📚 Year 10 AQA Psychology: Key Vocabulary and Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | Year 10 AQA 心理学：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering key terminology is the foundation of success in Year 10 AQA Psychology. This guide presents essential terms paired with clear definitions and memory strategies, helping you grasp the precise language needed for exam answers and application questions. Each section focuses on a core topic, using a learn-and-check approach to lock definitions into your long-term memory.
掌握核心术语是 Year 10 AQA 心理学成功的基础。本指南提供了关键术语、清晰定义以及记忆策略，帮助你把握考试答案和应用题所需的精准语言。每个部分聚焦一个核心主题，采用学习与检测相结合的方法，将定义牢牢锁入你的长时记忆。
1. Key Terms in Memory | 记忆关键术语
Encoding is the process of transforming sensory input into a neural code that the brain can process and store.
编码是将感官输入转化为大脑能够处理和储存的神经代码的过程。
Storage refers to the retention of encoded information within the memory system over time.
储存指已编码信息在记忆系统中随时间的保持。
Retrieval involves locating and accessing stored memories so they can be brought into conscious awareness when needed.
提取涉及定位和获取储存的记忆，以便在需要时将它们带入意识觉知。
Sensory register is the brief and automatic storage for incoming sensory information, with a very large capacity but a duration of less than a second.
感觉登记是对传入感官信息的短暂而自动的储存，容量极大但持续时间不足一秒。
Short-term memory (STM) mited-capacity store holding around 7±2 chunks of information, with a duration of about 18–30 seconds without rehearsal.
短时记忆 (STM)是一个容量有限的储存库，大约能容纳7±2个信息组块，在没有复述的情况下持续时间约为18–30秒。
Long-term memory (LTM) is a potentially permanent store with unlimited capacity, holding information for days, years or a lifetime.
长时记忆 (LTM)是一个潜在永久的储存库，容量无限，可以保存信息数天、数年乃至一生。
Episodic memory is the long-term memory for personally experienced events, including time, place and emotions.
情景记忆是长时记忆中对个人经历事件的记忆，包含时间、地点和情绪。
Multi-store model proposes that memory consists of three separate stores – sensory register, STM and LTM – and that information flows between them via attention and rehearsal.
多存储模型提出记忆由三个独立的储存库——感觉登记、短时记忆和长时记忆——组成，信息通过注意和复述在它们之间流动。
Memory hack: Picture a library – encoding writes the book, storage puts it on the shelf, and retrieval is taking the book off the shelf to read.
记忆技巧：想象一座图书馆——编码是写书，储存是把书放上书架，提取就是从书架上取下书来阅读。
2. Key Terms in Perception | 知觉关键术语
Perception is the brain's process of interpreting and organising sensory information to give it meaning.
知觉是大脑对感官信息进行解释和组织、赋予其意义的过程。
Sensation refers to the detection of physical stimuli by sensory receptors and the transmission of this information to the brain.
感觉指感官感受器检测物理刺激并将这些信息传递至大脑的过程。
Visual illusion occurs when the brain misinterprets visual information, causing a perception that does not match physical reality.
视觉错觉发生在大脑错误解释视觉信息时，导致知觉与实际物理现实不符。
Size constancy is the ability to perceive an object as remaining the same size even when its retinal image changes with distance.
大小恒常性是指即使物体在距离变化时视网膜图像发生改变，仍然能够将其感知为大小不变的能力。
Shape constancy describes the tendency to perceive an object as keeping its shape despite changes in the viewing angle.
形状恒常性描述的是即使视角发生变化，仍然倾向于将物体感知为保持其形状的现象。
Monocular depth cues are visual clues that require only one eye to perceive depth, such as linear perspective and relative size.
单眼深度线索是仅需一只眼即可感知深度的视觉线索，例如线条透视和相对大小。
Binocular depth cues rely on both eyes working together to judge depth, primarily retinal disparity and convergence.
双眼深度线索依赖双眼协同工作来判断深度，主要包括双眼视差和会聚作用。
Constructivist theory (Gregory) argues that perception is an active process where the brain uses past experience and expectations to construct interpretations of sensory data.
建构理论（Gregory）主张知觉是一个主动过程，大脑运用过去经验和预期来构建对感官数据的解释。
Rapid recall: Think of a door opening – even though its retinal shape shifts, shape constancy makes it still look rectangular.
快速回忆：想想一扇正在打开的门——尽管视网膜上的形状发生变化，形状恒常性让它看起来仍然是长方形。
3. Key Terms in Development | 发展关键术语
Schema is a mental framework of beliefs and expectations that helps organise and interpret information in the world.
