📚 Year 10 OCR Science: Key Terms Rapid Recall Guide | Year 10 OCR 科学：关键术语速记指南
Mastering scientific vocabulary is the foundation for success in Year 10 OCR Science. This guide presents essential terms from biology, chemistry, and physics with clear definitions and memorable tricks to help you learn faster and retain longer. Each term is explained in short, exam‑friendly language, followed by a Chinese translation so you can build bilingual understanding and nail those definition questions.
掌握科学词汇是在 Year 10 OCR 科学考试中取得成功的基础。本指南精选生物学、化学和物理学中的必备术语，配以清晰的定义和巧妙的记忆技巧，帮助你学得更快、记得更牢。每个术语都先用简洁的考试用语解释，再附上中文翻译，助你建立双语理解，稳稳拿下定义类题目。
1. Cell Biology & Microscopy | 细胞生物学与显微镜术语
Nucleus: The control centre of the cell that contains genetic material (DNA) and regulates all activities. Think of it as the 'brain' of the cell.
细胞核：细胞的控制中心，含有遗传物质（DNA）并调控一切活动。可以把它想象成细胞的“大脑”。
Cytoplasm: A jelly‑like substance where most chemical reactions occur. It fills the cell and holds organelles in place. Remember: 'cyto' means cell, 'plasm' means fluid.
细胞质：一种果冻状物质，大多数化学反应在这里发生。它充满细胞内部，固定细胞器。
Cell membrane: A semi‑permeable barrier that surrounds the cell and controls what enters and leaves. Memory trick: like a security gate at a concert, only authorised substances pass through.
细胞膜：包围细胞的半透性屏障，控制物质的进出。记忆技巧：就像演唱会入口的安检门，只允许得到“许可”的物质通过。
Mitochondria: The site of aerobic respiration, releasing energy for the cell. They are often called the 'powerhouses'.
线粒体：有氧呼吸的场所，为细胞释放能量。常被称为细胞的“动力工厂”。
Ribosomes: Tiny structures that make proteins using instructions from DNA. Visualise them as little protein factories.
核糖体：微小的结构，根据DNA的指令制造蛋白质。把它们想象成微型蛋白质工厂。
Chloroplasts: Found only in plant cells and algae, they absorb light energy for photosynthesis and contain green chlorophyll.
叶绿体：仅存在于植物细胞和藻类中，吸收光能进行光合作用，内含绿色叶绿素。
Magnification: : How much larger an image appears compared to the actual object. Formula: magnification = image size ÷ actual size. No units, it is a ratio.
放大倍数：图像看起来比实际物体大多少的倍数。公式：放大倍数 = 图像大小 ÷ 实际大小。没有单位，是一个比值。
Resolution: The ability to distinguish between two separate points. Higher resolution gives a sharper, more detailed image.
分辨率：区分两个独立点的能力。分辨率越高，图像越清晰、越细致。
2. Organisation and Transport Systems | 组织与运输系统术语
Tissue: A group of similar cells working together to carry out a specific function, e.g. muscle tissue or xylem tissue.
组织：一组形态相似的细胞协同工作以执行特定功能，例如肌肉组织或木质部组织。
Organ: A structure made of different tissues that performs a vital function, such as the heart or leaf.
器官：由不同组织构成的结构，执行重要功能，如心脏或叶片。
Organ system: Organs that work together to do a major job in the body, e.g. the digestive system.
器官系统：共同完成身体主要工作的多个器官的组合，例如消化系统。
Xylem: : Plant tissue that transports water and mineral ions from roots to leaves. Flow is upward, and the cells are dead with hollow tubes. Trick: xylem = 'x' for wood, which moves water up.
木质部：植物组织，将水和矿物质离子从根部运输到叶片。运输方向向上，细胞已经死亡并形成空心管道。巧记：木质部想到“木头”，水往高处走。
Phloem: Living plant tissue that transports dissolved sugars (sucrose) and amino acids in both directions. Think of 'phloem' sounding like 'flow' of food.
