📚 Year 9 SQA Engineering Vocabulary Quick Guide | SQA 工程词汇速记指南
Mastering key engineering terminology is like learning the alphabet of a new language. This guide breaks down the most important SQA Engineering terms for Year 9 into easy-to-remember groups, with simple explanations and memory aids. Whether you're tackling forces, materials, or electronics, clear definitions and visual links will help you recall the right words under exam pressure.
掌握关键工程术语就像学习一门新语言的字母表。本指南将九年级 SQA 工程中最常用的术语分成几个易记的组别，通过简单的解释和记忆辅助帮助你快速掌握。无论是处理力、材料还是电子学，清晰的定义和形象的联系都能让你在考试时轻松回忆正确的词汇。
1. Forces and Motion | 力与运动
A force is a push or pull that can change an object's speed, direction, or shape. The unit of force is the newton (N). Velocity means speed in a given direction, while acceleration is the rate at which velocity changes.
力是能改变物体速度、方向或形状的推或拉。力的单位是牛顿 (N)。速度（velocity）指给定方向上的速率，加速度则是速度变化的快慢。
Think of a shopping trolley: pushing it harder gives greater acceleration. If you turn a corner at the same speed, the velocity changes because direction changes.
想象一辆购物推车：推得越用力，加速度越大。如果以相同速率转弯，速度会改变，因为方向变了。
Friction is a contact force that opposes motion. It can be helpful, like between tyres and the road, or unwanted, like in engine parts where lubrication is needed. Air resistance and water resistance are types of drag.
摩擦力是一种阻碍运动的接触力。它在轮胎与路面之间是有益的，但在发动机部件中则是不受欢迎的，需要润滑。空气阻力和水阻力都是阻力（drag）的类型。
ed forces (cause acceleration). The equation F = m × a links force, mass and acceleration.
关键词：质量（物质量的多少，kg），重量（重力对质量的作用力，N），平衡力（运动状态不变），非平衡力（产生加速度）。公式 F = m × a 将力、质量和加速度联系起来。
2. Energy Systems | 能量系统
Energy is the ability to do work, measured in joules (J). In engineering, we often talk about energy transfers: kinetic (movement), potential (stored), thermal, electrical, light and sound. The conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only changed from one form to another.
能量是做功的能力，单位为焦耳 (J)。在工程中，我们常谈论能量传递：动能、势能（储存能）、热能、电能、光能和声能。能量守恒定律指出能量不能被创造或消灭，只能从一种形式转化为另一种。
Think of a roller coaster: at the top it has maximum gravitational potential energy, which converts to kinetic energy as it drops. Some energy always 'wastes' as heat due to friction.
想象过山车：在顶部具有最大的重力势能，下落时转化为动能。由于摩擦，总有一些能量以热的形式‘浪费’掉。
Power is the rate of energy transfer (watts, W). Efficiency compares useful output energy to total input energy, usually given as a percentage. Engineers design systems to minimise energy waste.
功率是能量传递的速率（瓦特，W）。效率比较有用的输出能量与总输入能量，通常以百分比表示。工程师设计系统以最大限度减少能量浪费。
3. Materials and Properties | 材料与特性
Engineers choose materials based on their properties. Common properties: strength (withstands force without breaking), hardness (resists scratching/denting), toughness (absorbs impact without fracturing), elasticity (returns to original shape after stretching), ductility (can be drawn into wires), malleability (can be hammered into sheets), conductivity (allows heat/electricity flow).
工程师根据材料特性来选择材料。常见特性：强度（承受力而不失效）、硬度（抗刮擦/压痕）、韧性（吸收冲击而不断裂）、弹性（拉伸后恢复原状）、延展性（可拉拔成丝）、可锻性（可锤打成薄片）、导电/导热性（允许热/电流通过）。
Metals like steel are strong and tough. Aluminium is light and ductile. Plastics are lightweight and corrosion-resistant but generally less strong. Ceramics are hard but brittle. Composites like carbon fibre combine properties of different materials.
金属如钢具有高强度和韧性。铝轻而延展性好。塑料轻便且耐腐蚀，但通常强度较低。陶瓷坚硬但脆。碳纤维等复合材料结合了不同材料的特性。
Memory tip: 'SHED MC' for Strength, Hardness, Elasticity, Ductility, Malleability, Conductivity.
