📚 Year 10 OCR Physics: Key Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | Year 10 OCR 物理：关键术语速记指南
A solid understanding of physics starts with precise terminology. In the OCR Year 10 course, you encounter many new words that describe forces, energy, waves, electricity and matter. This guide pairs each essential term with a concise English definition and its Chinese equivalent, helping you memorise them faster and use them correctly in exam answers. Work through the sections topic by topic to build your physics vocabulary with confidence.
扎实的物理学习始于精准的术语。在 OCR 十年级课程中，你会遇到大量描述力、能量、波、电和物质的新词汇。本指南将每个核心术语的简明英文定义与对应的中文释义并列呈现，帮助你更快记忆，并在考试答题时准确使用。按主题逐节学习，坚定地构建你的物理词汇体系。
1. Forces and Motion – Core Quantities | 力与运动——核心物理量
Scalar: A physical quantity that has magnitude only, without direction. Examples include speed, distance, mass and time.
标量：仅有大小、没有方向的物理量。例子包括速率、路程、质量和时间。
Vector: A physical quantity that has both magnitude and direction. Examples include velocity, displacement, force and acceleration.
矢量：既有大小又有方向的物理量。例子包括速度、位移、力和加速度。
Displacement: The shortest straight-line distance from the starting point to the finish point, with a specified direction. It is a vector.
位移：从起点到终点的最短直线距离，并带有明确方向。它是矢量。
Speed: How fast an object is moving, calculated as distance travelled per unit time. Speed is a scalar, often measured in m/s.
速率：物体移动的快慢，用单位时间内通过的路程计算。速率是标量，常用单位是 m/s。
Velocity: Speed in a given direction. Velocity can change even when the speed remains constant if the direction changes.
速度：在给定方向上的速率。即使速率不变，方向改变时速度也会改变。
Acceleration: The rate of change of velocity. It is a vector, calculated as Δv / t. A negative acceleration indicates deceleration.
加速度：速度的变化率。它是矢量，计算公式为 Δv / t。负加速度表示减速。
2. Newton’s Laws and Forces | 牛顿运动定律与力
Resultant force: The single overall force acting on an object, found by adding all forces as vectors. It determines the object's acceleration.
合力：作用在物体上的单一总体力，通过将所有力作为矢量相加得到。它决定物体的加速度。
Newton’s First Law: An object remains at rest or moves at a constant velocity unless acted upon by a resultant force.
牛顿第一定律：除非受到合力的作用，物体将保持静止或匀速直线运动状态。
Newton’s Second Law: tly proportional to the resultant force and inversely proportional to its mass: F = m × a.
牛顿第二定律：物体的加速度与合力成正比，与物体的质量成反比：F = m × a。
Inertia: The tendency of an object to resist changes in its state of motion. Greater mass means greater inertia.
惯性：物体抵抗其运动状态变化的倾向。质量越大，惯性越大。
Weight: ue to gravity, calculated as W = m × g. Weight is measured in newtons (N) and is a vector.
重量：由于重力作用在质量上的力，计算公式为 W = m × g。重量以牛顿 (N) 为单位，是矢量。
Mass: The amount of matter in an object. It is a scalar and remains constant everywhere, measured in kilograms (kg).
质量：物体所含物质的多少。它是标量，到处都保持恒定，以千克 (kg) 为单位。
3. Energy Stores and Transfers | 能量储存与转移
Energy store: A way in which energy is held within a system. The main stores are kinetic, gravitational potential, elastic potential, thermal, chemical, nuclear and magnetic.
能量储存：能量在系统中被持有的方式。主要储存形式有动能、重力势能、弹性势能、内能（热能）、化学能、核能和磁能。
Kinetic energy: The energy an object possesses due to its motion. Eₖ = ½ × m × v².
动能：物体因运动而具有的能量。Eₖ = ½ × m × v²。
Gravitational potential energy (GPE): The energy an object has because of its height above the ground. Eₚ = m × g × h.
重力势能 (GPE)：物体因离地高度而具有的能量。Eₚ = m × g × h。
Energy transfer pathway: How energy moves between stores. The four pathways are mechanically (by a force doing work), electrically (by an electric current), by heating and by radiation (such as light or sound).
