📚 Year 10 AQA Psychology: Mock Paper Analysis | Year 10 AQA 心理学：单元测试模拟卷解析
Working through a full mock paper is one of the best ways to prepare for your end-of-unit assessments. In this article, we break down ten typical questions drawn from the AQA GCSE Psychology specification, guiding you through the correct answers and explaining the most common mistakes students make. Use this walkthrough to solidify your understanding of memory, perception, development, psychological problems, social influence, and language and thought.
完整地练习一套模拟试卷是准备单元测验的最佳方式之一。本文将详细分析来自 AQA GCSE 心理学课程大纲的十道典型考题,带你寻找正确答案,并解释学生们最常犯的错误。用这篇文章来走路式解析,巩固你在记忆、知觉、发展、心理问题、社会影响以及语言与思维等领域的理解。
1. Question 1: Characteristics of the Sensory Register | 题目1：感觉登记的特征
Which of the following is not a feature of the sensory register in the multi-store model of memory? A) It has modality-specific stores. B) It has a duration of up to 30 seconds. C) It has a very large capacity. D) Information is stored in an unprocessed form.
以下哪一项不是记忆多储存模型中感觉登记的特征？A) 它具有通道特异性的储存形式。B) 它的持续时间可达30秒。C) 它的容量非常大。D) 信息以未经加工的形式储存。
The correct answer is B. The sensory register holds information for only a fraction of a second for visual input (iconic memory) and about two to three seconds for auditory input (echoic memory). A duration of up to 30 seconds describes short-term memory, not the sensory register. Options A, C and D are all accurate: there are separate stores for each sense, the capacity is effectively unlimited, and material here is raw sensory data.
正确答案是B。感觉登记对视觉信息（图像记忆）只能保留几分之一秒,对听觉信息（回声记忆）也仅约两到三秒。长达30秒的持续时间是对短时记忆的描述,而非感觉登记。选项A、C和D都是准确的：每种感觉都有独立的储存,容量几乎是无限的,此时的材料是原始的感官信息。
A common mistake is to confuse the duration of short-term memory with that of the sensory register. Students often remember the 18–30 seconds figure but misplace it. Always double-check which store the question is asking about.
常见错误是把短时记忆的持续时间与感觉寄存器的混为一谈。学生往往记得18到30秒这个数字,却把它放错了位置。一定要注意题目问的是哪个储存系统。
2. Question 2: Bartlett's War of the Ghosts Study | 题目2：巴特利特的“幽灵的战争”研究
Explain how the results of Bartlett's 'War of the Ghosts' study support the idea that memory is reconstructive. (4 marks)
请解释巴特利特“幽灵的战争”研究的结果如何支持记忆是重构的这一观点。(4分)
Bartlett found that when English participants recalled the Native American story, their reproductions became shorter, more coherent, and culturally familiar. Details that did not fit Western schemas—such as the ghosts and the supernatural elements—were often omitted or transformed into mundane events. These changes show that participants were not simply playing back a recording; they were actively rebuilding the story using their own cultural frameworks and expectations. The memory was reconstructed to make sense within their existing knowledge.
巴特利特发现,当英国参与者回忆这个美洲原住民故事时,他们的复述变得更短、更连贯,且更符合自己的文化背景。那些不符合西方图式的细节——比如鬼魂和超自然元素——常常被省略或转化为日常事件。这些变化表明参与者并非单纯地回放录音,而是在主动地用自己的文化框架和期待去重建故事。记忆被重构,使其在已有知识中说得通。
To achieve full marks, you must link the results directly to the term 'reconstructive'. Simply describing that the story changed is not enough; you need to state that memory is an active process where we fill gaps and adjust details based on our schemas. Common examiners' criticism is that students describe what happened but forget the 'so what?'.
要拿到满分,你必须将结果与“重构”这个词直接联系起来。仅仅描述故事发生变化是不够的,还需要指出记忆是一个主动加工的过程,我们会基于图式填补空白、调整细节。考官常批评的是,学生只描述了现象却忘记了“这说明了什么”。
3. Question 3: The Müller-Lyer Illusion | 题目3：缪勒-莱耶错觉
Briefly outline how Gregory's constructivist theory explains the Müller-Lyer illusion. (3 marks)
简要概述格雷戈里的构造理论如何解释缪勒-莱耶错觉。(3分)
Gregory argues that perception is a process of construction based on past experience and expectations. In the Müller-Lyer illusion, the line with outward-pointing fins is seen as longer because we unconsciously interpret it as an inside corner of a room, which is typically farther away. The line with inward-pointing fins resembles an outside corner, perceived as closer. Since the two lines cast the same retinal image size but are perceived as being at different distances, the brain scales up the apparently more distant line, making it look longer. This demonstrates how depth cues and prior knowledge can distort our perception.
