Year 9 SQA Media: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick-Reference Guide | Year 9 SQA 媒体：词汇术语速记指南

📚 Year 9 SQA Media: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick-Reference Guide | Year 9 SQA 媒体：词汇术语速记指南

Mastering media terminology is the first step to cracking your Year 9 SQA Media exam. This quick-reference guide compiles essential vocabulary, from camera shots to narrative theory, with simple explanations and memory tricks. Whether you are analysing a film clip or creating your own storyboard, key terms will boost your confidence and marks.

掌握媒体术语是攻克 Year 9 SQA 媒体考试的第一步。这份速记指南汇集了从镜头景别到叙事理论的核心词汇，配以简明解释和记忆技巧。无论你是分析电影片段还是制作自己的分镜，关键术语都会提升你的信心和分数。

1. Camera Shots and Angles | 镜头景别与角度

Extreme Long Shot (ELS) – Also called an establishing shot. It shows the location or environment from a great distance, making human figures very small. Think of it as setting the scene like a postcard.

极远景 (ELS) – 也称建立镜头。从非常远的距离展示地点或环境，人物极小。把它想象成一张明信片来设定场景。

Long Shot (LS) – Frames the entire subject from head to toe, revealing body language and the surrounding setting. It answers 'who' and 'where'.

远景 (LS) – 框定主体的全身，从头部到脚，展示肢体语言和周围环境。它回答了“谁在哪里”的问题。

Medium Shot (MS) – he character and their background, making you feel part of the conversation. Quick memory: 'MS = Meeting Shot'.

中景 (MS) – 腰部以上的镜头，常用于对话场景。它在角色与背景间保持平衡，让你感觉身临其境。速记：“MS = 会面镜头”。

Close-Up (CU) – Tightly frames a face or object, emphasising emotion or tiny details. A tear, a clenched fist, or a mysterious key fills the screen. Mnemonic: 'C U closely'.

特写 (CU) – 紧密框定面部或物体，突出情感或微小细节。一滴眼泪、握紧的拳头、一把神秘的钥匙充满屏幕。记忆法：“C U closely（特写让你仔细看）”。

Extreme Close-Up (ECU) – Focuses on a single detail like an eye or a ring, isolating it from context. Often creates tension or symbolism.

极特写 (ECU) – 只聚焦某一细节，如一只眼睛或一枚戒指，脱离背景。常营造紧张感或象征意义。

Low Angle – The camera looks up at a subject, making it appear powerful, heroic, or threatening. Imagine a superhero towering over the city.

低角度 – 镜头仰视拍摄主体，使其显得强大、英雄或具有威胁性。想象超级英雄俯瞰城市的样子。

High Angle – The camera looks down, making the subject seem vulnerable, weak, or trapped. Think of a drone shot looking down at a lost child.

高角度 – 镜头俯视主体，使其显得脆弱、弱小或被困住。就像无人机向下拍摄迷路的孩子。

Point of View (POV) Shot – Shows what a character sees, putting the audience directly into their eyes. Video game footage or a wobbly handheld feel often signals POV.

主观视角镜头 (POV) – 展示角色所见，让观众直接进入其视角。电子游戏画面或摇晃的手持感通常是 POV 的标志。

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2. Camera Movement | 镜头运动

Pan – Horizontal left-to-right or right-to-left rotation from a fixed position. Think of shaking your head 'no'. It scans a scene like a sweeping glance.

摇镜 – 镜头从固定位置左右水平旋转。就像摇头表示“不”。像扫视一样浏览场景。

Tilt – Vertical up-and-down movement from a fixed point. Nodding 'yes' reveals the height of a building or a character's body language.

俯仰摇镜 – 镜头从固定点上下垂直移动。像点头一样展示建筑物的高度或角色的肢体语言。

Zoom – Adjusts the lens to magnify (zoom in) or widen the view (zoom out) without moving the camera. It can reveal a clue or show isolation.

