📚 Year 9 SQA Spanish: Vocabulary & Key Terms Quick Memorisation Guide | Year 9 SQA 西班牙语：词汇术语速记指南
Welcome to your go-to revision guide for SQA Year 9 Spanish vocabulary and key terms. Building a solid base of high-frequency words, and knowing how to memorise them efficiently, will boost your confidence in reading, writing, listening and speaking. This guide organises essential terms into themed clusters and gives you simple, effective memory strategies that work with the way your brain learns.
欢迎使用这本针对 SQA Year 9 西班牙语的词汇与关键术语速记指南。积累高频词汇并掌握高效的记忆方法，会大大提升你在阅读、写作、听力和口语中的信心。本指南将核心词汇分成主题群组，并为你提供简单、有效、符合大脑学习规律的记忆策略。
1. Numbers and Time | 数字与时间
Numbers are the building blocks for telling time, giving your age and talking about dates. Start by mastering 0–20, because the teens have unique forms and the rest follow patterns you can predict. Say the numbers aloud while tapping a rhythm – auditory and physical cues double your recall.
数字是表达时间、年龄和日期的基础模块。请先把0到20记熟，因为十几岁的数字有其独特形式，而之后的数字则遵循可预测的构词规则。可以一边打节拍一边大声念数字，听觉和动作线索能加倍你的记忆效果。
From 16 onwards, a handy trick is to think of 'ten and six' for dieciséis, literally 'diez y seis' compressed. The same logic applies to 17 (diecisiete), 18 (dieciocho) and 19 (diecinueve). For 20 (veinte) to 29, just add the unit digit after 'veinti': veintiuno, veintidós, veintitrés, etc.
从16开始，一个巧妙的记忆方法是把 dieciséis 理解为“十和六”的缩合，也就是 'diez y seis' 丢了几个字母。17 (diecisiete)、18 (dieciocho) 和 19 (diecinueve) 同理。20 (veinte) 到 29 只需在 'veinti' 后面加上个位数: veintiuno, veintidós, veintitrés 等。
When telling time, use 'Es la una' for 1:00 and 'Son las...' for all other hours. Minutes are added with 'y' (and) up to the half hour, and after the half hour you subtract using 'menos'. Quarter past is 'y cuarto', half past is 'y media', and quarter to is 'menos cuarto'.
表达时间时，1:00 用 'Es la una'，其他整点用 'Son las...'。半点之前用 'y' (和) 加分钟，半点之后用 'menos' (差) 来减。一刻钟是 'y cuarto'，半点是 'y media'，差一刻是 'menos cuarto'。
| Spanish | English | 中文 |
| Son las tres y diez. | It's ten past three. | 三点十分。 |
| Es la una menos cinco. | It's five to one. | 差五分一点。 |
2. Greetings and Courtesies | 问候与礼貌用语
First impressions matter, and Spanish greetings come with different levels of formality. 'Hola' is your all-purpose hello, but you need to know when to use 'Buenos días' (good morning), 'Buenas tardes' (good afternoon) and 'Buenas noches' (good evening/night). Notice the feminine 'buenas' with the feminine nouns 'tardes' and 'noches'.
第一印象很重要，西班牙语里的问候语有不同正式程度。'Hola' 是万能“你好”，但你还需区分 'Buenos días'（上午好）、'Buenas tardes'（下午好）和 'Buenas noches'（晚上好/晚安）。请注意阴性形容词 'buenas' 要与阴性名词 'tardes' 和 'noches' 搭配。
To ask how someone is, use '¿Qué tal?' informally or '¿Cómo está?' formally. Respond with 'Bien, gracias' or 'Muy bien'. The word 'gracias' is always plural; never say 'gracia' for thank you. Add 'por favor' to make requests polite, and never underestimate the power of 'Perdón' (sorry/excuse me) and 'De nada' (you're welcome).
询问对方近况，非正式场合用 '¿Qué tal?'，正式场合用 '¿Cómo está?'。回答可以说 'Bien, gracias' 或 'Muy bien'。'Gracias' 永远是复数形式，感谢别人时不能说 'gracia'。请求时加上 'por favor'，也千万别小看 'Perdón'（对不起/借过）和 'De nada'（不客气）的魔力。
A clever mnemonic for 'gracias' is to picture yourself saying 'grassy ass' (just a sound clue) while smiling. For 'buenas tardes', link it to siesta time after lunch – 'tardes' sounds like 'tardy', as in the afternoon arrives later in the day.