格雷戈里主张知觉是一个基于过去经验和预期的建构过程。在缪勒-莱耶错觉中,带有向外张开箭头的线段看起来更长,因为我们无意识地将其解释为房间的内角,它通常位于更远处。带有向内箭头的线段则类似于外角,会被知觉为更近。由于两条线条在视网膜上的影像大小相同,却被感知为距离不同,大脑便会把那个看起来更远的线段按比例放大,使它看上去更长。这表明深度线索和先验知识会扭曲我们的感知。
A high-scoring answer must mention 'misapplied size constancy' or 'depth cues'. Some students incorrectly state that Gregory's theory is nativist and relies on innate factors—remember, constructivism is all about top-down processing using experience.
高分答案必须提到“错误运用大小恒常性”或“深度线索”。有些同学错误地指出格雷戈里的理论属于先天论、依赖先天因素——请记住,构造理论是关于用经验进行自上而下加工的理论。
4. Question 4: Gibson's Direct Theory of Perception | 题目4：吉布森的知觉直接理论
Describe one piece of evidence that supports Gibson's direct theory of perception. (2 marks)
描述一项支持吉布森知觉直接理论的证据。(2分)
Gibson and Walk's visual cliff experiment provides support. Infants aged 6 to 14 months were placed on a platform covered by a checkerboard pattern, with a glass surface extending over a 'drop' side. Most infants refused to crawl over the apparent drop, even when their mothers called them. According to Gibson, this shows that depth perception is innate, or at least matures very early, because the optic array directly supplies information about depth and danger without the need for prior learning or interpretation.
吉布森和沃克的视崖实验提供了支持。6到14个月大的婴儿被放置在铺有棋盘图案的平台之上,玻璃表面延伸到一个有“落差”的一侧。大多数婴儿甚至听到母亲呼唤,都不肯爬过这个看似有落差的位置。根据吉布森的理论,这表明深度知觉是先天的,或至少很早就成熟了,因为光流阵列直接提供了有关深度和危险的信息,无需先前的学习或解释。
This is a high-frequency exam question. When you describe the study, be sure to underline the link to the theory: 'this suggests perception is direct and does not require inference.' Avoid confusing this with constructivist evidence, such as the role of culture in illusion susceptibility.
这道题在考试中很常见。在描述这项研究时,一定要明确它与理论之间的联系：“这表明知觉是直接的,不需要推理。”注意不要与构造理论的证据相混淆,例如文化对错觉易感性的影响。
5. Question 5: Object Permanence in Piaget's Theory | 题目5：皮亚杰理论中的客体永久性
During which of Piaget's stages does object permanence develop, and why is this an important milestone? (3 marks)
客体永久性是在皮亚杰的哪个阶段发展起来的？为什么这是一个重要的里程碑？(3分)
Object permanence develops during the sensorimotor stage, roughly between birth and 2 years. It is the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard or touched. Before this milestone, an infant will behave as if a hidden toy has completely disappeared. Piaget considered the acquisition of object permanence essential because it marks the beginning of the child's ability to form mental representations—a foundation for symbolic thought, language and later cognitive development.
客体永久性在感觉运动阶段(大约从出生到2岁)发展起来。它是一种认识到物体即使在看不见、听不到或触摸不到时依然持续存在的能力。在这一里程碑之前,婴儿会表现得好像被藏起来的玩具完全消失了一样。皮亚杰认为获得客体永久性至关重要,因为它标志着儿童开始能够形成心理表征——这是符号思维、语言及后续认知发展的基础。
bject permanence; pre-operational = symbolic play but egocentric and lacking conservation.