变焦 – 不移动相机而调整镜头放大（推摄）或扩大视野（拉摄）。可以用来揭示线索或表现孤独。

Tracking / Dolly Shot – The camera physically moves alongside the action, often on rails. It creates a smooth, immersive feeling of walking with the character.

推轨镜头 / 轨道车拍摄 – 相机物理地跟随动作移动，通常放置在轨道上。营造出平稳投入的跟随感。

Crane Shot – The camera is mounted on a crane, sweeping high above the action. Often used at the end of films for an emotional lift-off.

升降镜头 – 相机安装在吊臂上，高高扫过场景。常用于电影结尾，带来情绪的升华。

Handheld Shot – Shaky, unsteady footage that mimics the movement of a person holding the camera. It adds urgency, realism, or documentary feel.

手持镜头 – 摇晃不稳定的画面，模仿人手持相机的运动。增添紧迫感、真实感或纪录片风格。

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3. Composition and Framing | 构图与取景

Rule of Thirds – Imaginary grid of nine equal sections. Placing key subjects along the lines or intersections creates a balanced, professional look. Trick: avoid putting faces dead centre.

三分法 – 想象的九宫格。将关键主体放在线条或交叉点上，创造平衡专业的视觉效果。诀窍：避免人脸正中。

Leading Lines – Lines in the scene (roads, fences, rivers) that draw your eye towards a focal point. They guide the audience's attention naturally.

引导线 – 场景中的线条（道路、栏杆、河流）将视线引向焦点。它们自然地引导观众的注意力。

Headroom – Space above a subject's head in the frame. Too much looks odd; too little feels cramped. Aim for a comfortable gap.

头顶空间 – 主体头顶上方的画面空间。太多显得奇怪，太少感觉压抑。保持一个舒适的空隙。

Look Room / Lead Room – Space in the direction a subject is looking or moving. It prevents the frame from feeling closed off.

视线空间 / 预留空间 – 主体看向或移动方向留出的空间。这能防止画面显得封闭。

Shallow Focus – Only a small part of the image is sharp, while the background is blurry (bokeh effect). It isolates the subject and directs attention.

浅景深 – 只有很小一部分画面清晰，背景模糊（散景效果）。这突出了主体，引导注意力。

Deep Focus – Everything from the foreground to the background is in sharp detail. It allows the audience to explore multiple layers of action.

深景深 – 从前景到背景所有细节都清晰。让观众能同时探索多个层次的动作。

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4. Sound Elements | 声音元素

Diegetic Sound – Sound whose source is visible on screen or implied to be present in the story world. Characters can hear it. Examples: dialogue, footsteps, a ringing phone.

剧情声音 – 声源在屏幕上可见或存在于故事世界内的声音。角色可以听到。例如：对话、脚步声、电话铃声。

Non-Diegetic Sound – Sound that comes from outside the story world. Only the audience hears it. Includes voiceovers, background music (score), and sound effects added for mood.

非剧情声音 – 来自故事世界之外的声音，只有观众能听到。包括画外音、背景音乐（配乐）和为烘托气氛添加的音效。

Foley – Everyday sound effects created in a studio to match on-screen action, like crunching leaves, sword clashes, or clothes rustling. Mnemonic: 'Foley follows actions'.

拟音 – 在录音室中制作的日常音效，匹配屏幕上的动作，如踩碎叶、剑击、衣物摩擦。速记：“拟音跟着动作走（Foley follows）”。

Soundtrack – The collection of pre-recorded songs used in a media product. It can set the era or emotion. Think of a playlist that tells a story.

原声带 – 媒体作品中使用的预录歌曲合集。可以设定时代感或情绪。把它想象成一个讲故事的歌单。

Score – Original music composed specifically for the film or game. It heightens tension, sadness, or excitement without lyrics distracting you.

配乐 – 专为电影或游戏创作的原创音乐。它增强紧张、悲伤或兴奋感，不含歌词分散注意力。

Ambient Sound – Background noises that create atmosphere, like wind, rain, or distant traffic. It makes a scene feel alive.