一个巧记 'gracias' 的联想是想象自己微笑着说 'grassy ass'（仅作发音提示）。对 'buenas tardes' 可以联系午饭后的小憩时间——'tardes' 听起来像 'tardy'（迟到），仿佛下午总是慢悠悠到来的。
3. Family and Personal Descriptions | 家庭与人称
Family vocabulary often appears in speaking and writing tasks about yourself. Key nouns include: la madre (mother), el padre (father), los padres (parents), el hermano/la hermana (brother/sister), el abuelo/la abuela (grandfather/mother), el tío/la tía (uncle/aunt) and el primo/la prima (cousin).
家庭词汇经常出现在介绍自己的口语和写作任务中。核心名词包括：la madre（母亲）、el padre（父亲）、los padres（父母）、el hermano/la hermana（兄弟/姐妹）、el abuelo/la abuela（爷爷/奶奶）、el tío/la tía（叔叔/阿姨）以及 el primo/la prima（堂表兄弟姐妹）。
Possessive adjectives 'mi' and 'mis' (my) agree in number, not gender: 'mi madre' but 'mis padres'. To describe people, use 'ser' with adjectives: 'Soy alto y simpático.' Remember adjectives usually go after the noun and change for gender: 'un chico alto' but 'una chica alta'. If an adjective ends in -e, it stays the same for both genders: 'inteligente'.
物主形容词 'mi' 和 'mis'（我的）只随名词单复数变化，不随性别变化：'mi madre' 但是 'mis padres'。描述人物时使用 'ser' 加形容词：'Soy alto y simpático.'。记住形容词通常放在名词后面，并随性别变化：'un chico alto' 但 'una chica alta'。以 -e 结尾的形容词则不分阴阳性，如 'inteligente'。
Link 'el padre' to a 'pad' (dad) in your mind. For 'hermano', think of a 'hermit' who is as close as a brother. The word 'simpático' can be remembered as 'someone who is sympathetic in a nice, likeable way'.
可以把 'el padre' 想象成“pad”（老爸）。'hermano' 可以联想为“hermit”（隐士），像兄弟一样亲近。'simpático' 可以记成“那种很亲切讨人喜欢的同情式友善”。
4. Colours and Physical Descriptions | 颜色与外貌描述
Colours in Spanish often act as adjectives and must match the noun's gender and number. The basic palette: rojo (red), azul (blue), verde (green), amarillo (yellow), blanco (white), negro (black), naranja (orange), rosa (pink), gris (grey), marrón (brown). Note 'naranja' and 'rosa' stay the same regardless of gender.
西班牙语中的颜色通常作形容词使用，必须与名词保持性和数的一致。基础调色盘：rojo（红）、azul（蓝）、verde（绿）、amarillo（黄）、blanco（白）、negro（黑）、naranja（橙）、rosa（粉）、gris（灰）、marrón（棕）。注意 'naranja' 和 'rosa' 无论修饰阴性还是阳性名词，形式都不变。
Describing physical features: eyes are 'los ojos' (always masculine plural), hair is 'el pelo'. Common descriptives: largo/corto (long/short), liso/rizado (straight/curly), rubio/moreno (blonde/dark-haired or brunette). 'Tengo los ojos marrones y el pelo largo y liso.' Notice 'marrones' adds -es for plural.
描述外貌特征：眼睛是 'los ojos'（永远是阳性复数），头发是 'el pelo'。常用描述语：largo/corto（长/短）、liso/rizado（直发/卷发）、rubio/moreno（金发/黑发或深肤色）。'Tengo los ojos marrones y el pelo largo y liso.' 注意 'marrón' 变成复数时要加 -es。
Try colour-coded flashcards where each card is written in its own colour. For 'negro', think of a black cat crossing your path, for 'blanco' picture a blank white sheet of paper. The word 'rosa' sounds like 'rose', naturally pink.