能量转移途径：能量如何在储存库之间转移。四种途径是通过做机械功、通过电流、通过加热和通过辐射（如光或声）。
Conservation of energy: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred between stores. The total energy of a closed system remains constant.
能量守恒：能量不能被创造或毁灭，只能在储存库之间转移。封闭系统的总能量保持不变。
Dissipated energy: Energy that spreads out into the surroundings, often as thermal energy, and can no longer be used for useful work.
耗散的能量：散逸到周围环境中的能量，通常以热能形式存在，无法再用于做有用功。
4. Work, Power and Efficiency | 功、功率与效率
Work done: ct through a distance. W = F × d. Work is measured in joules (J), the same unit as energy.
做功：当力使物体移动一段距离时所转移的能量。W = F × d。功以焦耳 (J) 为单位，与能量单位相同。
Power: rred or work is done. P = E / t or P = W / t. The unit is the watt (W), where 1 W = 1 J/s.
功率：能量转移或做功的速率。P = E / t 或 P = W / t。单位是瓦特 (W)，1 W = 1 J/s。
Efficiency: input. It can be expressed as a decimal or percentage, and is never greater than 1 (or 100%).
效率：有用输出能量（或功率）与总输入能量的比值。效率 = 有用输出 / 总输入。可以用小数或百分比表示，且永远不大于 1（或 100%）。
Friction: A force that opposes motion between two surfaces in contact. It converts kinetic energy into thermal energy, reducing efficiency.
摩擦力：阻碍接触的两个表面之间运动的力。它将动能转化为热能，降低效率。
5. Specific Heat Capacity and Latent Heat | 比热容与潜热
Specific heat capacity (c): energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1 °C. ΔE = m × c × Δθ.
比热容 (c)：使 1 kg 物质温度升高 1 °C 所需的能量。ΔE = m × c × Δθ。
Internal energy: The total kinetic and potential energy of all the particles within a substance. Heating increases internal energy, which can raise temperature or change state.
内能：物质内部所有粒子的动能和势能的总和。加热会增加内能，这可以升高温度或改变状态。
Specific latent heat of fusion: The energy needed to change 1 kg of a solid into a liquid at its melting point, without a temperature change.
熔化比潜热：在熔点下，将 1 kg 固体变为液体而不改变温度所需的能量。
Specific latent heat of vaporisation: The energy needed to change 1 kg of a liquid into a gas at its boiling point, without a temperature change.
汽化比潜热：在沸点下，将 1 kg 液体变为气体而不改变温度所需的能量。
Temperature vs heat: Temperature measures the average kinetic energy of particles (°C or K). Heat is the thermal energy transferred from a hotter region to a colder one.
温度与热量：温度衡量粒子平均动能的大小（°C 或 K）。热量是从较热区域转移到较冷区域的热能。
6. Waves – Fundamental Properties | 波的基本性质
Transverse wave: A wave where the oscillations are perpendicular to the direction of energy transfer. Examples: light, water ripples, all electromagnetic waves.
横波：振动方向与能量传递方向垂直的波。例子：光、水波、所有电磁波。
Longitudinal wave: A wave where the oscillations are parallel to the direction of energy transfer. Examples: sound waves, seismic P-waves. They consist of compressions and rarefactions.
纵波：振动方向与能量传递方向平行的波。例子：声波、地震纵波（P 波）。它们由压缩区和稀疏区组成。
Amplitude: The maximum displacement of a point on the wave from its rest position. A larger amplitude usually means brighter light or louder sound.
振幅：波上某一点距离平衡位置的最大位移。振幅越大，通常意味着光越亮或声音越响。
Wavelength (λ): The distance between two consecutive identical points on a wave, such as crest to crest or compression to compression.
波长 (λ)：波上两个连续相同点之间的距离，例如波峰到波峰，或压缩区到压缩区。
Frequency (f): The number of complete waves passing a point per second. Measured in hertz (Hz). Frequency is the inverse of the time period.
频率 (f)：每秒通过某一点的完整波的数量。以赫兹 (Hz) 为单位。频率是周期的倒数。
Wave speed (v): n a given medium, frequency and wavelength are inversely related if the speed is constant.
