📚 Year 10 AQA Science: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick-Memory Guide | Year 10 AQA 科学：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the specific vocabulary of AQA Science is the surest way to improve your exam performance. This guide breaks down high-impact terms across Biology, Chemistry and Physics into paired English and Chinese explanations, each with a built-in memory hook. Use it alongside your revision to build confidence and precision.
掌握 AQA 科学学科的专用词汇是提高考试成绩最可靠的方法。本指南将生物、化学和物理中的高频术语拆解为中英对照解释，每个术语都附带记忆技巧。配合复习使用，可以帮你建立信心、表达精准。
1. Cells and Organ Systems | 细胞与器官系统
Cell biology is the foundation of all living things. These terms describe structure, transport and specialisation.
细胞生物学是一切生命的基础。以下术语描述结构、运输和特化。
Nucleus – the control centre of the cell that contains genetic material (DNA). Think 'nucleus = knowledge centre'.
细胞核 – 细胞的控制中心，含有遗传物质 (DNA)。记忆口诀：'核'心就是'知识中心'。
Mitochondria – where aerobic respiration takes place to release energy. Remember 'mighty mitochondria' as powerhouses.
线粒体 – 有氧呼吸的场所，释放能量。记住 '强大的线粒体' 就是细胞的发电厂。
Ribosomes – tiny structures that synthesise proteins. Link 'ribo' with 'ribo-nucleic acid' or simply 'protein builders'.
核糖体 – 合成蛋白质的微小结构。把 '核糖' 联想到 '核糖核酸' 或直接记成 '蛋白质工厂'。
Cell membrane – a selectively permeable barrier controlling what enters and leaves the cell. Picture a border guard.
细胞膜 – 具有选择透过性的屏障，控制物质进出。想象成把守边境的卫兵。
Diffusion – the net movement of particles from high to low concentration, passive. Mnemonic: 'Down the hill, no energy bill'.
扩散 – 粒子从高浓度向低浓度的净运动，不耗能。口诀：'顺坡而下，不费能量'。
Osmosis – the diffusion of water across a partially permeable membrane. Think 'Osmosis is Only water moving'.
渗透 – 水通过半透膜的扩散。记住 '渗透是专门搬水的'。
Active transport – movement of particles against the concentration gradient using energy. Recall 'active = ATP needed'.
主动运输 – 逆浓度梯度的粒子移动，需要能量。联想 '主动就需要ATP'。
Stem cells – undifferentiated cells that can become specialised. 'Stem' like a plant stem that can grow into many parts.
干细胞 – 未分化的细胞，能分化成特化细胞。'干' 像树干，可以长出很多分支。
2. Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table | 原子结构与元素周期表
Understanding the atom unlocks all of chemistry. These terms cover particles, numbers and patterns in the table.
理解原子是开启化学大门的钥匙。以下术语涵盖粒子、数字和周期表规律。
Proton – a positively charged particle in the nucleus, with a relative mass of 1. 'Proton = Positive'.
质子 – 原子核内带正电的粒子，相对质量 1。'质' 与 '正' 联想，质子带正电。
Neutron – a neutral particle in the nucleus, mass 1. 'Neutron = Neutral, no charge'.
中子 – 原子核内不带电的粒子，质量 1。'中' 即中性，无电荷。
Electron – negatively charged particle orbiting the nucleus, virtually no mass. Tell yourself 'Electron is Extra tiny'.
电子 – 绕核运动的带负电粒子，质量可忽略。记住 '电子极轻，还带负电'。
Atomic number – number of protons, which defines the element. Use 'APE' – Atomic number = Protons = Electrons (in a neutral atom).
原子序数 – 质子数，决定元素种类。用口诀 '原子序数 = 质子数 = 电子数(中性原子)'。
Mass number – total protons + neutrons. Apply 'MAN' – subtract Atomic number from Mass number to get Neutrons.
质量数 – 质子数加中子数。用 '质量数 - 原子序数 = 中子数' 这个公式。
Isotope – atoms of the same element with different neutron numbers. Think 'Isotope = Identical protons, different neutrons'.
同位素 – 质子数相同、中子数不同的原子。联想 '同' 位即质子同，中子异。
Group – a vertical column on the periodic table, elements share similar chemical properties. 'Group' sounds like 'group of friends alike'.
族 – 周期表的纵列，同族元素化学性质相似。'族' 就像一群相似的朋友。
Period – a horizontal row; the period number tells you the number of electron shells. 'Period = floor on the building'.
周期 – 横行；周期数等于电子层数。'周期' 就像大楼的楼层。
3. Chemical Bonding and Reactions | 化学键与反应
Bonding determines structure and properties. Key reaction terms will help you write equations and explain observations.
化学键决定结构与性质。掌握反应术语有助于书写方程和解释现象。
Ionic bond – strong electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions. Imagine a magnet: opposite charges attract strongly.