韧皮部：活的植物组织，双向运输溶解的糖（蔗糖）和氨基酸。可以联想到“韧”和“运送养分”的顺畅流动。
Red blood cells: Biconcave discs with no nucleus, filled with haemoglobin to carry oxygen. Their shape gives a larger surface area for oxygen absorption.
红细胞：双凹圆盘状，无细胞核，充满血红蛋白以运输氧气。其形状增大了吸收氧气的表面积。
Plasma: The pale yellow liquid part of blood that transports cells, nutrients, carbon dioxide, urea, and hormones.
血浆：血液中淡黄色的液体部分，运输血细胞、养分、二氧化碳、尿素和激素。
3. Enzymes and Digestion | 酶与消化术语
Enzyme: A biological catalyst made of protein that speeds up reactions without being used up. It works by the 'lock and key' model.
酶：一种由蛋白质构成的生物催化剂，能加快反应速率而自身不被消耗。其作用机制可以用“锁钥模型”解释。
Active site: The specific region on an enzyme where the substrate binds. If the shape changes, the enzyme is denatured and cannot work.
活性位点：酶分子上底物结合的特定区域。如果形状改变，酶就会变性，无法工作。
Substrate: The reactant that fits into the enzyme's active site. Imagine it as the 'key' that matches the lock.
底物：与酶的活性位点结合的参与反应的物质。把它想象成与锁匹配的“钥匙”。
Denaturation: When an enzyme's active site permanently loses its shape due to extreme temperature or pH, causing loss of function. The lock is broken.
变性：酶因过高温度或极端pH而使其活性位点永久变形，丧失功能。相当于“锁”被破坏了。
Optimum temperature: The temperature at which an enzyme works fastest. For human enzymes this is around 37 °C.
最适温度：酶催化反应速率最快的温度。人体内酶的最适温度约为37 °C。
Amylase: An enzyme that breaks down starch into maltose (sugars). It is produced in salivary glands and the pancreas. Remember 'A' for stArch.
淀粉酶：将淀粉分解为麦芽糖（糖类）的酶。由唾液腺和胰腺产生。可联想“淀粉”英文starch中的A。
Lipase: Digests lipids (fats) into glycerol and fatty acids. The 'lip' in lipase links to lipids.
脂肪酶：将脂质（脂肪）分解为甘油和脂肪酸。lipase中的“lip”有助于联想脂质。
4. Genetics and Evolution | 遗传与进化术语
DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid, a double‑helix polymer that stores genetic information. Think of it as a twisted ladder with base pair rungs.
DNA：脱氧核糖核酸，双螺旋结构的聚合物，储存遗传信息。把它想象成一条梯子扭转成的螺旋，梯级就是碱基对。
Gene: A short section of DNA that codes for a specific protein and determines a characteristic.
基因：DNA上的一段短序列，编码特定的蛋白质并决定某一性状。
Allele: Different versions of the same gene, e.g. blue eye allele versus brown eye allele.
等位基因：同一基因的不同形式，如蓝眼等位基因和棕眼等位基因。
Dominant: An allele that is always expressed in the phenotype even if only one copy is present. Shown with a capital letter.
显性：只要存在一个拷贝就会在表现型中表达的等位基因。用大写字母表示。
Recessive: An allele that is only expressed when two copies are present (homozygous). Represented by a lowercase letter.
隐性：只有当两个隐性等位基因同时存在（纯合）时才会表达的等位基因。用小写字母表示。
Homozygous vs Heterozygous: entical alleles (e.g. BB or bb), while heterozygous means two different alleles (e.g. Bb). 'Homo' = same, 'hetero' = different.
纯合与杂合：纯合指两个等位基因相同（如BB或bb），杂合指两个等位基因不同（如Bb）。'Homo'意为相同，'hetero'意为不同。
Natural selection: The process where organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring. Often summarised as 'survival of the fittest'.
