📚 Year 10 AQA Chinese: Grammar Formulas Quick Reference Handbook | AQA 中文：语法公式速查手册
This quick reference handbook brings together the essential sentence patterns and grammar rules needed for Year 10 AQA Chinese. Think of each structure as a reliable formula – once you learn the pattern, you can generate accurate sentences under exam pressure. All examples are given in simplified characters with pinyin and English translations to support rapid revision.
这份速查手册汇总了 Year 10 AQA 中文课程必备的句型与语法规则。把每一个结构看作一条可靠公式——掌握规律后，便能在考试压力下生成准确的句子。所有例句均配有简体汉字、拼音及英文翻译，方便快速复习。
1. Basic Word Order Formula | 基本语序公式
The standard Chinese sentence follows the pattern Subject + Time + Place + Verb + Object. Unlike English, adverbials of time and place almost always come before the verb. Keeping to this formula will prevent most word-order mistakes.
标准汉语句子遵循 主语 + 时间 + 地点 + 动词 + 宾语 的语序。与英语不同，时间和地点状语几乎总是出现在动词之前。牢记这条公式可避免绝大多数语序错误。
S + Time + Place + V + O
- 我 昨天 在图书馆 看 书。 (Wǒ zuótiān zài túshūguǎn kàn shū.) – I read books in the library yesterday.
- 她 周末 在家 做 作业。 (Tā zhōumò zài jiā zuò zuòyè.) – She does homework at home at the weekend.
2. The 'Adjective as Predicate' Formula | 形容词谓语句公式
In Chinese, adjectives can act directly as predicates without a linking verb. The formula is Subject + (Adverb) + Adjective. The adverb '很' (hěn) is often added even when no sense of 'very' is intended; omitting it may create an unwanted comparative reading.
汉语中形容词可直接充当谓语，无需系动词。句式公式为 主语 + (副词) + 形容词。常添加副词“很”，即便并非表示“非常”之意；省略“很”可能产生不想要的比较义。
S + 很/非常/真 + Adj.
| With 很 (neutral description) | Without 很 (implied comparison) |
|---|---|
| 她很高。 (Tā hěn gāo.) – She is tall. | 她高。 (Tā gāo.) – She is taller (than someone else). |
| 这本书很有意思。 – This book is interesting. | 这本书有意思。 – This book is more interesting. |
3. The Perfective '了' Formula | 完成态“了”公式
The particle '了' (le) placed immediately after a verb marks completion of an action. The formula is Subject + Verb + 了 + Object. Note that for habitual or ongoing actions, '了' is not used. This '了' does not indicate past tense; it signals that the action has been completed relative to the reference time.
动态助词“了”紧跟在动词之后，表示动作的完成。句式公式为 主语 + 动词 + 了 + 宾语。注意习惯性动作或持续动作不用“了”。这个“了”并不表示过去时，而是表示动作在参照时间点已经完成。
S + V + 了 + O
- 我 吃 了 早饭。 (Wǒ chī le zǎofàn.) – I have eaten breakfast.
- 昨天 他 买 了 一本书。 (Zuótiān tā mǎi le yì běn shū.) – He bought a book yesterday.
4. Double '了' and Sentence-Final '了' Formula | 双“了”与句末“了”公式
When a sentence-final '了' is added to a predicate that already contains a verbal '了', it indicates both completion and a change of state or ongoing relevance. The pattern is Subject + Verb + 了 + Object + 了. The final '了' often signals a new situation or that something has happened up to now.
在已包含动词后“了”的谓语末尾再加句末“了”，既表完成又表状态变化或当前相关性。结构为 主语 + 动词 + 了 + 宾语 + 了。句末“了”常表示新情况的出现，或表示到目前为止已发生某事。
S + V + 了 + O + 了
- 我 学 了 三年 中文 了。 (Wǒ xué le sān nián Zhōngwén le.) – I have been learning Chinese for three years (and am still learning).
- 他 去 了 中国 了。 (Tā qù le Zhōngguó le.) – He has gone to China (and is now there).
