📚 Year 10 AQA Geography: Rapid Vocabulary Memorisation Guide | 十年级AQA地理：术语速记指南
Geography is a vocabulary-rich subject. Understanding the exact meaning of command words, physical processes and human concepts is the foundation of exam success. This guide groups the most important AQA Year 10 terms by topic and presents them in bite‑sized, bilingual pairs so you can learn, recall and apply them with confidence.
地理是一门词汇量极大的学科。准确理解指令词、自然过程和人文概念是考试成功的基础。本指南将AQA十年级最重要的术语按主题分组，并以简洁的中英文对照呈现，帮助你轻松学习、记忆并在答题中自信运用。
1. River Landscapes | 河流地貌
Drainage basin: The area of land drained by a river and its tributaries.
流域盆地：由一条河流及其支流排水的陆地区域。
Watershed: The imaginary line that separates one drainage basin from another, often following high ground.
分水岭：将相邻流域分开的假想线，通常沿高地延伸。
Source: The point where a river begins, often in upland areas.
源头：河流开始的地点，多位于高地。
Mouth: The point where a river enters the sea, a lake or a larger river.
河口：河流注入海洋、湖泊或更大河流的地方。
Hydraulic action: The force of moving water hitting the river bed and banks, dislodging material.
水力作用：流动的水冲击河床与河岸，使物质松动脱落。
Abrasion: The scraping of the river bed and banks by the load the water carries.
磨蚀：河流携带的碎屑物对河床和河岸的刮擦作用。
Attrition: Rocks and pebbles carried by the river smash together and become smaller, rounder.
磨损：河中搬运的石块与卵石相互碰撞，变得较小、较圆。
Solution (erosion): Slightly acidic river water dissolves soluble minerals from the bed and banks.
溶蚀：微酸性河水溶解河床和岸坡中的可溶性矿物。
2. River Transportation & Flooding | 河流搬运与洪水
Traction: Large boulders are rolled along the river bed by the force of the water.
拖曳/推移：水流的力量使大石块在河床上翻滚前进。
Saltation: Small pebbles and stones bounce along the river bed in a 'leap‑frog' motion.
跃移：小卵石和石块沿河床跳跃式前进。
Suspension: Fine, light material such as silt and clay is carried along within the body of water.
悬移：粉砂和黏土等细小轻质物质在水体中悬浮输送。
Solution (transportation): Dissolved minerals are carried invisibly in the river's flow.
溶解搬运：可溶矿物在河水中以溶解状态被搬运。
Floodplain: Flat, low‑lying land on either side of a river that gets covered by water during a flood.
河漫滩：河流两侧平坦的低地，洪水时会被淹没。
Levees: Raised banks along a river formed by repeated deposition of coarse material during floods.
天然堤：洪水期间粗粒物质反复沉积形成的沿河凸起岸堤。
3. Coastal Landscapes | 海岸地貌
Constructive waves: Low, gentle waves with a stronger swash than backwash, building up the beach.
建设性波浪：低而平缓的波浪，冲流强于回流，使海滩堆积。
Destructive waves: Tall, powerful waves with a stronger backwash that erodes the coast.
破坏性波浪：高大有力的波浪，回流强烈，侵蚀海岸。
Longshore drift: The zig‑zag movement of sediment along a coastline caused by waves hitting the shore at an angle.
沿岸漂移：波浪以一定角度冲击海岸，造成泥沙沿锯齿形路径移动。
Headland: A point of harder rock that juts out into the sea and resists erosion.
岬角：由较硬岩石构成、伸入海中且抵抗侵蚀的突出部位。
Bay: A curved inlet of the coast formed where softer rock has been eroded more quickly.
海湾：较软岩石被更快侵蚀后形成的弧形海岸凹入处。
Wave‑cut platform: A nearly flat, rocky surface left behind as a cliff retreats inland.
波蚀台地：悬崖后退时留下的几乎平坦的岩质平台。
4. Coastal Features & Management | 海岸特征与管理
Cave, arch, stack, stump: A sequence of erosion at a headland: a crack enlarges into a cave, then an arch, the arch collapses leaving a stack which is eventually worn down to a stump.
海蚀洞、海蚀拱、海蚀柱、海蚀残桩：岬角受侵蚀的序列：裂隙扩大成洞穴，贯通成拱门，拱顶塌落形成海蚀柱，最终被磨蚀为残桩。
Spit: A long, narrow finger of sand or shingle that extends from the coast into the sea, formed by longshore drift.
沙嘴：由沿岸漂移形成的伸入海中的狭长沙嘴或砾石嘴。
Bar: A ridge of sand or shingle that connects two headlands across a bay, often blocking a lagoon.
沙坝：横跨海湾连接两个岬角的沙脊或砾石脊，常围出潟湖。
Tombolo: A bar of sand or shingle linking an island to the mainland or to another island.