试试彩色闪卡，每张卡片上用该颜色本身书写单词。记 'negro' 时就想象一只穿过小路的黑猫，'blanco' 就想象一张空白的白纸。'rosa' 发音像“rose”（玫瑰），本就是粉色的。
5. Key Verbs and Daily Routines | 常见动词和日常生活
High-frequency verbs form the backbone of most sentences. Focus on these regular verbs: hablar (to speak), comer (to eat), vivir (to live), and the irregular heavyweights: ser (to be), estar (to be), tener (to have), ir (to go), hacer (to do/make), gustar (to like).
高频动词构成了多数句子的脊梁。请重点掌握规则动词 hablar（说）、comer（吃）、vivir（住），以及重量级不规则动词：ser（是）、estar（在/处于）、tener（有）、ir（去）、hacer（做）、gustar（喜欢）。
Use the rhyme 'hablo, hablas, habla, hablamos, habláis, hablan' to drill present tense -ar endings. For -er verbs, the endings switch to -o, -es, -e, -emos, -éis, -en. The verb 'gustar' works differently: 'Me gusta el chocolate' literally means 'Chocolate is pleasing to me'. You need 'gusta' for singular things and 'gustan' for plural: 'Me gustan los perros'.
用顺口溜 'hablo, hablas, habla, hablamos, habláis, hablan' 来熟记 -ar 动词现在时变位。以 -er 结尾的动词，词尾则变成 -o, -es, -e, -emos, -éis, -en。动词 'gustar' 的用法有所不同：'Me gusta el chocolate' 字面意思是“巧克力令我喜欢”。单数事物用 'gusta'，复数用 'gustan'：'Me gustan los perros'。
For daily routines, use reflexive verbs with pronouns: levantarse (to get up), ducharse (to shower), acostarse (to go to bed). 'Me levanto a las siete, me ducho y luego desayuno.' Notice the pronoun matches the subject: me, te, se, nos, os, se.
表达日常生活时，使用代词式动词（反身动词）：levantarse（起床）、ducharse（淋浴）、acostarse（上床睡觉）。'Me levanto a las siete, me ducho y luego desayuno.'（我七点起床，淋浴，然后吃早餐）。注意代词需要与主语一致：me, te, se, nos, os, se。
6. Food and Drink | 食物与饮料
Food vocabulary is essential for ordering in a café and talking about healthy lifestyles. Key nouns: el agua (water, feminine but uses 'el' for sound), la fruta (fruit), la verdura (vegetable), el pan (bread), el arroz (rice), el pollo (chicken), el pescado (fish), la leche (milk), el zumo (juice).
食物词汇在咖啡厅点餐和讨论健康生活方式时必不可少。核心名词：el agua（水，阴性但为了发音用 'el'）、la fruta（水果）、la verdura（蔬菜）、el pan（面包）、el arroz（米饭）、el pollo（鸡肉）、el pescado（鱼肉）、la leche（牛奶）、el zumo（果汁）。
Use 'Me gustaría' for polite ordering: 'Me gustaría una ensalada y un vaso de agua, por favor.' When expressing likes and dislikes beyond 'gustar', try 'Me encanta' (I love) and 'Odio' (I hate). 'Me encanta la pizza pero odio el pescado.' Note 'el pescado' refers to fish as food, while 'el pez' is the living animal.
点餐时礼貌地说 'Me gustaría'：'Me gustaría una ensalada y un vaso de agua, por favor.' 表达超出一般好恶的喜好，可以用 'Me encanta'（我超爱）和 'Odio'（我讨厌）。'Me encanta la pizza pero odio el pescado.' 注意 'el pescado' 指食用的鱼，而活鱼是 'el pez'。
Memory hook: 'Leche' sounds like 'leche' in 'leche flan' – milky dessert. 'Pollo' looks like 'pole' – picture a chicken sitting on a pole. For 'zumo', think of zooming energy from fruit juice. 'Arroz' resembles 'a rose' but it is rice, imagine rose-shaped paella.