记忆提示：用 'SHED MC' 记住强度、硬度、弹性、延展性、可锻性、导电性。
4. Structures and Loads | 结构与载荷
A structure is something designed to support a load. Key vocabulary: tension (pulling force), compression (pushing force), torsion (twisting force), shear (sliding force across a material), bending (combination of tension and compression).
结构是为支撑载荷而设计的东西。关键词汇：张力（拉力）、压力（推力）、扭转力、剪切力（横穿材料的滑动力）、弯曲（拉力和压力的组合）。
A beam supported at both ends sags in the middle – the top is in compression, the bottom in tension. Trusses and triangulation make structures rigid without adding excessive weight. Bridges, cranes and towers all use these principles.
两端支撑的梁中间下垂——上部受压，下部受拉。桁架和三角形结构可在不增加过多重量的情况下使结构具有刚性。桥梁、起重机和塔架都运用了这些原理。
'Strut' is a member under compression, 'tie' under tension. Think of a bicycle wheel: spokes are under tension, pulling the rim inward.
'压杆'是受压构件，'拉杆'是受拉构件。想想自行车车轮：辐条承受拉力，向内拉轮辋。
5. Electronics and Circuits | 电子与电路
Basic electrical quantities: voltage (V, electrical 'push' measured in amperes or amps), resistance (R, opposition to current, measured in ohms). Ohm's law: V = I × R.
基本电量：电压（V，电的‘推力’，单位为伏特），电流（I，电荷流动，单位为安培），电阻（R，对电流的阻碍，单位为欧姆）。欧姆定律：V = I × R。
A series circuit has a single loop; current is the same everywhere, voltage splits. A parallel circuit has multiple branches; current splits, voltage is the same across each branch. Resistors, LEDs, diodes, switches and sensors are common components.
串联电路只有一个回路；各处电流相同，电压分配。并联电路有多个分支；电流分流，各支路两端电压相同。电阻器、LED、二极管、开关和传感器是常见元件。
Remember: 'current = flow like a river, voltage pushes it' esistor, a triangle with a line for diode (arrow shows direction of conventional current).
记住：‘电流像河流一样流动，电压推动它’。必须学会原理图符号：电阻用锯齿线表示，二极管用带横线的三角形表示（箭头指向常规电流方向）。
6. Mechanisms and Mechanical Systems | 机构与机械系统
A mechanism changes one type of motion into another, often giving a mechanical advantage. Common mechanisms: levers (pivot, effort, load), gears (toothed wheels transmitting torque), pulleys (change direction of force, lift loads), cams and followers (convert rotary motion to reciprocating motion).
机构将一种运动形式转变为另一种，通常能产生机械利益。常见机构：杠杆（支点、施力点、负载点）、齿轮（传递扭矩的带齿轮）、滑轮（改变力的方向，提升载荷）、凸轮与从动件（将旋转运动转换为往复运动）。
A lever's mechanical advantage is load ÷ effort. Gears can increase speed (small driving gear, large driven gear) or increase torque (large driving gear, small driven gear). The gear ratio is number of teeth driven ÷ number of teeth driver.
杠杆的机械利益为负载 ÷ 施力。齿轮可增速（小主动齿轮，大从动齿轮）或增扭（大主动齿轮，小从动齿轮）。齿轮比为从动齿轮齿数 ÷ 主动齿轮齿数。
Rack and pinion converts rotary to linear motion (as in car steering). A worm gear gives high reduction in a compact space and is self-locking.
齿轮齿条将旋转运动转化为直线运动（如汽车转向）。蜗轮蜗杆在紧凑空间内提供大减速比，且能自锁。
7. Manufacturing and Processes | 制造与工艺
Key processes: casting (pouring molten material into a mould), forging (shaping by compressive forces), extrusion (pushing material through a die to create long shapes), machining (removing material using lathe, mill, drill), additive manufacturing (3D printing, building layer by layer).
关键工艺：铸造（将液态材料倒入模具）、锻造（通过压力成形）、挤压（将材料推过模具以形成长条形状）、机加工（使用车床、铣床、钻床去除材料）、增材制造（3D 打印，逐层构建）。
Forming processes bend, stretch or shape without adding or removing material, e.g. pressing sheet metal into car panels. Joining techniques include welding (melting edges together), soldering (lower-temperature electrical connections), and adhesive bonding.