5. Comparative Structures Formula | 比较结构公式
Comparisons in Chinese rely on set patterns rather than inflectional suffixes. The most common formula is A + 比 + B + Adj. for 'A is more … than B'. For equality, use A + 跟/和 + B + 一样 + Adj.. The negative form uses '没有' or '不比' with subtle differences in attitude.
汉语的比较依赖固定句式，而非词尾变化。最常用的公式是 A + 比 + B + 形容词，表示“A 比 B 更……”。表示同等时用 A + 跟/和 + B + 一样 + 形容词。否定形式用“没有”或“不比”，两者有细微语感差异。
| Pattern | Example |
|---|---|
| A 比 B + Adj. | 哥哥比弟弟高。 (Gēge bǐ dìdi gāo.) – Older brother is taller than younger brother. |
| A 没有 B + Adj. | 这本书没有那本书有意思。 – This book is not as interesting as that one. |
| A 跟 B 一样 + Adj. | 我跟你一样忙。 (Wǒ gēn nǐ yíyàng máng.) – I am as busy as you. |
6. The '把' Sentence Formula | 把字句公式
The '把' construction shifts the object before the verb to emphasise its disposal or the result of an action. The formula is Subject + 把 + Object + Verb + Complement/了. A bare verb without a complement or '了' is usually ungrammatical in a 把 sentence; the action must have a clear outcome.
把字句将宾语前置至动词之前，以强调对宾语的处置或动作结果。公式为 主语 + 把 + 宾语 + 动词 + 补语/了。把字句中光杆动词通常不成立；动作必须有明确的结果。
S + 把 + O + V + Complement / 了
- 请 把 窗户 打开。 (Qǐng bǎ chuānghù dǎkāi.) – Please open the window (and dispose of it).
- 我 把 作业 做完了。 (Wǒ bǎ zuòyè zuòwán le.) – I finished the homework (with the result of completion).
7. The Passive '被' Formula | 被字句公式
The passive is formed with Receiver + 被 + Agent + Verb + Complement. In informal speech, '叫' or '让' can replace '被'. The agent can be omitted if it is unknown or unimportant, but the verb still requires a resultative complement or '了' to mark the affectedness.
被动句由 受事 + 被 + 施事 + 动词 + 补语 构成。口语中可用“叫”或“让”替代“被”。若施事未知或不重要，可省略，但动词仍需结果补语或“了”以标示受作用。
Receiver + 被/叫/让 + (Agent) + V + Complement
- 我的 手机 被 偷了。 (Wǒ de shǒujī bèi tōu le.) – My phone was stolen.
- 他 被 老师 批评 了。 (Tā bèi lǎoshī pīpíng le.) – He was criticised by the teacher.
8. Serial Verbs and Directional Complements Formula | 连动句与趋向补语公式
Chinese often strings two verb phrases together to express purpose or successive actions: Subject + VP₁ + VP₂. Directional complements follow a motion verb with 来/去 to indicate direction relative to the speaker. The combined formula V + 来/去 or V + Object + 来/去 clarifies where the action is heading.
汉语常连用两个动词短语，形成连动结构，表示目的或先后动作：主语 + 动词短语₁ + 动词短语₂。趋向补语在运动动词后加“来/去”，以说话人为中心表示方向。组合公式 动词 + 来/去 或 动词 + 宾语 + 来/去 可明确动作趋向。
- 我 去 图书馆 看 书。 (Wǒ qù túshūguǎn kàn shū.) – I go to the library to read books. (Serial verbs: go + read)
- 拿 回来 一瓶水。 (Ná huílái yì píng shuǐ.) – Bring back a bottle of water. (Directional complement: take + return + come)
- 他 走进 教室 去了。 (Tā zǒujìn jiàoshì qù le.) – He walked into the classroom (away from the speaker).
9. Complement Structures Formula | 补语结构公式
Complements provide crucial information about result, degree, or potential. Result complements use V + 完/懂/好…. Potential complements insert 得/不 between verb and result: V + 得/不 + Result. Degree complements follow V + 得 + Adj.. These fixed patterns function like algebraic templates.
