📚 Year 10 OCR Psychology Vocabulary Memorisation Guide | 关键术语速记指南
Mastering the terminology is the first step to excelling in OCR GCSE Psychology. This guide pairs every key term with a memorable mnemonic or tip, so you can build confidence and fluency for exams. Each section groups terms by topic, exactly as they appear in your Year 10 studies.
掌握术语是攻克 OCR 普通中等教育证书心理学考试的第一步。本指南为每一个关键术语都搭配了难忘的记忆术或小窍门，帮助你在考试中建立信心、流畅作答。每个小节按主题分组术语，完全贴合你十年级的学习内容。
1. Research Methods: Variables & Hypotheses | 研究方法：变量与假设
Independent Variable (IV): The factor you deliberately change or manipulate. Memory tip: 'I' change it – I for Independent.
自变量：你刻意改变或操纵的因素。记忆窍门：“自”己改变的那个量。
Dependent Variable (DV): The factor you measure; it depends on the IV. Memory tip: The Data Value that Dances when you alter the IV.
因变量：你测量的因素；它随自变量的变化而变化。记忆窍门：“依”赖于自变量而变的测量值。
Operationalisation: Turning abstract ideas into measurable, testable variables. Memory tip: An 'operation' that makes concepts measurable, like defining 'aggression' as number of hits.
操作化：将抽象概念转化为可测量、可检验的变量。记忆窍门：像做手术一样把概念“切开”，变成具体可测的东西。
Null Hypothesis: Predicts no difference or no relationship between variables. Memory tip: 'Null' means zero – the hypothesis of zero effect.
零假设：预测变量之间没有差异或没有关系的假设。记忆窍门：“零”就是零效果，预测什么都不会发生。
Alternative Hypothesis: Predicts a difference or a relationship. Memory tip: This is the 'alternative' to nothing happening – something does happen.
备择假设：预测存在差异或关系的假设。记忆窍门：相对于“什么都没有”的另一个选项，预测确实会发生点什么。
2. Experimental Design & Controls | 实验设计与控制
Independent Groups: Different participants in each condition. Memory tip: Groups are 'independent' – they never meet each other's condition.
独立组设计：每个实验条件使用不同的被试。记忆窍门：各组“独立”，互不见面，各做各的实验条件。
Repeated Measures: The same participants take part in all conditions. Memory tip: Measures are 'repeated' on the same people, like retaking a photo.
重复测量设计：同一批被试参加所有实验条件。记忆窍门：对同一个人“重复”测量，就像重复拍照。
Matched Pairs: Participants are paired based on key traits, then split across conditions. Memory tip: Think of 'matching' twins – one goes to condition A, the other to B.
匹配对设计：根据关键特征将被试配对，再分别放入不同条件。记忆窍门：像“匹配”双胞胎，一个去A条件，一个去B条件。
Random Allocation: Using chance to assign participants to conditions, avoiding bias. Memory tip: Pulling names from a hat – purely random.
随机分配：通过机遇将被试分到不同条件，避免偏差。记忆窍门：抽签决定，纯凭运气。
Counterbalancing: Changing the order of conditions to reduce order effects. Memory tip: Balance the order – half do A then B, half do B then A.
平衡设计：改变实验条件的顺序以降低顺序效应。记忆窍门：顺序“平衡”，一半人先A后B，一半人先B后A。
3. Sampling Techniques | 抽样技术
Random Sampling: Every member of the target population has an equal chance of being selected. Memory tip: Like a lottery – everyone's name is in the hat.
随机抽样：目标人群中的每个成员都有均等机会被选中。记忆窍门：就像抽奖，人人名字都在帽子里。
Opportunity Sampling: Selecting participants who are readily available and willing. Memory tip: 'Opportunity' knocks – you take whoever is around.
便利抽样：选择那些容易找到且愿意参与的人。记忆窍门：“机”会来了，你抓住身边任何可以的人。
Volunteer Sampling: Participants self-select to take part, often by responding to an advert. Memory tip: Volunteers raise their hands – they choose themselves.
志愿者抽样：被试自行选择参与，通常通过回应广告。记忆窍门：志愿者主动举手，自己选自己。
Representative Sample: A sample that reflects the demographic characteristics of the target population. Memory tip: A mini-version of the whole group.
代表性样本：能够反映目标人群人口学特征的样本。记忆窍门：整个人群的缩小版。
4. Ethics & Data Quality | 伦理与数据质量
Informed Consent: Participants must know the true aims and give permission before taking part. Memory tip: You must be 'in the know' to give consent.
知情同意：被试必须在了解真实目的后给予许可。记忆窍门：“知”情了才能同意。
Deception: Misleading participants about the true aim; must be justified and followed by debriefing. Memory tip: Deception = a trick, but you must explain the trick afterwards.
欺骗：对真实目的进行误导；必须有正当理由并在事后进行解释。记忆窍门：欺骗就是耍花招，但事后得把花招说清楚。
Confidentiality: Data must not be traceable back to individuals. Memory tip: Keep identities 'confidential' – like a secret.