很多学生把阶段弄混,把客体永久性放到了前运算阶段。请记住：感觉运动阶段对应感觉与动作、客体永久性；前运算阶段对应符号游戏,但具有自我中心性和缺乏守恒概念。
6. Question 6: The Role of Serotonin in Depression | 题目6：血清素在抑郁症中的作用
Explain one biological explanation for depression. Refer to serotonin in your answer. (4 marks)
请解释抑郁症的一种生物学解释,答案中必须提到血清素。(4分)
One biological explanation is the neurotransmitter imbalance theory, which suggests depression arises when there is reduced activity of serotonin in the brain. Serotonin normally regulates mood, sleep and appetite. Low levels of serotonin lead to disrupted transmission across synapses, impairing the brain's ability to maintain a stable mood. Evidence comes from drugs like SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors), which increase the availability of serotonin in the synaptic cleft and alleviate depressive symptoms. This demonstrates the causal role of serotonin in depression, though the direction of causation is still debated.
一种生物学解释是神经递质失衡理论,它认为抑郁症的发生是由于大脑中血清素活动减少。血清素通常负责调节情绪、睡眠和食欲。血清素水平低会导致突触间信号传递受阻,削弱大脑维持稳定情绪的能力。证据来自像SSRI（选择性血清素再摄取抑制剂）类的药物,它们提高突出间隙中血清素的可用性,缓解抑郁症状。这表明血清素在抑郁症中的因果作用,尽管因果方向仍有争议。
For a high-band answer, always include a clear reference to the neurotransmitter, the synapse, and supporting evidence. Avoid simply stating 'chemical imbalance' without specifying serotonin. The examiner wants biological accuracy.
要获得高分,务必清晰提及神经递质、突触以及支持性证据。避免仅仅笼统地说“化学物质失衡”而不点名血清素。考官希望看到生物学上的准确性。
7. Question 7: Evaluating CBT as a Treatment | 题目7：评估CBT作为治疗方法
Evaluate the use of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) as a treatment for depression. (6 marks)
评价认知行为疗法 (CBT) 作为抑郁症治疗手段的优缺点。(6分)
CBT is effective because it equips patients with practical skills to challenge irrational thoughts. A strength is its strong evidence base; randomised controlled trials show that CBT reduces relapse rates compared to medication alone. However, CBT requires high motivation and commitment, which severely depressed patients may lack. It also focuses largely on present thinking patterns and may overlook important past experiences or biological factors. Furthermore, there is an argument that the therapist–patient relationship itself accounts for improvement (the Dodo bird verdict), questioning whether the cognitive techniques are the active ingredient.
CBT 的有效性在于它教会患者实用的技能来挑战非理性想法。一个优点是它有坚实的证据基础；随机对照试验表明,与仅用药物治疗相比,CBT 降低了复发率。但 CBT 要求患者有较高的积极性和投入度,而重度抑郁患者可能缺乏这些。它主要关注当下的思维模式,可能忽视重要的过往经历或生物因素。此外,有观点认为治疗关系本身才是改善的原因（渡渡鸟裁定）,这就质疑了认知技术是否是起效的关键成分。
When evaluating, always cover both strengths and limitations. Use the 'PEE' structure: Point, Evidence, Explanation. Common weaknesses in student answers are giving only one side or providing generic points without linking specifically to CBT. For example, 'it's effective' is too vague; you must say why it works (e.g. breaks negative triad).
在评价时,一定要涵盖优点和局限性。使用 PEE 结构：观点、证据、解释。学生答案中常见的不足是只提一面,或给出泛泛之论而没有特别联系到CBT。例如,“它有效”太模糊；必须说明它为什么有效（如打破负面三角）。
8. Question 8: Variables Affecting Conformity (Asch) | 题目8：影响从众的变量（阿希实验）
Identify and briefly explain two variables that Asch found to affect conformity levels. (4 marks)
指出并简要解释阿希发现的两种影响从众水平的变量。(4分)
Asch's original line-judgement study revealed that the size of the majority makes a difference: conformity increased as the majority size grew from one confederate up to about three confederates, but levelled off after that. Another key variable was the presence of a dissenter. When one confederate gave the correct answer, conformity rates dropped sharply—down to around 5.5%—because the dissenter broke the unanimous pressure of the group. This shows that it is the unanimity of the majority, rather than just numbers, that drives conformity.