自然选择：更能适应环境的生物更易存活并产生更多后代的过程。常被概括为“适者生存”。
5. Atomic Structure & the Periodic Table | 原子结构与元素周期表术语
Atom: The smallest particle of an element that still has its chemical properties. It consists of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
原子：元素中能保持其化学性质的最小粒子。由质子、中子和电子组成。
Proton: Positively charged particle found in the nucleus. Its number defines the element (atomic number).
质子：原子核中带正电荷的粒子。质子数决定了元素种类（原子序数）。
Neutron: Neutral particle in the nucleus that adds mass but no charge. Neutrons help stabilise the nucleus.
中子：原子核中不带电荷的粒子，增加质量但不影响电荷。中子有助于稳定原子核。
Electron: Negatively charged particle that orbits the nucleus in shells. Mass is negligible compared to protons and neutrons.
电子：带负电荷的粒子，在核外分层排布。其质量与质子和中子相比可忽略不计。
Atomic number: The number of protons in an atom. It identifies the element. In a neutral atom, it also equals the number of electrons.
原子序数：原子内的质子数，用以确定元素种类。中性原子中，原子序数也等于电子数。
Mass number: The total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus. Electrons are ignored in this count.
质量数：原子核内质子数与中子数之和。计算时不考虑电子。
Isotope: Atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons, hence different mass numbers.
同位素：同种元素的原子，质子数相同但中子数不同，因此质量数不同。
6. Chemical Bonding & Reactions | 化学键与反应术语
Ionic bond: Strong electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions, typically formed when a metal transfers electrons to a non‑metal.
离子键：带相反电荷离子间的强静电吸引力，通常形成于金属将电子转移给非金属时。
Covalent bond: A shared pair of electrons between two non‑metal atoms, holding them together. Think 'co‑' meaning sharing.
共价键：两个非金属原子间通过共用一对电子形成的键合，“共”即共用之意。
Metallic bond: Strong attraction between a lattice of positive metal ions and delocalised electrons. This explains why metals conduct electricity.
金属键：正离子晶格与自由移动的离域电子之间的强吸引力，这解释了金属为何能导电。
Reactant: A substance that takes part in and is changed during a chemical reaction. Found on the left‑hand side of the equation.
反应物：参与化学反应并在过程中发生变化的物质。位于化学方程式的左边。
Product: A substance formed as a result of a chemical reaction. Placed on the right‑hand side of the equation.
生成物：化学反应产生的物质。位于化学方程式的右边。
Conservation of mass: In a closed system, total mass of reactants equals total mass of products. Atoms are just rearranged, not created or destroyed.
质量守恒：在封闭系统中，反应物总质量等于生成物总质量。原子只是重新排列，既没产生也没消失。
Exothermic vs Endothermic: Exothermic reactions transfer energy to the surroundings (temperature rises), while endothermic reactions absorb energy (temperature falls).
放热与吸热：放热反应向环境释放能量（温度升高），吸热反应从环境吸收能量（温度降低）。
7. Acids, Bases & Salts | 酸、碱和盐术语
Acid: A substance that releases hydrogen ions (H⁺) in aqueous solution. Occupy pH less than 7.
酸：在水溶液中释放氢离子（H⁺）的物质。pH值小于7。
Base: A substance that can neutralise an acid, often releasing hydroxide ions (OH⁻) in solution. Bases with pH above 7 that dissolve in water are called alkalis.
碱：能中和酸的物质，在溶液中常释放氢氧根离子（OH⁻）。可溶于水且pH大于7的碱称为可溶性碱。
pH scale: A measure of the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution, ranging from 0 (very acidic) to 14 (very alkaline). pH 7 is neutral.
pH值：衡量溶液中氢离子浓度的标度，范围从0（强酸性）到14（强碱性），pH 7为中性。
Neutralisation: A reaction between an acid and a base to produce a salt and water. H⁺ + OH⁻ → H₂O.