波速 (v)：波传递能量的速度。v = f × λ。在给定介质中，如果波速不变，频率与波长成反比。
7. Electromagnetic Spectrum and Wave Interactions | 电磁波谱与波的相互作用
Electromagnetic (EM) spectrum: A continuous range of transverse waves that travel at the speed of light in a vacuum. In order of increasing frequency: radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays, gamma rays.
电磁波谱：一系列能在真空中以光速传播的横波。按频率递增的顺序为：无线电波、微波、红外线、可见光、紫外线、X 射线、伽马射线。
Reflection: The bouncing back of a wave when it hits a boundary. The angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection.
反射：波遇到边界时弹回的现象。入射角等于反射角。
Refraction: The change in direction of a wave as it crosses a boundary between two media at an angle, due to a change in wave speed. EM waves slow down in denser media.
折射：波以一定角度穿过两种介质之间的边界时，由于波速变化而发生的方向改变。电磁波在较密介质中速度变慢。
Absorption: When a wave's energy is taken in by a material, often converted into thermal energy. Dark, matt surfaces are good absorbers of infrared radiation.
吸收：物质的能量被材料吸收，通常转化为热能。深色、哑光表面是红外辐射的良好吸收体。
Ionising radiation: High-frequency EM waves (ultraviolet, X-rays, gamma rays) or particles that can remove electrons from atoms, causing damage to living cells.
电离辐射：高频电磁波（紫外线、X 射线、伽马射线）或粒子，它们能将电子从原子中剥离，对活细胞造成损害。
8. Electricity – Circuit Basics | 电学——电路基础
Current (I): The rate of flow of electric charge. Measured in amperes (A). In a single closed loop, the current is the same everywhere.
电流 (I)：电荷流动的速率。以安培 (A) 为单位。在单一闭合回路中，电流处处相等。
Potential difference (p.d. or voltage, V): erred per unit charge between two points in a circuit. Measured in volts (V). 1 V = 1 J/C.
电势差（电压, V）：电路中两点之间每单位电荷转移的能量。以伏特 (V) 为单位。1 V = 1 J/C。
Resistance (R): sure of how much a component opposes the flow of current. R = V / I. Measured in ohms (Ω).
电阻 (R)：衡量元件对电流阻碍作用大小的物理量。R = V / I。以欧姆 (Ω) 为单位。
Ohm’s Law: For a metallic conductor at constant temperature, the current through it is directly proportional to the potential difference across it.
欧姆定律：对于温度恒定的金属导体，通过它的电流与其两端的电压成正比。
Series circuit: A circuit where components are connected end-to-end. The current is the same through all components, and the supply voltage is shared across them.
串联电路：元件首尾相连的电路。电流在所有元件中相同，电源电压分配在各元件上。
Parallel circuit: A circuit where components are connected on separate branches. The voltage across each branch is the same as the supply voltage, and the total current splits between branches.
并联电路：元件连接在独立支路中的电路。各支路电压与电源电压相同，总电流分配在各支路中。
9. Electricity – Mains and Safety | 电学——市电与安全
Direct current (DC): Current that flows in one direction only. Provided by cells and batteries.
直流电 (DC)：仅沿一个方向流动的电流。由电池提供。
Alternating current (AC): Current that repeatedly reverses direction. In the UK mains supply, the frequency is 50 Hz and the voltage is about 230 V.
交流电 (AC)：反复改变方向的电流。在英国市电中，频率为 50 Hz，电压约为 230 V。
Live wire: Carries the alternating voltage from the supply. It is dangerous and can cause an electric shock.
火线：传输来自电源的交变电压。具有危险性，可能引发触电。
Neutral wire: Completes the circuit, providing a return path for the current. It is normally near 0 V.
零线：接通电路，为电流提供回路。通常接近 0 V。
Earth wire: A safety wire connected to the ground. It carries current away if a fault occurs, preventing the metal casing from becoming live.
地线：连接到地面的安全导线。一旦发生故障，它能将电流引入大地，防止金属外壳带电。
Fuse: A thin piece of wire that melts and breaks the circuit if the current exceeds a safe value, protecting the appliance and cable.
保险丝：一根细金属丝，当电流超过安全值时熔断并切断电路，保护电器和导线。
10. Magnetism and Electromagnetism | 磁学与电磁学
Magnetic field: The region around a magnet where a magnetic force can be felt. Field lines point from the north pole to the south pole outside the magnet.