成形工艺通过弯曲、拉伸或整形而不增加或去除材料，例如将金属板冲压成汽车面板。连接技术包括焊接（熔化边缘连接）、焊接电子连接用较低温度的软焊、以及粘合剂粘接。
Important terms: tolerance (permissible limit of variation in a dimension), finish (surface texture), mass production (making large numbers of identical items), one-off production (single item, bespoke).
重要术语：公差（尺寸允许的变化范围）、表面光洁度（表面纹理）、大规模生产（制造大量相同产品）、单件生产（定制的一件）。
8. Systems and Control | 系统与控制
An engineering system has an input, process, and output. Open-loop systems have no feedback; closed-loop (feedback) systems monitor the output and adjust the input automatically. Examples: a toaster with a timer is open-loop; a thermostat-controlled heater is closed-loop.
工程系统包含输入、处理和输出。开环系统没有反馈；闭环（反馈）系统监控输出并自动调整输入。例子：带定时器的烤面包机是开环的；恒温控制的加热器是闭环的。
Microcontrollers (like Arduino) can be programmed to read sensors and control actuators. Sensors detect light, temperature, pressure, motion. Actuators produce movement: motors, solenoids, pneumatic cylinders.
微控制器（如 Arduino）可被编程以读取传感器并控制执行器。传感器检测光、温度、压力、运动。执行器产生动作：电机、电磁线圈、气动气缸。
Programming terms: algorithm (a sequence of instructions), flowchart (diagram of steps), input/output pins, analogue vs digital signals. Digital signals have only two states (0/1, high/low), analogue signals vary continuously.
编程术语：算法（一系列指令）、流程图（步骤图）、输入/输出引脚、模拟信号与数字信号。数字信号只有两种状态（0/1，高/低），模拟信号连续变化。
9. Health, Safety and Environment | 健康、安全与环境
UK safety legislation: PUWER (Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations), COSHH (Control of Substances Hazardous to Health). Risk assessment identifies hazards and puts control measures in place. Hazards in engineering include moving machinery, electricity, chemicals, noise, manual handling.
英国安全法规：PUWER（工作设备提供与使用条例），COSHH（有害健康物质控制）。风险评估确定危害并实施控制措施。工程中的危害包括运动机械、电气、化学品、噪音、人工搬运。
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): safety goggles, gloves, steel-toe boots, ear defenders, hard hats. Safe working practices include isolating power before maintenance (lock-out tag-out), keeping work areas tidy (housekeeping), and reporting near misses.
个人防护装备 (PPE)：护目镜、手套、安全靴、耳罩、安全帽。安全工作实践包括维修前断开电源（上锁挂牌）、保持工作区域整洁（内务管理）和报告未遂事件。
Sustainability vocabulary: renewable energy (solar, wind, tidal), carbon footprint, life cycle assessment, reduce-reuse-recycle. Engineers design for disassembly so products can be easily recycled.
可持续性词汇：可再生能源（太阳能、风能、潮汐能）、碳足迹、生命周期评估、减量-再利用-回收。工程师为拆解而设计，使产品易于回收。
10. Quick Memory Aids | 快速记忆辅助
Create mnemonics for tricky families: 'CUT TV' for forces (Compression, Tension, Torsion, Shear, Bending). For energy stores: 'KEG MCT' (Kinetic, Elastic, Gravitational, Magnetic, Chemical, Thermal). Draw mind maps linking terms to real objects: a crane shows tension in cables, compression in the boom, gears for lifting, and electrical control.
为棘手的族类创建助记符：对于力，'CUT TV'（压缩、拉伸、扭转、剪切、弯曲）。对于能量储存：'KEG MCT'（动能、弹性能、重力势能、磁能、化学能、热能）。绘制思维导图将术语与真实物体联系起来：起重机展示了缆绳的拉力、吊臂的压力、提升用的齿轮以及电气控制。
Label diagrams in your revision notes with both the term and a simple definition. Practice classifying vocabulary into the engineering disciplines: mechanical, electrical, structural, manufacturing. Linking words to applications makes them stick.
在复习笔记的图表上同时标注术语和简单定义。练习将词汇分类到工程学科中：机械、电气、结构、制造。将词语与应用联系起来会让它们记得更牢。
Published by TutorHao | Engineering Revision Series | aleveler.com
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