记忆挂钩：'Leche' 听起来像“奶冻”里的奶。'Pollo' 形似 'pole'（杆子）——想象一只鸡蹲在杆子上。'Zumo' 让人想到果汁带来的飞速能量。'Arroz' 有点像 'a rose'（一朵玫瑰），但却是米饭，想象成玫瑰形状的海鲜饭。
7. School and Classroom Language | 学校和课堂用语
Classroom survival Spanish helps you follow instructions and talk about subjects. Useful nouns: el colegio/la escuela (school), el aula (classroom), el profesor/la profesora (teacher), el libro (book), el cuaderno (exercise book), el bolígrafo (pen), el lápiz (pencil), la mochila (backpack).
课堂生存西语能帮你听懂指令、谈论科目。实用名词：el colegio/la escuela（学校）、el aula（教室）、el profesor/la profesora（老师）、el libro（书）、el cuaderno（练习本）、el bolígrafo（圆珠笔）、el lápiz（铅笔）、la mochila（背包）。
Common phrases: '¿Puedo ir al baño, por favor?' (Can I go to the toilet?), 'No entiendo' (I don't understand), '¿Cómo se dice... en español?' (How do you say... in Spanish?), 'Repite, por favor' (Please repeat). School subjects: las matemáticas, la historia, la geografía, las ciencias, el inglés, la educación física.
常用语句：'¿Puedo ir al baño, por favor?'（请问我可以去卫生间吗？）、'No entiendo'（我不明白）、'¿Cómo se dice... en español?'（...西班牙语怎么说？）、'Repite, por favor'（请再说一遍）。学校科目：las matemáticas（数学）、la historia（历史）、la geografía（地理）、las ciencias（科学）、el inglés（英语）、la educación física（体育）。
Learning 'el aula' is easier when you note it is feminine despite 'el' – just like 'el agua'. Associate 'mochila' with 'mochi' (a soft backpack-like treat). For 'profesor', split it as 'pro-fe-sor' and link to professional knowledge.
记住 'el aula' 虽然用 'el' 其实是阴性名词，和 'el agua' 一样。联想 'mochila' 和“麻糬”（mochi）——一种软软的像背包的小点心。'profesor' 拆成 'pro-fe-sor'，联想专业知识。
8. Locations and Directions | 地点与方向
Navigating a Spanish-speaking town requires prepositions and place nouns. Start with basic places: la tienda (shop), el supermercado (supermarket), el parque (park), la biblioteca (library), el hospital, la estación (station), el cine (cinema), la piscina (swimming pool).
在西班牙语城镇找路需要掌握介词和地点名词。从基础地点开始：la tienda（商店）、el supermercado（超市）、el parque（公园）、la biblioteca（图书馆）、el hospital（医院）、la estación（车站）、el cine（电影院）、la piscina（游泳池）。
Key prepositions: al lado de (next to), enfrente de (opposite), detrás de (behind), delante de (in front of), entre (between), a la derecha de (to the right of), a la izquierda de (to the left of). 'La biblioteca está al lado del parque.' The contraction 'del' is used when 'de' meets 'el'.
关键介词：al lado de（在...旁边）、enfrente de（在...对面）、detrás de（在...后面）、delante de（在...前面）、entre（在...之间）、a la derecha de（在...右边）、a la izquierda de（在...左边）。'La biblioteca está al lado del parque.'（图书馆在公园旁边）。当 'de' 遇到 'el' 时要缩合成 'del'。
To ask for directions: '¿Dónde está...?' (Where is...?) and '¿Hay un/una... por aquí?' (Is there a... near here?). You might hear the reply 'Sigue todo recto' (Go straight on) or 'Gira a la derecha' (Turn right).
问路表达：'¿Dónde está...?'（...在哪里？）以及 '¿Hay un/una... por aquí?'（这附近有...吗？）。你可能会听到回答 'Sigue todo recto'（直走）或 'Gira a la derecha'（右转）。
Tip: 'enfrente' sounds like 'in front', but it actually means opposite. To avoid confusion, visualise two buildings facing each other. 'Detrás' can be linked to 'detract' – something behind you is hidden and detracts from view.
提示：'enfrente' 听起来像 'in front'，但其实是“对面”的意思。为避免混淆，可想象两栋建筑面对面。'detrás' 可以联想成“detract”（减损）——在身后的东西被遮挡，从视线中消失。
9. Grammar Terms in Spanish | 西班牙语语法术语速记
Knowing the Spanish names for grammar concepts will help you understand teacher feedback and exam rubrics. A noun is 'un sustantivo' or 'un nombre'. An adjective is 'un adjetivo', a verb is 'un verbo', an adverb is 'un adverbio'. The infinitive is 'el infinitivo' and conjugation is 'la conjugación'.
