not tied to a specific programming language.
伪代码 – 使用类似编程代码的结构化文本来描述算法，而不绑定特定编程语言。
Flowchart – a diagrammatic representation of an algorithm using standard symbols (arrows, diamonds, rectangles).
流程图 – 使用标准符号（箭头、菱形、矩形）对算法进行图解表示。
Abstraction – the process of focusing on essential features and ignoring unnecessary details to simplify a problem.
抽象 – 专注于本质特征、忽略不必要细节以简化问题的过程。
Decomposition – breaking a complex problem down into smaller, more manageable sub-problems.
分解 – 将复杂问题拆分为更小、更易于管理的子问题。
Pattern recognition – identifying similarities or common patterns in problems that can be reused from previous solutions.
模式识别 – 识别问题中的相似性或共同模式，以便重复利用已有的解决方案。
Linear search – a simple searching algorithm that checks each item in a list one by one until the target is found or the list ends.
线性搜索 – 逐个检查列表中的每一项，直到找到目标或遍历完整个列表的简单搜索算法。
Binary search – an efficient searching algorithm for sorted lists; it repeatedly divides the search interval in half, eliminating half the remaining elements each time.
二分搜索 – 针对已排序列表的高效搜索算法；反复将搜索区间减半，每次排除剩余元素的一半。
Bubble sort – a simple sorting algorithm that repeatedly steps through a list, compares adjacent elements, and swaps them if they are in the wrong order.
冒泡排序 – 反复遍历列表、比较相邻元素并在顺序错误时交换的简单排序算法。
Merge sort – a divide-and-conquer sorting algorithm that splits a list into halves, sorts each half recursively, and then merges the sorted halves.
归并排序 – 采用分治策略的排序算法，将列表分成两半，递归排序后再合并已排序的两半。
8. Programming Fundamentals | 编程基础
Variable – a named memory location that holds a value which can change during program execution.
变量 – 已命名的内存位置，存放的值在程序执行期间可以改变。
Constant – a named memory location that holds a value which does not change during program execution.
常量 – 已命名的内存位置，存放的值在程序执行期间保持不变。
Integer – a data type representing whole numbers, e.g., 5, -10.
整型 – 表示整数的数据类型，如 5、-10。
Real (or Float) – a data type representing numbers with fractional parts, e.g., 3.14.
实型（或浮点型）– 表示带小数部分的数字的数据类型，如 3.14。
Boolean – a data type that holds only one of two possible values: True or False.
布尔型 – 只能取两个可能值之一（真或假）的数据类型。
String – a data type representing a sequence of characters, such as 'Hello'.
字符串 – 表示字符序列的数据类型，如 'Hello'。
Assignment – the process of giving a value to a variable, typically using the ' = ' operator.
赋值 – 给变量赋予值的过程，通常使用 ' = ' 操作符。
Arithmetic operator – symbols such as +, -, *, /, MOD (modulus) used to perform mathematical calculations.
算术运算符 – 用于执行数学计算的符号，如 +、-、*、/、MOD（取余）。
Comparison operator – operators like == (equal to), != (not equal to), <, >, <=, >= that compare two values and return a Boolean result.
比较运算符 – 如 ==（等于）、!=（不等于）、<、>、<=、>=，用于比较两个值并返回布尔结果。
Logical operator – operators AND, OR, NOT used to combine or invert Boolean expressions.
逻辑运算符 – 用于组合或取反布尔表达式的 AND、OR、NOT 运算符。
Array – a data structure that stores multiple values of the same data type under a single identifier; can be one-dimensional or multi-dimensional.
数组 – 在同一标识符下存储多个同类型值的数据结构；可以是一维或多维。
Subroutine – a named block of code that performs a specific task; includes procedures (which do not return a value) and functions (which return a value).
子程序 – 执行特定任务的具名代码块；包括过程（不返回值）和函数（返回值）。
Parameter – a variable in a subroutine's definition that receives a value when the subroutine is called.
参数 – 子程序定义中的变量，在调用子程序时接收值。
Local variable – a variable declared inside a subroutine, accessible only within that subroutine.
局部变量 – 在子程序内部声明的变量，仅在该子程序内可访问。
Global variable – a variable declared in the main program, accessible throughout the entire program.
全局变量 – 在主程序中声明的变量，在整个程序中均可访问。
9. Data Representation | 数据表示
Binary – a base-2 number system using only digits 0 and 1; used by computers to represent all data.
二进制 – 只使用数字 0 和 1 的底数为 2 的数制；计算机用它表示所有数据。
Denary (Decimal) – the base-10 number system we use every day, with digits 0-9.
十进制 – 我们日常使用的底数为 10 的数制，包含数字 0-9。
Hexadecimal – a base-16 number system using digits 0-9 and letters A-F; often used as a shorthand for binary.
十六进制 – 底数为 16 的数制，使用 0-9 和 A-F；常用作二进制的简写形式。
Bit – the smallest unit of data in computing, representing a single binary value (0 or 1).
比特 – 计算中最小的数据单位，表示一个二进制值（0 或 1）。
Nibble – a group of four bits.
半字节 – 四位二进制位组。
Byte – a group of eight bits; commonly used to measure storage.
字节 – 八位二进制位组；常用于衡量存储量。
Kilobyte (KB) – approximately 1000 bytes (1024 bytes in binary context).
千字节 (KB) – 约 1000 字节（二进制上下文为 1024 字节）。
Megabyte (MB), Gigabyte (GB), Terabyte (TB) – larger units of data storage; each step represents a multiplication by about 1000.
兆字节 (MB)、吉字节 (GB)、太字节 (TB) – 更大的数据存储单位；每级约乘以 1000。
Binary addition – adding two binary numbers together following rules: 0+0=0, 0+1=1, 1+0=1, 1+1=0 carry 1
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