中和反应：酸与碱反应生成盐和水的过程。离子方程式为 H⁺ + OH⁻ → H₂O。
Salt: The ionic compound formed when the hydrogen ions in an acid are replaced by metal or ammonium ions. Table salt is sodium chloride; lab salts can be nitrates, sulfates, etc.
盐：酸中的氢离子被金属离子或铵根离子取代后生成的离子化合物。食盐是氯化钠，实验室里还有硝酸盐、硫酸盐等。
Titration: A technique used to determine the concentration of an acid or alkali by gradually adding one solution to another until neutralisation is complete.
滴定：一种通过逐滴加入一种溶液到另一种溶液中直至完全中和，以测定酸或碱浓度的方法。
8. Energy Types & Conservation | 能量类型与守恒术语
Kinetic energy: Energy possessed by a moving object. Any object in motion has kinetic energy. The faster and heavier it is, the more kinetic energy it stores.
动能：运动物体具有的能量。任何运动的物体都有动能，速度越快、质量越大，动能就越大。
Gravitational potential energy (GPE): Energy stored in an object due to its height above the ground. Higher up = more GPE.
重力势能：物体因位于高处而储存的能量。位置越高，重力势能越大。
Elastic potential energy: Energy stored when an elastic material is stretched or compressed, e.g. a spring or rubber band.
弹性势能：弹性材料被拉伸或压缩时储存的能量，例如弹簧或橡皮筋。
Conservation of energy: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or converted from one form to another. The total energy in a closed system remains constant.
能量守恒：能量既不会凭空产生也不会凭空消失，只能从一种形式转移或转化为另一种形式。封闭系统中总能量保持不变。
Efficiency: : The ratio of useful energy output to total energy input, often expressed as a percentage. Efficiency = (useful output energy ÷ total input energy) × 100%.
效率：有用能量输出与总能量输入的比值，通常以百分数表示。效率 = （有用输出能量 ÷ 总输入能量）× 100%。
Work done: rce moves an object. Work done (J) = force (N) × distance moved in direction of force (m).
做功：当力使物体发生移动时所转移的能量。做的功（焦）= 力（牛）× 沿力方向移动的距离（米）。
9. Forces & Motion | 力与运动术语
Force: A push or pull that can change an object's speed, direction, or shape. Measured in newtons (N).
力：能改变物体速度、方向或形状的推或拉。单位是牛顿（N）。
Resultant force: The single overall force acting on an object when all individual forces are combined. If forces are balanced, resultant force is zero.
合力：作用在物体上的所有力叠加后得到的总力。若力平衡，合力为零。
Velocity: Speed in a given direction. A change in velocity means either speed or direction (or both) is changing, which indicates acceleration.
速度：有方向的速度（速率）。速度变化意味着速率或方向（或两者）发生变化，即存在加速度。
Acceleration: change in velocity ÷ time taken. Can be positive (speeding up) or negative (slowing down).
加速度：速度变化的快慢。加速度（米/秒²）= 速度变化量 ÷ 所用时间。可为正值（加速）或负值（减速）。
Weight vs mass: gravitational force acting on it (N). Weight = mass × gravitational field strength (N/kg).
重量与质量：质量是物体所含物质的多少（千克），重量是作用在物体上的重力（牛）。重量 = 质量 × 引力场强度（牛/千克）。
Terminal velocity: The constant speed reached when the drag force equals the driving force (e.g. air resistance matches weight for a falling object). Net force becomes zero.
终端速度：当阻力等于驱动力时（如下落物体空气阻力等于重力），物体达到的恒定速度。此时合力为零。
10. Waves Basics | 波的基本性质术语
Transverse wave: A wave in which oscillations are perpendicular to the direction of energy transfer. Examples: light waves, ripples on water.
横波：振动方向与能量传递方向垂直的波。例如光波、水面涟漪。
Longitudinal wave: Oscillations are parallel to the direction of energy transfer, with compressions and rarefactions. Sound waves are longitudinal.