保密性：数据不能追溯到个人。记忆窍门：身份“保密”，如同秘密一般。
Reliability: Consistency of results over time and across researchers. Memory tip: Reliable results can be relied upon to repeat.
信度：结果在不同时间和不同研究者间保持一致的程度。记忆窍门：信度好的结果你可以信赖它重复出现。
Validity: Whether the study truly measures what it intends to measure. Memory tip: Valid = true value – is it genuine?
效度：研究是否真正测量了它打算测量的东西。记忆窍门：有效的=真值——它是货真价实的吗？
Ecological Validity: The extent to which findings can be generalised to real-life settings. Memory tip: 'Eco' as in real-world ecology.
生态效度：研究结果能推广到真实生活场景的程度。记忆窍门：“生态”就是真实世界的环境。
5. Memory: The Multi-Store Model | 记忆：多贮存模型
Encoding: Changing sensory input into a form that can be stored. Memory tip: Encoding is like converting a document into a format your computer can save.
编码：将感觉输入转化为可以储存的形式。记忆窍门：编码就像把文件转换成电脑能保存的格式。
Storage: Keeping encoded information over time. Memory tip: Storing is saving on a hard drive.
储存：将编码信息保存一段时间。记忆窍门：储存就是存到硬盘里。
Retrieval: Accessing stored information when needed. Memory tip: Retrieval = opening the saved file again.
提取：在需要时取出已储存的信息。记忆窍门：提取就是重新打开保存的文件。
Sensory Register: A very brief store holding sensory information in its original form. Memory tip: A snapshot that lasts only milliseconds.
感觉登记器：以原始形式极短暂地保存感觉信息。记忆窍门：只持续几毫秒的快照。
Short-Term Memory (STM): A limited-capacity store holding 7±2 items for about 18-30 seconds. Memory tip: The 'post-it note' of the brain – 7 things, quickly fade.
短时记忆：容量有限，能存储7±2个组块约18-30秒。记忆窍门：大脑的便利贴——7个左右，很快消失。
Long-Term Memory (LTM): A potentially unlimited store for a lifetime. Memory tip: Your life's hard drive – capacity unknown, lasts forever.
长时记忆：容量几乎无限，可保存一生。记忆窍门：人生的硬盘——容量未知，永久保存。
6. Attachment Key Concepts | 依恋关键概念
Attachment: A deep emotional bond between two people, usually infant and caregiver. Memory tip: A 'tie' that binds – like invisible string.
依恋：两个人之间，通常是婴儿与照料者之间的深厚情感纽带。记忆窍门：像一条看不见的绳子把两人连起来。
Reciprocity: Mutual turn-taking in caregiver-infant interaction. Memory tip: A 'reciprocal' dance – you respond, I respond.
交互性：照料者与婴儿互动中相互的轮流反应。记忆窍门：像一场互动的舞蹈——你响应我，我响应你。
Interactional Synchrony: Caregiver and infant mirror each other's actions and emotions. Memory tip: 'Sync' like synchronised swimming – same moves at the same time.
互动同步性：照料者和婴儿相互映照对方的动作和情绪。记忆窍门：“同步”就像花样游泳——同时做相同的动作。
Stranger Anxiety: Distress shown by infants when approached by unfamiliar people. Memory tip: Around 8 months, baby cries at 'strangers' – stranger danger.
陌生人焦虑：婴儿在陌生人接近时表现出的痛苦。记忆窍门：大约8个月，宝宝见生人就哭——怕生。
Secure Attachment: A healthy bond where the infant uses the caregiver as a safe base. Memory tip: Securely attached children explore but check back for safety.
安全型依恋：一种健康的纽带，婴儿以照料者为安全基地进行探索。记忆窍门：安全依恋的孩子会去探索，但会回头确认安全。
Internal Working Model: A mental template for future relationships, formed through early attachment. Memory tip: An inner 'blueprint' for love.
内部工作模型：通过早期依恋形成的对将来关系的心理模板。记忆窍门：内心关于爱的“蓝图”。
7. Obedience & Social Influence | 服从与社会影响
Obedience: Following a direct order from an authority figure. Memory tip: 'Obey' an order – think Milgram's shock study.
服从：听从权威人物直接发出的命令。记忆窍门：“服从”命令——想想米尔格拉姆的电击实验。
Authority Figure: A person perceived to have legitimate power over others. Memory tip: The person in a lab coat or uniform who seems in charge.
权威人物：被认为对他人拥有合法权力的人。记忆窍门：那个穿白大褂或制服、看起来管事的人。
Agentic State: A mental state where we see ourselves as agents carrying out another person's wishes, thus feel less responsibility. Memory tip: 'Agent' – you act as an agent for someone else, giving up your own will.
代理状态：一种心理状态，把自己看作执行他人意志的工具，因此责任感降低。记忆窍门：“代理”——你为别人当代理，放弃自己的意志。
Legitimacy of Authority: The extent to which we accept a person's right to control us. Memory tip: Legitimacy = lawful right; if the institution seems real, we obey.