环境声 – 营造气氛的背景噪音，如风声、雨声、远处车流。它让场景充满生命力。

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5. Editing Transitions and Techniques | 剪辑转场与技巧

Cut – The simplest transition where one shot instantly becomes the next. It keeps a scene moving without any effect.

剪切 – 最简单的转场，一个镜头瞬间切换为下一个。不加任何效果地推进场景。

Fade In / Fade Out – The image gradually appears from black (fade in) or disappears to black (fade out). Often signals beginning, ending, or passage of time.

淡入 / 淡出 – 画面从黑色中渐渐出现（淡入）或隐至黑色（淡出）。通常表示开始、结束或时间流逝。

Dissolve – One image blends into another, briefly overlapping. It can show a connection, memory, or dream. Think of two photos melting together.

叠化 – 一个画面渐变为另一个，短暂重叠。能表现关联、回忆或梦境。就像两张照片熔合在一起。

Jump Cut – A sudden, jarring cut that breaks continuity, skipping time or jolting the audience. Used for comedic effect or to show obsession.

跳接 – 突然、不连贯的剪辑，打破连续性，跳过时间或让观众震惊。用于喜剧效果或表现痴迷。

Match Cut – Links two similar shapes or actions across different scenes. A falling apple cuts to a falling rain drop. It is an artful connection.

匹配剪辑 – 把不同场景中相似形状或动作连接起来。跌落的苹果切到落下的雨滴。是一种巧妙的衔接方式。

Cross-Cutting / Parallel Editing – Cuts back and forth between two separate actions happening at the same time. It builds suspense, like a hero racing to save someone.

交叉剪辑 / 平行剪辑 – 在同一时间发生在两处不同行动之间来回切换。制造悬念，比如英雄飞奔去救某人。

Montage – A rapid series of short shots compressing time and information. Training montages or 'getting ready' sequences are famous examples.

蒙太奇 – 一系列快速短镜头，压缩时间和信息。训练蒙太奇或“准备就绪”序列是经典例子。

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6. Mise-en-Scène: Visual Storytelling | 场面调度：视觉叙事

Setting – The location and time where the scene takes place. A classroom, a futuristic city, or a haunted forest set the mood instantly.

场景 – 故事发生的场所和时间。一间教室、一座未来城市或一片闹鬼的森林瞬间定下基调。

Props – Objects characters interact with, from a wizard's wand to a detective's magnifying glass. They can drive the plot or reveal personality.

道具 – 角色与之互动的物品，从巫师魔杖到侦探放大镜。它们可以推动情节或揭示性格。

Costume and Make-Up – The clothes and appearance that communicate character status, era, and personality. A superhero cape or torn jeans tells you a story.

服装与化妆 – 沟通角色地位、时代和个性的衣着外型。一件超级英雄披风或破洞牛仔裤充满故事。

High-Key Lighting – Bright, even lighting with few shadows. It suggests a happy, upbeat atmosphere, common in comedies and advertisements.

高调光 – 明亮均匀的光线，阴影很少。暗示欢快积极的气氛，常见于喜剧和广告。

Low-Key Lighting – High contrast with deep shadows and pools of light. Creates mystery, fear, or tension. Think film noir or horror.

低调光 – 高对比度，深重阴影和光池。营造神秘、恐惧或紧张感。想想黑色电影或恐怖片。

Colour Palette – The deliberate choice of colours in costume, set, and lighting. Warm tones (orange, red) feel cosy; cool tones (blue, grey) feel cold or sad.

色彩基调 – 服装、布景和灯光中精心选择的颜色。暖色调（橙色、红色）感觉温馨；冷色调（蓝色、灰色）感觉冰冷或悲伤。

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7. Narrative Structure and Genres | 叙事结构与类型

Plot vs. Story – The plot is the specific order and way those events are presented to the audience. Memory: 'Story = what; Plot = how'.

