📚 Year 9 SQA English: Quick-Reference Handbook of Formulas & Theorems | Year 9 SQA 英语：公式定理速查手册
Welcome to your essential quick-reference guide for Year 9 SQA English. Just as mathematics has formulas and science has theorems, English relies on a set of core structures, rules, and patterns that help you write, analyse, and speak with confidence. This handbook distils the most important 'formulas' – from paragraph frameworks to grammar equations – that you will need to master for your SQA assessments. Keep it close for revision, homework, and in-class reference.
欢迎使用这本为 Year 9 SQA 英语准备的核心速查手册。正如数学有公式、科学有定理，英语也依赖一系列核心结构、规则与模式，帮助你自信地写作、分析与表达。这本手册提炼了最重要的“公式”——从段落框架到语法等式——都是你在 SQA 评估中需要掌握的内容。用它来复习、做作业和课堂参考吧。
1. The PEEL Paragraph Formula | PEEL 段落公式
The PEEL formula is the backbone of analytical and persuasive paragraphs. PEEL stands for Point, Evidence, Explain, Link. First, you state your main Point in one clear sentence. Next, you introduce Evidence – a quotation, fact, or example. Then, you Explain how the evidence supports your point, exploring its meaning and effect. Finally, you Link back to the overall question or forward to the next paragraph. This formula ensures every paragraph has a clear purpose and logical flow.
PEEL 公式是分析与说服性段落的骨架。PEEL 代表观点 (Point)、证据 (Evidence)、解释 (Explain) 和衔接 (Link)。首先，用一句话清晰陈述主要观点。接着引入证据——引文、事实或例子。然后解释该证据如何支持你的观点，探讨其含义与效果。最后，回到整体问题或衔接至下一段。这个公式确保每个段落都有明确的目的和逻辑流程。
A strong PEEL paragraph looks like this: P: Macbeth's ambition drives his downfall. E: "I have no spur to prick the sides of my intent, but only vaulting ambition." E: The metaphor of a horse and rider shows that ambition is an uncontrollable force pushing him beyond morality. L: Thus, Shakespeare presents ambition as a corrupting power that ultimately destroys the tragic hero.
一个典型的 PEEL 段落如下：P: 麦克白的野心导致了他的毁灭。E: "没有马刺来激励我的意图，唯有跃起的野心。" E: 马与骑手的隐喻表明野心是一种无法控制的力量，将他推向道德之外。L: 因此，莎士比亚将野心呈现为一种腐蚀性的力量，最终摧毁了悲剧英雄。
2. The Sentence Structure Equation | 句子结构等式
Every complete sentence in English must follow a fundamental equation: Subject + Verb + (Object/Complement). The subject is who or what performs the action. The verb is the action or state. The object receives the action, and a complement gives more information about the subject. For example: "The poet (S) uses (V) vivid imagery (O)." Understanding this equation helps you avoid fragments and run-ons.
英语中每个完整句子都必须遵循一个基本等式：主语 + 谓语动词 + (宾语/补足语)。主语是动作的执行者，谓语动词表示动作或状态，宾语是动作的承受者，补足语提供关于主语的更多信息。例如：“诗人 (S) 使用 (V) 生动的意象 (O)。” 理解这个等式有助于避免句子片段和流水句。
You can expand sentences with modifiers and clauses: (Adverbial) + Subject + Verb + Object + (Adverbial). E.g., "In the opening stanza, the poet slowly introduces a sombre tone." The formula remains the same, but the extra elements add depth.
你可以通过修饰语和从句扩展句子：(状语) + 主语 + 动词 + 宾语 + (状语)。例如：“在开篇诗节中，诗人缓缓引入了一种阴沉的语调。” 公式保持不变，但额外元素增加了深度。
3. Tense Formulas | 时态公式
Tenses are vital for conveying time accurately. Here are the essential tense formulas for Year 9:
时态对于准确表达时间至关重要。以下是 Year 9 必备的时态公式：
| Tense | Formula | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Present Simple | S + V₁/Vₛ (s/es) + O | She writes poems. |
| Past Simple | S + V₂ (past) + O | He wrote a letter. |
| Future Simple | S + will + V₁ + O | They will analyse the text. |
| Present Perfect | S + has/have + V₃ (past participle) + O | The writer has used contrast. |
| Past Perfect | S + had + V₃ + O | Before the climax, the author had built suspense. |
Remember, when you shift between tenses in an essay, you must maintain consistency unless there is a deliberate time change. Always proofread for tense errors.
请记住，在文章中转换时态时，必须保持一致，除非有特意的时间变化。务必校阅时态错误。
4. Punctuation Rules: The Clarity Theorems | 标点符号规则：清晰性定理
Punctuation acts like road signs for readers. These 'theorems' govern comma usage, semicolons
Published by TutorHao | Year 9 English Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图