权威的合法性：我们接受某人控制我们的权利的程度。记忆窍门：合法性就是合情合理的权利；若机构显得真实，我们就会服从。
Dispositional Explanation: Personality traits, like an authoritarian personality, explain obedience. Memory tip: Disposition = your natural character, not the situation.
倾向性解释：用性格特质（如权威主义人格）解释服从行为。记忆窍门：倾向就是你的天然性格，而非情境。
8. Psychological Problems: Depression & Phobias | 心理问题：抑郁与恐惧症
Depression: A mood disorder characterised by low mood, loss of interest, and reduced energy. Memory tip: The 'big D' is more than sadness – it's a persistent downpour of mood.
抑郁症：一种以情绪低落、兴趣丧失和精力减退为特征的心境障碍。记忆窍门：大写的“抑郁”不只是难过——是持续不停的情绪暴雨。
Phobia: An irrational, intense fear of a specific object or situation. Memory tip: Phobia = fear out of proportion; think of spiders or heights triggering extreme anxiety.
恐惧症：对特定物体或情境的非理性、强烈恐惧。记忆窍门：恐惧症就是不合比例的害怕，比如蜘蛛或高处引发极度焦虑。
Classical Conditioning: Learning through association, often explaining the acquisition of phobias. Memory tip: Pavlov's dogs; a neutral stimulus gets paired with a fright.
经典条件作用：通过联想进行学习，常用来解释恐惧症的习得。记忆窍门：巴甫洛夫的狗；中性刺激与害怕配对。
Operant Conditioning: Learning through consequences – reinforcement increases behaviour. Memory tip: Reward or punishment shapes actions; avoiding a phobic object is negatively reinforcing.
操作性条件作用：通过后果进行学习——强化增加行为。记忆窍门：奖励和惩罚塑造行为；回避恐惧物本身就是负强化。
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT): A treatment that helps patients identify and change irrational thoughts. Memory tip: CBT = Catch Bad Thoughts and replace them.
认知行为疗法：帮助患者识别并改变非理性想法的治疗方法。记忆窍门：CBT = 捕捉坏想法，然后换掉它们。
Systematic Desensitisation: Gradually exposing a person to the feared object while teaching relaxation. Memory tip: Step by step, from picture to real spider, while staying calm.
系统脱敏：在教授放松技巧的同时，逐步让患者接触恐惧物。记忆窍门：一步一步来，从图片到真蜘蛛，一边保持放松。
9. Brain & Neuropsychology | 大脑与神经心理学
Neuron: A nerve cell that transmits information electrically and chemically. Memory tip: Think 'neu-' as in nerve; a tiny messenger wire.
神经元：通过电信号和化学信号传递信息的神经细胞。记忆窍门：“神”经元，像微小的信使电线。
Synapse: The tiny gap between neurons where neurotransmitters cross. Memory tip: Synapse = gap; imagine two neurons nearly touching.
突触：神经元之间的微小间隙，神经递质从此穿过。记忆窍门：突触就是缝隙；想象两个神经元几乎碰在一起。
Neurotransmitter: A chemical messenger released at the synapse. Memory tip: Trans-mitter – it transmits the signal across the gap.
神经递质：在突触处释放的化学信使。记忆窍门：递质就是递送信号的物质。
Localisation of Function: The theory that specific brain areas control specific behaviours. Memory tip: Different 'locations' for language, memory, movement – not all mixed together.
功能定位：特定脑区控制特定行为的理论。记忆窍门：语言、记忆、运动有不同的“位置”，不是混在一起的。
Phineas Gage: A case study showing how damage to the frontal lobe changed personality. Memory tip: Gage's pole through the head – personality changed, proving localisation.
菲尼亚斯·盖奇：一个展现额叶损伤如何改变人格的案例研究。记忆窍门：盖奇头被铁棍穿过，人格改变，证明了功能定位。
10. Quick Revision Strategies for Terms | 术语速记小策略
Create flashcards with the term on one side and the definition plus a visual on the other. The brain recalls images better than words alone – draw a tiny brain, a gap, or a spidre to anchor abstract ideas.
制作抽认卡，正面写术语，背面写定义并配图。大脑对图像的回忆优于纯文字——画个小脑、一个缝隙或一只蜘蛛，让抽象概念扎根。
Use acronyms for lists: For Multi-Store Model stages, think 'SESR' – Sensory, Encoding, Storage, Retrieval. Turn sequences into silly sentences to chain them together.
使用首字母缩写记列表：对多贮存模型各阶段，用“SESR”——感觉，编码，储存，提取。把序列编成滑稽的句子串起来。
Teach a friend or your mirror. Explaining terms like 'operationalisation' out loud forces you to process the meaning deeply – the protégé effect boosts memory.
给朋友或镜子讲课。大声解释“操作化”等术语迫使你深度加工其含义——门徒效应能强化记忆。
Link terms to your own life: 'I was in an agentic state when I followed the teacher’s instructions even though I disagreed.' Personal connections make psychology stick.
将术语联系到自己的生活：“当我即使不同意但还是遵从老师指令时，我就处于代理状态。”个人关联会让心理学知识牢牢粘住。
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