记住西班牙语的语法术语能帮你理解老师的反馈和考卷评分规则。名词是 'un sustantivo' 或 'un nombre'，形容词是 'un adjetivo'，动词是 'un verbo'，副词是 'un adverbio'。动词原形是 'el infinitivo'，变位则是 'la conjugación'。
Tenses: present is 'el presente', past is 'el pretérito' or 'el pasado', future is 'el futuro'. The subjunctive mood is 'el subjuntivo', and the imperative (commands) is 'el imperativo'. Gender is 'el género': masculino (masculine) and femenino (feminine). Number is 'el número': singular and plural.
时态：现在时是 'el presente'，过去时是 'el pretérito' 或 'el pasado'，将来时是 'el futuro'。虚拟语气是 'el subjuntivo'，祈使语气（命令）是 'el imperativo'。性（语法性别）是 'el género'：masculino（阳性）和 femenino（阴性）。数是 'el número'：单数和复数。
'Sustantivo' can be remembered by thinking of a 'substance' – a noun is the name of a thing, the substance of the sentence. 'Adjetivo' is close to the English 'adjective', just add an 'o' at the end. 'Verbo' is visualised as the 'verb' that gives action to the sentence.
'Sustantivo' 可以联想成“substance”（实质）——名词是事物的名称，是句子的实质内容。'adjetivo' 和英语 'adjective' 非常接近，只是在结尾加了 'o'。'verbo' 可以想象成给句子带来动作的“verb”。
10. Top Memorisation Tips | 速记技巧总结
Rote learning alone is rarely effective. Combine the following techniques to build lasting Spanish vocabulary. First, spaced repetition: review words after 1 day, 1 week and 1 month using an app or a simple paper system. Short daily doses beat marathon sessions.
单纯死记硬背效果往往不佳。请结合以下技巧建立持久的西语词汇库。第一，间隔重复：用 App 或简单的纸笔系统，分别在 1 天、1 周和 1 个月后复习生词。每天短时的学习远胜于长时间突击。
Second, use vivid associations. Create silly, exaggerated images that link the Spanish sound to its meaning. For 'cuchara' (spoon), imagine a cow ('cu') sitting in a jar ('chara') holding a spoon. The sillier the image, the stronger the memory.
第二，使用生动的联想。编造夸张荒诞的画面，把西语发音和词义连起来。对于 'cuchara'（勺子），可以想象一头牛（'cu'）坐在罐子（'chara'）里举着一把勺子。画面越离奇，记忆越牢固。
Third, grouping: learn words in lexical sets (colours, family, school) and also in 'collocations' – words that naturally go together. Instead of just 'tomar', learn 'tomar el sol' (to sunbathe) and 'tomar un café' (to have a coffee). This gives you ready-to-use chunks of language.
第三，群组归类：按照主题词群（颜色、家庭、学校）进行学习，同时按照“搭配”来记忆——也就是那些天然共现的词语组合。不要只背 'tomar'，而要去记 'tomar el sol'（晒太阳）和 'tomar un café'（喝杯咖啡）。这样你就拥有了现成的语块。
Fourth, active recall: cover the Spanish and try to produce it from the English, and vice versa. Write out words by hand, speak them aloud, and record yourself for playback. Your accent will improve as you mimic native audio clips.
第四，主动回忆：遮住西语部分，通过英语释义来回忆单词，反之亦然。手写单词、大声朗读，并给自己录音回放。模仿母语音频时，你的口音会同步改善。
Finally, use new words in personalised sentences about your life. Your brain remembers what is relevant and emotional. 'Mi perro es muy perezoso porque duerme todo el día' is far stickier than a textbook example.
最后，用生词造和自己生活相关的句子。大脑容易记住那些与自己相关且带有情感色彩的信息。'Mi perro es muy perezoso porque duerme todo el día'（我的狗太懒了，整天睡觉）这样的句子远比课本例句更难忘。
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