连岛沙洲：连接岛屿与大陆或另一岛屿的沙脊。
Hard engineering: Man‑made structures, e.g. sea walls and groynes, used to control coastal processes.
硬工程：使用人造建筑（如海堤和丁坝）控制海岸过程。
Soft engineering: Working with natural processes, e.g. beach nourishment and managed retreat, to protect the coast.
软工程：顺应自然过程保护海岸，如补沙和受控退让。
5. Glacial Landscapes | 冰川地貌
Abrasion (glacial): Rocks embedded in the base of a glacier scratch and smooth the underlying rock.
冰川磨蚀：冰川底部嵌入的岩石刮擦并磨平下方基岩。
Plucking: Glacial ice freezes onto rock fragments and rips them out as the glacier moves.
拔蚀：冰川冰冻结在岩石碎块上，随冰川移动将碎块拔起。
Freeze‑thaw weathering: Water enters cracks in rocks, freezes and expands by about 9 %, breaking the rock apart.
冻融风化：水渗入岩石裂隙，冻结时体积膨胀约9%，使岩石崩裂。
Corrie: An armchair‑shaped hollow on a mountainside formed by glacial erosion, often containing a tarn.
冰斗：山坡上由冰川侵蚀造成的圈椅状凹地，常积水成冰斗湖。
Glacial trough: A deep, steep‑sided, U‑shaped valley carved out by a valley glacier.
冰川槽谷：由山谷冰川刨蚀出的深厚、陡壁的U形谷。
Drumlin: A smooth, elongated mound of glacial till shaped by moving ice into a 'whaleback' form.
鼓丘：由冰碛物组成的、经冰川运动塑造为流线型鲸背状小丘。
6. Weather and Climate | 天气与气候
Weather: The day‑to‑day state of the atmosphere, including temperature, precipitation and wind.
天气：大气的逐日状态，包括温度、降水和风力。
Climate: The average weather conditions of a place measured over at least 30 years.
气候：一个地方至少30年平均的大气状况。
Relief rainfall: Rain caused when moist air is forced to rise over high ground, cools and condenses.
地形雨：湿润空气遇高地被迫抬升，冷却凝结所形成的降水。
Convectional rainfall: Happens when the ground heats the air, causing it to rise rapidly and form towering clouds.
对流雨：地面加热空气，使其快速上升形成积雨云的降水。
Frontal rainfall: Rain produced when a warm air mass meets a cold air mass and is forced up over the cold air.
锋面雨：暖空气团与冷空气团相遇，暖空气被抬升至冷空气上方产生的雨水。
Depression: A low‑pressure system bringing clouds and rain, formed along the polar front.
气旋/低气压：沿极锋形成的低压系统，带来云雨天气。
7. Climate Change | 气候变化
Greenhouse effect: The natural trapping of heat by greenhouse gases (CO₂, methane, water vapour) to keep Earth warm.
温室效应：温室气体（CO₂、甲烷、水蒸气）自然截留热量，保持地球温暖。
Enhanced greenhouse effect: The increased greenhouse effect due to human activities, especially burning fossil fuels, leading to global warming.
增强的温室效应：人类活动（尤其燃烧化石燃料）加剧的温室效应，导致全球变暖。
Fossil fuels: Coal, oil and natural gas formed from ancient organic materials, releasing CO₂ when burnt.
化石燃料：由古生物遗骸形成的煤、石油和天然气，燃烧时释放二氧化碳。
Mitigation: Actions to reduce or prevent greenhouse gas emissions, e.g. using renewable energy.
减缓：减少或防止温室气体排放的行动，如使用可再生能源。
Adaptation: Adjusting to the current or expected impacts of climate change, e.g. building flood defences.
适应：为应对气候变化现有或预期影响所做的调整，如修建防洪设施。
Carbon footprint: The total amount of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases emitted by an individual, event or product.
碳足迹：一个人、事件或产品在整个生命周期中排放的CO₂和其他温室气体总量。
8. Ecosystems & Tropical Rainforests | 生态系统与热带雨林
Ecosystem: A community of living organisms interacting with each other and their non‑living environment.
生态系统：生物群落与其非生物环境相互作用、相互依赖的系统。
Biome: A large‑scale ecosystem with a distinctive climate, vegetation and wildlife, e.g. tropical rainforest.
生物群系：具有独特气候、植被和动物的大尺度生态系统，如热带雨林。
Nutrient cycling: The circulation of nutrients between the biomass, litter and soil through decomposition and uptake.
养分循环：通过分解和吸收，养分在生物量、枯枝落叶层和土壤之间循环流动。
Biodiversity: The variety of plant and animal life in a particular habitat or ecosystem.