离子键 – 带相反电荷离子之间的强静电吸引力。想想磁铁，异极相吸。
Covalent bond – a shared pair of electrons between non-metal atoms. 'Co-' means together, 'valent' comes from valence electrons.
共价键 – 非金属原子间共用电子对。'共' 就是共同分享价电子。
Metallic bond – attraction between positive metal ions and delocalised electrons. Picture a 'sea of electrons' holding metal ions together.
金属键 – 正金属离子与离域电子之间的吸引力。想象'电子海洋'把金属离子粘在一起。
Electrolysis – using direct current to decompose an ionic compound. Remember 'Electrolysis splits with electricity'.
电解 – 用直流电分解离子化合物。电解就是'用电来拆分'。
Anode – positive electrode where oxidation occurs. Mnemonic: 'An Ox' – Anode, Oxidation.
阳极 – 发生氧化反应的正极。口诀 '阳极氧化 (An Ox)'。
Cathode – negative electrode where reduction occurs. Pair it: 'Red Cat' – reduction at the cathode.
阴极 – 发生还原反应的负极。配对记忆 '阴极还原 (Red Cat)'。
Oxidation – loss of electrons (and often gain of oxygen). Use OILRIG: Oxidation Is Loss, Reduction Is Gain of electrons.
氧化 – 失去电子（常伴随得氧）。用 OILRIG 记：氧化是失电子，还原是得电子。
Reduction – gain of electrons. Complete the OILRIG pair.
还原 – 得到电子。完成 OILRIG 口诀。
4. Energy and Energy Transfers | 能量与能量转移
Energy is a central theme in physics and chemistry. You must be able to name stores, pathways and calculations.
能量是物理和化学的核心主题。你必须能说出能量储藏、转移路径和计算方法。
Kinetic energy – energy of a moving object, given by Eₖ = ½mv². Say 'Kinetic is for moving – kicks with speed'.
动能 – 运动物体的能量，公式 Eₖ = ½mv²。可记 '动即是快，速度平方"。
Gravitational potential energy (GPE) – energy stored in an object raised above ground, Eₚ = mgh. 'Higher means more GPE'.
重力势能 – 物体由于被举高而储存的能量，公式 Eₚ = mgh。'越高势能越大'。
Specific heat capacity – energy needed to raise 1 kg of a substance by 1°C. Remember 'SHC tells you how hard to heat'.
比热容 – 使 1 kg 物质升高 1°C 所需的能量。记成 '比热容就是加热的难度'。
Conservation of energy – energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred. Think of it as a universal accounting rule.
能量守恒 – 能量既不能创造也不能消灭，只能转移。当作宇宙的记账规则。
Efficiency – useful output energy divided by total input energy. Compare: 'Efficiency = useful ÷ total × 100%'.
效率 – 有用输出能量除以总输入能量。公式：效率 = 有用输出 ÷ 总输入 × 100%。
Dissipation – spreading of energy into less useful stores, often heat. 'Dissipation = Dispersed and wasted'.
散失 – 能量扩散到不太有用的形式，通常是热能。'散失就是散开浪费'。
5. Forces and Motion | 力与运动
Describing and predicting motion depends on understanding force vectors, laws and graphs.
描述和预测运动需要理解力的矢量、定律和图像。
Scalar – a quantity with magnitude only, e.g. speed, distance. 'Scalar = scale only'.
标量 – 只有大小的量，如速率、路程。'标' 就是只标出大小。
Vector – a quantity with magnitude and direction, e.g. velocity, force. 'Vector has a direction arrow'.
矢量 – 有大小和方向的量，如速度、力。'矢' 如同弓箭有方向。
Resultant force – the overall force acting on an object when forces are combined. 'Resolve all vectors, find the single leftover'.
合力 – 所有力合成后的总作用力。'把力矢量加起来，剩下的就是合力'。
Newton's First Law – an object stays at rest or in uniform motion unless a resultant force acts. Remember 'Inertia: lazy until pushed'.
牛顿第一定律 – 物体保持静止或匀速直线运动，除非有合力作用。记成 '惯性：懒，没人推不动'。
Newton's Second Law – F = ma. Chant 'Force equals mass times acceleration'.
牛顿第二定律 – F = ma。背下来 '力等于质量乘加速度'。
Stopping distance – thinking distance + braking distance. 'See it, think it, brake it'.
停车距离 – 思考距离 + 制动距离。'看见、反应、刹停'。
Work done – energy transferred when a force moves an object, W = F × s (parallel). 'Work happens when force moves something'.
做功 – 力使物体沿力的方向移动时转移的能量，W = F × s。'力移动了物体就是做功'。
6. Waves and the Electromagnetic Spectrum | 波与电磁波谱
Waves transfer energy without transferring matter. The EM spectrum is a family of waves with many applications.
波传递能量而不传递物质。电磁波谱是一系列具有多种用途的波。
Transverse wave – oscillations are perpendicular to the direction of energy transfer. 'Transverse sign: do the wave up and down'.