纵波：振动方向与能量传递方向平行，具有密部和疏部。声波是纵波。
Amplitude: The maximum displacement from the equilibrium position. For sound, larger amplitude means louder sound; for light, it relates to brightness.
振幅：质点离开平衡位置的最大位移。对声音而言，振幅越大声音越响；对光来说，与亮度有关。
Wavelength: The distance between two consecutive corresponding points on a wave, e.g. crest to crest. Symbol: λ (lambda).
波长：波上相邻两个对应点之间的距离，例如波峰到波峰。符号为 λ。
Frequency: : The number of complete waves passing a point per second, measured in hertz (Hz). High frequency = high pitch for sound.
频率：每秒通过某点的完整波的数量，单位是赫兹（Hz）。频率高对应声音音调高。
Wave speed: ency (Hz) × wavelength (m). This formula works for both transverse and longitudinal waves.
波速：波传播的快慢。波速（米/秒）= 频率（赫兹）× 波长（米）。此公式对横波和纵波都适用。
11. Electricity Fundamentals | 电学基础术语
Current: The rate of flow of electric charge, measured in amperes (A). In a metal wire, it is the movement of electrons. Conventional current flows from positive to negative.
电流：电荷流动的速率，单位为安培（A）。金属导线中，它是电子的定向移动。规定电流方向从正到负。
Potential difference (voltage): The energy transferred per unit charge between two points, measured in volts (V). It is the 'push' that drives current around a circuit.
电势差（电压）：两点间每单位电荷转移的能量，单位是伏特（V）。它是驱动电荷在电路中流动的“推力”。
Resistance: How much a component reduces the flow of current, measured in ohms (Ω). High resistance means lower current for the same voltage.
电阻：元件阻碍电流流动的程度，单位为欧姆（Ω）。相同电压下，电阻越大电流越小。
Ohm's law: ough a resistor is directly proportional to the potential difference across it. V = I × R.
欧姆定律：在温度不变的条件下，通过电阻的电流与其两端的电压成正比。V = I × R。
Series circuit vs parallel circuit: In series, components are connected end‑to‑end, current is the same everywhere. In parallel, current is split along branches, each branch gets full voltage.
串联电路与并联电路：串联电路中各元件首尾相连，电流处处相等。并联电路中电流分支，各支路电压相同并等于电源电压。
12. Radioactivity & Nuclear Physics | 放射性与核物理术语
Radioactivity: The spontaneous emission of radiation from an unstable nucleus. The process is random and cannot be influenced by temperature or pressure.
放射性：不稳定的原子核自发地放出辐射的现象。该过程是随机的，不受温度或压力影响。
Alpha particle: A type of nuclear radiation consisting of two protons and two neutrons (helium‑⁴ nucleus). It is highly ionising but poorly penetrating; stopped by paper.
α粒子：一种核辐射，由两个质子和两个中子组成（氦-⁴核）。电离能力很强但穿透力弱，一张纸就能挡住。
Beta particle: A fast‑moving electron emitted when a neutron turns into a proton. It is moderately ionising and can be stopped by a few millimetres of aluminium.
β粒子：中子转变为质子时释放出的高速电子。电离能力中等，几毫米的铝箔就可阻挡。
Gamma ray: Electromagnetic wave emitted from the nucleus. It is weakly ionising but extremely penetrating; requires thick lead or concrete to stop.
γ射线：从原子核发射出的电磁波。电离能力很弱但穿透力极强，需要厚铅板或混凝土来阻挡。
Half‑life: The time taken for half of the radioactive nuclei in a sample to decay, or for the count rate to halve. It is constant for a given isotope.
半衰期：样本中一半放射性原子核发生衰变，或计数率减半所需的时间。对特定同位素而言是常数。
Isotope: Atoms of the same element with the same atomic number but different mass numbers due to varying neutron counts. Some isotopes are radioactive.
同位素：质子数相同但中子数不同（因而质量数不同）的同种元素的原子。某些同位素具有放射性。
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