磁场：磁体周围能感受到磁力的区域。磁体外部的磁感线从北极指向南极。
Permanent magnet: A magnet that produces its own magnetic field all the time. It always has a north and a south pole.
永磁体：时刻产生自身磁场的磁体。它总是具有北极和南极。
Induced magnet: A material that becomes a magnet only when placed in a magnetic field. It loses its magnetism when the field is removed.
感应磁体：只有放在磁场中才能变成磁体的材料。一旦移除磁场，其磁性就会消失。
Electromagnet: A solenoid (coil of wire) with an iron core. Magnetic field strength increases with more current, more turns or an iron core. Its magnetism can be switched on and off.
电磁铁：带铁芯的螺线管（线圈）。增大电流、增加圈数或加入铁芯都能增强磁场强度。其磁性可以通断控制。
Motor effect: A force experienced by a current-carrying conductor when placed in a magnetic field. The force is maximised when the conductor is perpendicular to the field lines.
电动机效应：通电导体在磁场中受力。当导体与磁感线垂直时，力最大。
11. Particle Model and Pressure | 粒子模型与压强
Density (ρ): nce. ρ = m / V. It is measured in kg/m³. Solids are usually denser than liquids and gases.
密度 (ρ)：物质单位体积的质量。ρ = m / V。以 kg/m³ 为单位。固体通常比液体和气体密度大。
Internal energy in a gas: The sum of kinetic energies of gas particles. Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles.
气体的内能：气体粒子动能的总和。温度是粒子平均动能的量度。
Pressure in gases: Caused by particles colliding with the container walls. Increasing temperature (at constant volume) increases pressure because particles move faster and hit walls harder and more often.
气体压强：由粒子与容器壁碰撞引起。在体积不变的情况下，升高温度会使压强增大，因为粒子运动更快，撞击容器壁更有力、更频繁。
Boyle’s Law (for a fixed mass of gas at constant temperature): Pressure is inversely proportional to volume. p₁V₁ = p₂V₂.
玻意耳定律（对于一定质量的气体，温度恒定）：压强与体积成反比。p₁V₁ = p₂V₂。
Atmospheric pressure: The pressure exerted by the weight of air above a point. It decreases with altitude and can be measured with a barometer.
大气压强：由某点上方空气重量产生的压强。它随海拔升高而降低，可用气压计测量。
12. Radioactivity – Key Terms | 放射性——核心术语
Radioactive decay: The spontaneous random process by which an unstable atomic nucleus emits radiation to become more stable. It is not affected by temperature or chemical conditions.
放射性衰变：不稳定的原子核自发地、随机地发出辐射以变得更稳定的过程。该过程不受温度或化学条件影响。
Alpha particle (α): A helium nucleus emitted during alpha decay. It has two protons and two neutrons, is highly ionising but has low penetration (stopped by paper or skin).
α 粒子：α 衰变中放出的氦原子核。它含有两个质子和两个中子，电离能力很强但穿透力弱（可被纸张或皮肤阻挡）。
Beta particle (β⁻): A fast-moving electron emitted when a neutron changes into a proton in the nucleus. It is moderately ionising and can pass through paper but is stopped by a few millimetres of aluminium.
β⁻ 粒子：原子核中的中子转变为质子时放出的高速电子。电离能力中等，能穿透纸张，但数毫米铝即可阻挡。
Gamma ray (γ): High-frequency electromagnetic radiation emitted from the nucleus. It has low ionising power but very high penetration, requiring thick lead or concrete to be stopped.
γ 射线：从原子核发出的高频电磁辐射。电离能力弱，但穿透力极强，需要厚铅板或混凝土才能阻挡。
Half-life: The time it takes for half the radioactive nuclei in a sample to decay, or for the count rate to fall to half its initial value. It is constant for a given isotope.
半衰期：样本中半数放射性原子核发生衰变，或计数率降至初始值一半所需的时间。对于给定同位素，半衰期是常数。
Contamination vs irradiation: Contamination is when radioactive material gets onto or inside an object. Irradiation is when an object is exposed to radiation without becoming radioactive itself.
污染与照射：污染是指放射性物质附着在物体上或进入物体内部。照射是指物体受到辐射，但自身并不具有放射性。
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