情节与故事 – 故事是所有事件按时间顺序发生的完整序列。情节是这些事件以特定顺序和方式呈现给观众。速记：“故事 = 什么；情节 = 如何”。

Linear Narrative – Events unfold in chronological order from beginning to end. Easy to follow, like a straight timeline.

线性叙事 – 事件从头到尾按时间顺序展开。容易跟上，就像一条直线时间轴。

Non-Linear Narrative – The story jumps around in time, using flashbacks, flashforwards, or parallel timelines. It can puzzle the viewer to reveal mystery.

非线性叙事 – 故事在时间上跳跃，使用倒叙、预叙或平行时间线。可能让观众感到困惑以揭示谜团。

Flashback / Flashforward – A scene set in an earlier time (flashback) or later time (flashforward). They provide backstory or hint at consequences.

闪回 / 闪前 – 设定在过去（闪回）或未来（闪前）的场景。它们提供背景信息或暗示后果。

Cliffhanger – An ending with unresolved tension, often mid-action, designed to keep you desperate for the next episode. Perfect for series.

悬念结尾 – 留有未解决张力的结局，常在高潮时戛然而止，让你极度期待下一集。连续剧的绝佳手段。

Three-Act Structure – Act I (Setup), Act II (Confrontation), Act III (Resolution). Most Hollywood films follow this template. Mnemonic: 'Setup, Struggle, Solve'.

三幕式结构 – 第一幕（设置）、第二幕（对抗）、第三幕（解决）。大多数好莱坞电影采用此模板。速记：“设置、挣扎、解决”。

Genre Conventions – The expected features of a genre, e.g. horror uses jump scares and creepy music. Audiences build expectations through these repeated tropes.

类型惯例 – 某一类型预期的特征，如恐怖片用突发惊吓和诡异音乐。观众通过重复套路建立期待。

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8. Audience, Representation and Ideology | 观众、表征与意识形态

Target Audience – The specific group a media product is designed for, defined by age, gender, interests, and lifestyle. Knowing this shapes all creative choices.

目标受众 – 媒体产品针对的特定人群，由年龄、性别、兴趣和生活方式界定。了解它决定所有创作选择。

Demographics – Statistical data about audiences: age, income, education, occupation. Often sorted into groups like A, B, C1, C2, D, E.

人口统计 – 关于受众的统计数据：年龄、收入、教育、职业。常分类为 A、B、C1、C2、D、E 群体。

Psychographics – Classification based on attitudes, values, and lifestyle, such as 'Explorers' or 'Mainstreamers'. It explains why different people love the same show.

心理图示 – 基于态度、价值观和生活方式的分类，如“探索者”或“主流者”。它解释不同人为何喜爱同一部剧。

Dominant / Preferred Reading – The audience accepts the intended message exactly as the creator hoped. They agree with the hero and the moral.

主导式 / 偏好解读 – 观众完全按照创作者希望的方式接受预期信息。他们认同英雄和道德观念。

Negotiated Reading – The audience partly accepts but questions or modifies the message based on their own life. 'I like the message, but that scene felt unrealistic.'

协商式解读 – 受众部分接受但根据自己的生活质疑或修改信息。“我喜欢这个信息，但那一幕感觉不真实。”

Oppositional Reading – The audience completely rejects the intended message. They see a viewpoint that goes against the creator's ideas.

对抗式解读 – 观众完全拒绝预期信息。他们看到的观点与创作者意图相反。

Stereotype – A simplified, often exaggerated representation of a group based on assumptions. While quick to recognise, they can reinforce prejudice.

刻板印象 – 基于假设对某一群体的简化、常夸大的表征。虽然容易识别，但可能强化偏见。

Countertype – A representation that challenges and overturns traditional stereotypes, showing a group in a fresh, unconventional way.

反刻板印象 – 一种挑战并推翻传统刻板印象的表征，以新颖非常规的方式展示一个群体。

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9. Media Industries and Regulation | 媒体产业与监管

Production – The process of creating a media product: writing scripts, filming, recording, and designing. This is where ideas come to life.