阿希最初的线条判断研究揭示出,多数派的人数规模会产生影响：多数派的人数从一个同谋增至大约三人时,从众率随之上升,但之后再增加则趋于平缓。另一个关键变量是存在一个异议者。当有一名同谋给出正确答案时,从众率急剧下降——降至大约5.5%——因为异议者打破了群体一致性的压力。这表明,驱动从众的是多数派的一致性,而不仅仅是人数。
A mark-losing mistake is to describe the original procedure in detail rather than explaining the variables. The question asks you to focus on what was manipulated (majority size, unanimity, task difficulty), not what happened in the baseline study. Always link the variable to the change in conformity levels.
丢分的错误是把时间花在详细描述原始实验流程上,而不是解释变量。题目要求你关注被操纵的变量(多数派规模、一致性、任务难度),而非基线研究中发生了什么。始终要把变量与从众水平的变化联系起来。
9. Question 9: Milgram's Agency Theory Explanation | 题目9：米尔格拉姆的代理人理论解释
Outline Milgram's agency theory as an explanation for obedience. (4 marks)
概述米尔格拉姆的代理人理论,用以解释服从行为。(4分)
Agency theory suggests that people operate in two states: the autonomous state, where they feel responsible for their own actions, and the agentic state, where they perceive themselves as acting on behalf of an authority figure. When individuals enter the agentic state, they undergo a shift in self-perception and see themselves as merely instruments carrying out orders. Milgram proposed that this is triggered by the presence of a legitimate authority who gives clear commands. In his study, the experimenter’s lab coat and scientific status functioned as the authority clue, prompting participants to move from autonomous to agentic mode, which explains why 65% continued to the maximum shock.
代理人理论认为,人们会在两种状态中运作：自主状态,此时他们感到对自己的行为负责；代理人状态,此时他们将自己视为替权威人物行事。当个体进入代理人状态后,会经历自我知觉的转变,把自己看作只是执行命令的工具。米尔格拉姆提出,这一转变是由发出明确指令的合法权威的出现所触发的。在他的研究中,实验者的白大褂和科学地位充当了权威线索,促使参与者从自主模式转向代理人模式,这就解释了为什么65%的人持续施加电击直到最高档。
To fully answer, you must define both states and apply the concept to the obedience situation. Many responses fail to explain why the agentic shift reduces moral strain; the theory says people then feel less personal responsibility because they serve the authority.
要完整作答,必须同时定义两种状态,并把概念应用于服从情境。很多回答没有解释为什么代理人转变会减轻道德压力;该理论认为,人们因此感到更少的个人责任,因为他们是在为权威服务。
10. Question 10: Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis and Colour Perception | 题目10：萨丕尔-沃尔夫假说与颜色知觉
Describe how research on colour perception can be used to evaluate the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. (5 marks)
描述颜色知觉的研究如何可以用来评价萨丕尔-沃尔夫假说。(5分)
The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis claims that language determines thought, so people who speak different languages perceive the world differently. Research on colour perception provides mixed evidence. For example, the Dani people of New Guinea have only two colour terms yet can still discriminate a wide range of colours, which challenges the strong version of the hypothesis. On the other hand, Russian speakers have distinct words for light blue (goluboy) and dark blue (siniy), and tests show they are faster at discriminating between those shades compared to English speakers. This suggests that language can influence perceptual processing to some degree, supporting a weaker version of linguistic relativity rather than strict determinism.
萨丕尔-沃尔夫假说主张语言决定思维,因此使用不同语言的人以不同方式感知世界。颜色知觉的研究提供了正反两方面的证据。例如,新几内亚的达尼人只有两个颜色术语,却依然能辨别多种颜色,这挑战了该假说的强版本。另一方面,俄语使用者对浅蓝色(goluboy)和深蓝色(siniy)有截然不同的词汇,测试表明他们比英语使用者能更快地区分这两种色调。这说明语言可以在一定程度上影响知觉加工,支持了语言相对论的弱版本,而非严格的决定论。
This question tests your ability to 'evaluate' using evidence. Do not just describe studies; you must explain what they tell us about language and thought. A top-level answer will distinguish between the strong and weak forms of the hypothesis and use the colour research to weigh support for each. Avoid treating all findings as equally supportive—evaluate critically.
这道题考察你用证据进行“评价”的能力。不要只是描述研究,必须解释这些研究告诉了我们关于语言与思维的什么信息。顶级答案会区分假说的强形式和弱形式,并运用颜色研究来权衡对每种形式的支持程度。不要把所有发现都视为同等支持——要批判性评价。
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