生物多样性：特定栖息地或生态系统中动植物的丰富程度。
Deforestation: The large‑scale removal of forest, often to clear land for agriculture, mining or settlement.
毁林：为农业、采矿或定居而大规模清除森林。
Selective logging: Only carefully chosen trees are felled, reducing damage to the surrounding forest.
择伐：仅砍伐精心选取的树木，降低对周围森林的破坏。
9. Natural Hazards & Tectonic Activity | 自然灾害与构造活动
Natural hazard: A natural event that poses a threat to people and property, e.g. earthquake, volcanic eruption.
自然灾害：对人员和财产构成威胁的自然事件，如地震、火山喷发。
Tectonic hazard: A hazard caused by the movement of tectonic plates, namely earthquakes and volcanoes.
构造灾害：由板块运动造成的灾害，即地震和火山。
Destructive plate margin: Two plates move together; oceanic crust sinks into the mantle, generating earthquakes and explosive volcanoes.
板块破坏性边界：两板块相向移动，大洋地壳俯冲沉入地幔，引发地震和爆发式火山。
Constructive plate margin: Plates move apart; magma rises to fill the gap, creating gentle volcanic activity and small earthquakes.
板块建设性边界：板块分离，岩浆上涌填充空隙，形成较温和的火山活动和小地震。
Conservative plate margin: Plates slide past each other; friction builds up and is released as destructive earthquakes.
板块守恒边界：板块相互滑动，摩擦应力积累后突然释放，产生破坏性地震。
Focus and epicentre: The focus is the point inside Earth where an earthquake starts; the epicentre is the point on the surface directly above it.
震源与震中：震源是地球内部地震发生的点；震中是其正上方的地表点。
10. Urbanisation & Urban Issues | 城市化与城市问题
Urbanisation: The increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas compared to rural areas.
城市化：城市人口比例相对于乡村人口比例的增长过程。
Megacity: A city with a population of over 10 million people.
超大城市：人口超过一千万的城市。
Rural‑urban migration: The movement of people from the countryside to cities, often due to push and pull factors.
城乡迁移：人口从乡村迁往城市，通常由推拉因素驱动。
Brownfield site: Land previously used for industrial or commercial purposes, often in urban areas, now available for redevelopment.
棕地：曾用于工业或商业、现可供重新开发的市区土地。
Greenfield site: A piece of undeveloped, often rural land being considered for urban development.
绿地：未开发的、通常是乡村的土地，正被考虑用于城市开发。
Sustainable city: An urban area designed to reduce its environmental footprint through green transport, renewable energy and waste recycling.
可持续城市：通过绿色交通、可再生能源和废物循环减少环境足迹的城市设计。
11. The Changing Economic World | 变化中的经济世界
Development: The improvement in a country's economic wealth and quality of life for its people.
发展：国家经济财富和人民生活质量的提升。
GNI per capita: Gross National Income divided by the total population, a common measure of development.
人均国民总收入：国民总收入除以总人口，是衡量发展的常用指标。
HDI (Human Development Index): A composite measure combining life expectancy, education and GNI per capita.
人类发展指数：综合预期寿命、教育和人均GNI的复合指标。
Demographic Transition Model (DTM): A model showing how birth and death rates change as a country develops through five stages.
人口转变模型：展示一国发展过程中出生率和死亡率历经五个阶段变化的模型。
Globalisation: The process by which countries become increasingly interconnected through trade, investment and technology.
全球化：各国通过贸易、投资和技术日益相互联系的过程。
Transnational Corporation (TNC): A large company that operates in more than one country, e.g. an oil or car manufacturer.
跨国公司：在多个国家运营的大型公司，如石油或汽车制造商。
12. Resource Management & Energy | 资源管理与能源
Resource: A stock or supply of something that has value or purpose, such as food, water or energy.
资源：具有价值或用途的储备或供应，如食物、水或能源。
Water stress: A situation where the demand for water exceeds the available amount during a certain period or when poor quality restricts its use.
水资源压力：需水量超过可获水量，或水质差限制使用的状况。
Renewable energy: Energy from sources that are naturally replenished on a human timescale, e.g. solar, wind, tidal.
可再生能源：在人类时间尺度上可自然补充的能源，如太阳能、风能、潮汐能。
Non‑renewable energy: Energy from finite sources that will eventually run out, such as coal, oil and natural gas.
不可再生能源：来自有限终将耗尽的能源，如煤、石油和天然气。
Food miles: The distance food travels from the place of production to the consumer, acting as a measure of carbon cost.
食物里程：食品从产地到消费者所经过的距离，可作为碳成本的衡量标准。
Carbon capture and storage (CCS): Technology that traps CO₂ from power stations and stores it underground to reduce emissions.
碳捕获与封存：从发电站捕集CO₂并储存于地下的技术，旨在减少排放。
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