补语提供有关结果、程度或可能性的关键信息。结果补语用 动词 + 完/懂/好……。可能补语在动词与结果之间插入 得/不：动词 + 得/不 + 结果。程度补语遵循 动词 + 得 + 形容词。这些固定句式如同代数模板。
| Type | Formula | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Result | V + 完/懂/好 | 听懂 (tīngdǒng) – listen and understand |
| Potential | V + 得/不 + Result | 听得懂/听不懂 – can/cannot understand |
| Degree | V + 得 + Adj. | 跑得很快 (pǎo de hěn kuài) – run very fast |
10. The '是…的' Emphasis Formula | “是……的”强调结构公式
To highlight the time, place, manner or agent of a completed action, use the pattern 是 + Detail + V + 的. This structure does not mark tense; rather, it frames the already-known action and draws focus to a particular circumstance. It is especially common when asking for or giving details about past events.
为强调已完成动作的时间、地点、方式或施事，可用结构 是 + 要点 + 动词 + 的。该结构不是时态标记，而是框出已知动作，突显某一具体情节。询问或叙述过往事件细节时尤其常用。
S + 是 + [Time/Place/Manner] + V + 的
- 我 是 去年 去 中国 的。 (Wǒ shì qùnián qù Zhōngguó de.) – It was last year that I went to China.
- 他 是 坐 火车 来 的。 (Tā shì zuò huǒchē lái de.) – He came by train. (emphasis on manner)
11. Connective Formulas for Complex Sentences | 复句关联词公式
Coordinating and subordinating connectors in Chinese often appear in fixed pairs. Learning these pairs as inseparable formulas helps build coherent arguments in writing and speaking tests. Key pairs include because–therefore, although–but, if–then, and not only–but also.
汉语中的并列与从属关联词常成对出现。把这些配对当作不可分割的公式来学习，有助于在写作和口语考试中构建连贯的论述。重点配对包括“因为……所以……”、“虽然……但是……”、“如果……就……”以及“不但……而且……”。
| Connective Pair | Example |
|---|---|
| 因为…所以… (yīnwèi…suǒyǐ…) | 因为下雨，所以我们没去。(Because it rained, we didn't go.) |
| 虽然…但是… (suīrán…dànshì…) | 虽然很累，但是我很开心。 (Although tired, I am happy.) |
| 如果…就… (rúguǒ…jiù…) | 如果有时间，我就去看电影。 (If I have time, I will go watch a movie.) |
| 不但…而且… (búdàn…érqiě…) | 他不但会说中文，而且会写。 (He not only speaks Chinese but also writes it.) |
12. Question Formulas – Affirmative-Negative and Rhetorical | 疑问公式——正反问与反问
Yes-no questions can be formed without a question particle by using the V + 不/没 + V pattern. Rhetorical questions with '难道…吗?' or '不是…吗?' imply obviousness. These formulas are high-frequency in oral exams and should be memorised as ready-made frames.
是非疑问句可不借助疑问助词，而用 动词 + 不/没 + 动词 结构构成。反问句式“难道……吗？”或“不是……吗？”表示说话人认为答案显而易见。这些公式在口语考试中高频出现，应作为预制框架熟记。
S + V + 不/没 + V + O ?
- 你 去 不 去 图书馆？ (Nǐ qù bú qù túshūguǎn?) – Are you going to the library or not?
- 他 有 没有 中文词典？ (Tā yǒu méiyǒu Zhōngwén cídiǎn?) – Does he have a Chinese dictionary?
- 难道 你 不知道吗？ (Nándào nǐ bù zhīdào ma?) – Don't you know? (rhetorical)
- 这 不是 你 的 书 吗？ (Zhè búshì nǐ de shū ma?) – Isn't this your book?
By treating these twelve building blocks as formulas, Year 10 students can rapidly assemble accurate, exam-ready sentences. Regular drilling of the patterns under timed conditions will make them second nature for the AQA Chinese exams.
将以上十二个构成单元作为公式来掌握，Year 10 学生就能迅速拼装出准确、适合考试的句子。在计时条件下反复操练这些句式，将使其在 AQA 中文考试中成为本能反应。
Published by TutorHao | Chinese Revision Series | aleveler.com
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