制作 – 创作媒体产品的过程：写剧本、拍摄、录制和设计。这是想法变为实物的阶段。

Distribution – Getting the product to audiences: cinema release, streaming platforms, DVD sales, or broadcast channels. Without distribution, no one sees it.

发行 – 将产品送达观众：院线上映、流媒体平台、DVD 销售或电视频道。没有发行，无人可见。

Exhibition – The point where audiences consume the product: in a cinema, on a smartphone, or at a live event. It is the final stop on the media journey.

展示 / 放映 – 观众消费产品的地点：影院、智能手机或现场活动。这是媒体旅程的最后一站。

Convergence – When different media technologies and industries merge. A smartphone that is a phone, camera, TV, and game console all in one is a perfect example.

融合 – 不同媒体技术和产业相互结合。手机集电话、相机、电视、游戏机于一身就是一个完美例子。

Regulation – Rules that control what can be shown or said. In the UK, Ofcom ensures TV and radio content is suitable and fair. It protects young audiences.

监管 – 控制可以展示或说出内容的规则。在英国，Ofcom 确保电视和广播内容适当公平。它保护年轻观众。

Public Service Broadcasting (PSB) – Broadcasters like the BBC aim to inform, educate, and entertain, rather than just chase profits. Funded by licence fees.

公共服务广播 (PSB) – 像 BBC 这样的广播机构旨在告知、教育和娱乐大众，而非只为盈利。由执照费资助。

Copyright – Legal protection for original works. You cannot use someone else's music, images, or footage without permission. It respects creators' rights.

版权 – 对原创作品的法律保护。未经许可不可使用他人的音乐、图像或视频。它尊重创作者的权利。

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10. Quick Mnemonics and Exam Hacks | 速记口诀与考场技巧

C.A.M.E.R.A. – Composition, Angle, Movement, Editing, Representation, Audience. This acronym helps you remember the six main areas to analyse any clip. Write it at the top of your answer sheet.

C.A.M.E.R.A. – 构图、角度、运动、剪辑、表征、受众。这个首字母缩写帮你记住分析任何片段时需考虑的六大领域。把它写在答题纸顶部。

P.E.E. Chain – Point, Evidence, Explanation. Make your Point, supply a media term as Evidence (describe the shot/sound), then Explain how it affects the audience. One chain per idea.

P.E.E. 链条 – 观点、证据、解释。提出你的观点，用媒体术语作为证据（描述镜头/声音），然后解释它如何影响观众。每个想法用一组链条。

Spot the Shot – When stuck, ask: How close? What angle? Moving or still? This triggers CU/LS, low/high angle, zoom/pan. Quick identification saves time.

镜头速判法 – 遇到困难时，问：多远？什么角度？运动还是静止？这触发特写/远景、低/高角度、变焦/摇镜。快速识别节省时间。

Sound Sandwich – Always mention diegetic AND non-diegetic sound in a response. Even a simple 'The tense non-diegetic score contrasts with the character's quiet diegetic dialogue' shows deep understanding.

声音三明治 – 在回答中始终同时提及剧情和非剧情声音。哪怕一句“紧张的非剧情配乐与角色安静的剧情对话形成对比”也能体现深层理解。

Representation Reminder – Use the 4 S's: Stereotype, Subvert, Social group, Significance. How is a gender, age, or ethnicity portrayed, and why might that matter?

表征提醒 – 使用 4S：刻板印象、颠覆、社会群体、意义。性别、年龄或民族如何被描绘，以及为何这很重要？

The 'Why' Check – After naming any technique, always add 'to...' or 'which makes the audience feel...'. This turns a list into analysis. 'Low angle shot' → 'Low angle to make the hero seem powerful and gain our respect.'

“为何”检查 – 命名任何技巧后，加上“为了...”或“这让观众感到...”。这能把清单变成分析。“低角度镜头”→“低角度为了突出英雄力量并赢得我们的尊重。”

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