横波 – 振动方向与能量传播方向垂直。'横波就是上下摆'。
Longitudinal wave – oscillations are parallel to the direction of energy transfer. 'Longitudinal: push-pull along the line'.
纵波 – 振动方向与能量传播方向平行。'纵波沿着线推拉'。
Amplitude – maximum displacement from rest position. 'Taller wave = bigger amplitude'.
振幅 – 偏离平衡位置的最大位移。'波越高振幅越大'。
Wavelength (λ) – distance between two corresponding points on a wave. Use 'lambda = length of one complete cycle'.
波长 (λ) – 波上两个对应点之间的距离。记 '一个完整周期的长度'。
Frequency (f) – number of complete waves passing a point per second, unit hertz (Hz). 'Frequency is how frequent'.
频率 (f) – 每秒通过某点的完整波数，单位赫兹 (Hz)。'频率就是多频繁'。
Wave speed equation – v = fλ. 'Velocity = frequency × wavelength'.
波速公式 – v = fλ。波速 = 频率 × 波长。
EM spectrum order – Radio, Microwave, Infrared, Visible, Ultraviolet, X-ray, Gamma. Mnemonic: 'Raging Martians Invaded Venus Using X-ray Guns'.
电磁波谱顺序 – 无线电波、微波、红外线、可见光、紫外线、X 射线、伽马射线。记忆口诀：'暴躁火星人用 X 光枪入侵金星'。
7. Electricity and Circuits | 电学与电路
Current, voltage and resistance are inseparable. Learn the fundamental rules that control every circuit.
电流、电压和电阻密不可分。掌握控制每个电路的基本规律。
Current (I) – rate of flow of charge, measured in amperes (A). 'Current is like water flowing through a pipe'.
电流 (I) – 电荷流动的速率，单位安培 (A)。'电流好比水管中的水流'。
Potential difference (V) – energy transferred per unit charge, also called voltage. 'Voltage pushes electrons around'.
电势差 (V) – 每单位电荷转移的能量，也称电压。'电压推动电子移动'。
Resistance (R) – opposition to current flow, measured in ohms (Ω). 'Resistance resists the flow'.
电阻 (R) – 对电流的阻碍作用，单位欧姆 (Ω)。'电阻就是阻挡电流'。
Ohm's Law – V = IR. Say it as a chant: 'V equals I R' – voltage = current × resistance.
欧姆定律 – V = IR。背口诀 '电压 = 电流 × 电阻'。
Series circuit – components connected one after another; current is the same everywhere but voltage splits. 'Series: one path, same current'.
串联电路 – 元件首尾相连；各处电流相同，电压则分配。'串联一条路，电流处处同'。
Parallel circuit – components connected on separate branches; voltage is the same across each branch but current splits. 'Parallel: multiple paths, voltage same'.
并联电路 – 元件接在独立支路；各支路电压相同，电流则分支。'并联多条路，电压各自同'。
Power (P) – energy transferred per second, P = IV, unit watt (W). 'Power equals current times voltage'.
电功率 (P) – 每秒转移的能量，P = IV，单位瓦特 (W)。'功率 = 电流 × 电压'。
8. Infection and Immunity | 感染与免疫
Pathogens cause disease, and the body has an array of defences. These terms appear frequently on AQA papers.
病原体引起疾病，人体拥有一系列防御机制。这些术语在 AQA 试卷中频繁出现。
Pathogen – a microorganism that causes disease, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi or protists. 'Pathogen = pathology generator'.
病原体 – 引起疾病的微生物，如细菌、病毒、真菌或原生生物。'病原体就是疾病制造者'。
Communicable disease – a disease that can be spread from one person to another. 'Communicable = can be communicated'.
传染病 – 能在人与人之间传播的疾病。'传染' 就是可以传递。
Phagocytosis – process by which white blood cells engulf and digest pathogens. 'Phago- means eating, like a Pac-man for germs'.
吞噬作用 – 白细胞吞噬并消化病原体的过程。'吞噬' 就像吞吃病菌的吃豆人。
Antibody – Y-shaped protein produced by lymphocytes, specific to an antigen. 'Antibody = anti-body invader'.
抗体 – 淋巴细胞产生的 Y 形蛋白质，能特异性结合抗原。'抗体' 就是对抗入侵体的武器。
Antigen – a surface marker on a pathogen that triggers an immune response. 'Antigen generates anti-bodies'.
抗原 – 病原体表面的标记，能激发免疫反应。'抗原' 就是产生抗体的源头。
Vaccination – introducing a harmless form of a pathogen to stimulate antibody production and memory cells. 'Vaccine teaches your immune system'.
疫苗接种 – 引入无害形式的病原体以刺激产生抗体和记忆细胞。'疫苗训练你的免疫系统'。
Antibiotic – a medicine that kills bacteria but not viruses. Repeat: 'Antibiotics target bacteria, never viruses'.
抗生素 – 能杀死细菌但不能杀病毒的药物。反复记住：'抗生素对付细菌，对病毒无效'。
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