图式是一种由信念和预期构成的心理框架，有助于组织和解释世界中的信息。
Assimilation occurs when new experiences are incorporated into existing schemas without changing them.
同化是在不改变已有图式的情况下，将新经验纳入其中。
Accommodation is the process of altering existing schemas, or creating new ones, in response to new information that cannot be assimilated.
顺应是针对无法同化的新信息，改变已有图式或创建新图式的过程。
Object permanence is the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard or touched – achieved during the sensorimotor stage.
客体永久性是指明白物体即使看不见、听不到或触摸不到也依然存在的能力，这一能力在感知运动阶段获得。
Conservation is the realisation that quantity remains the same despite changes in appearance, such as liquid poured into a differently shaped glass.
守恒是认识到即使外观发生变化，数量仍然保持不变的认知能力，例如将液体倒入不同形状的玻璃杯中。
Egocentrism refers to the preoperational child's difficulty in seeing a situation from another person's perspective.
自我中心指前运算阶段的儿童难以从他人的角度看待情境。
Attachment is a deep and enduring emotional bond that connects one person to another, particularly between an infant and primary caregiver.
依恋是一种深厚而持久的情感纽带，将一个人与另一个人连接起来，尤其存在于婴儿与主要照料者之间。
Strange Situation is a controlled observation designed by Ainsworth to assess the quality of attachment between a caregiver and child.
陌生情境是Ainsworth设计的一种控制观察，用于评估照料者与儿童之间依恋的质量。
Memorisation trick: To remember assimilation vs accommodation, think of a sponge that soaks up water (assimilation) versus cutting the sponge to fit a new shape (accommodation).
记忆技巧：要记住同化与顺应，可以想象海绵吸水（同化），而修剪海绵使其适合新形状（顺应）。
4. Key Terms in Social Influence | 社会影响关键术语
Conformity is a change in behaviour or belief to match the responses of others, often driven by group pressure.
从众是为了与他人反应保持一致而改变行为或信念，往往由群体压力驱动。
Obedience involves following the direct commands of an authority figure, even if they conflict with personal morals.
服从涉及遵从权威人物的直接命令，即使这些命令与个人道德相冲突。
Compliance is a superficial type of conformity where a person publicly goes along with the group but privately disagrees.
顺从是一种表层的从众类型，个人在公开场合附和群体，但私下并不认同。
Internalisation is a deep form of conformity where a person adopts the group's beliefs both publicly and privately.
内化是一种深层的从众形式，个人在公开和私下都接受了群体的信念。
Identification occurs when an individual conforms to the expectations of a social role because membership in that group is valued.
认同发生在个体因为重视某个社会角色的成员身份而遵从该角色的期待时。
Normative social influence explains conformity as a desire to be liked and accepted by the group.
规范社会影响将从众解释为渴望被群体喜爱和接纳。
Informational social influence describes conformity based on the belief that the group is likely to be correct, especially in ambiguous situations.
信息社会影响描述的是基于认为群体可能是正确的信念而产生的从众，尤其是在模糊情境中。
Agentic state is a mental state in which an individual feels no personal responsibility because they are acting as an agent for an authority figure.
代理状态是一种心理状态，个体因为自己正在充当权威人物的代理人而感觉不到个人责任。
Quick recall: 'CIA' – Compliance (public only), Identification (with a group), Internalisation (public and private).
快速回忆：'CIA'——顺从（仅公开）、认同（与群体）、内化（公开与私下）。
5. Key Terms in Language, Thought and Communication | 语言、思维与交流关键术语
Language is a system of symbols and rules that enables human communication and the expression of complex ideas.
语言是一个由符号和规则构成的系统，能够实现人类交流和表达复杂思想。
Thought refers to the mental processes of reasoning, problem solving and decision making, which may occur with or without language.
思维指推理、解决问题和决策等心理过程，这些过程可以在有语言或没有语言的情况下发生。
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis (linguistic relativity) argues that the language we speak influences and shapes the way we think and perceive the world.
Sapir-Whorf 假设（语言相对论）主张我们所使用的语言会影响并塑造我们的思维方式和世界观。
Linguistic determinism is the stronger version, suggesting that language completely determines thought, making some ideas unthinkable without words.
语言决定论是更强的版本，认为语言完全决定了思维，没有词语就难以产生某些想法。
Piaget's view of language sees thought as preceding language; cognitive development provides the foundation for language to emerge.
皮亚杰的语言观点认为思维先于语言；认知发展为语言的出现提供了基础。
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