📚 Year 10 Edexcel PE: Key Vocabulary & Terminology Quick-Reference Guide | Year 10 Edexcel 体育：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering GCSE Physical Education requires not only understanding concepts but also recalling precise terminology under exam conditions. This guide offers a systematic approach to memorising key terms from anatomy to psychology, with memory aids and bilingual explanations to boost your retention.
掌握GCSE体育不仅需要理解概念，还需要在考试条件下准确回忆专业术语。本指南提供从解剖学到心理学的系统记忆法，通过助记技巧和双语解释，帮助你高效巩固词汇。
1. Anatomical Terminology & Directions | 解剖学术语与方位
Anterior refers to the front of the body. In the anatomical position, the chest is anterior. Remember 'Ant' crawls forward — the front is anterior.
前侧指身体前部。在解剖学姿势下，胸部处于前侧。联想蚂蚁（ant）向前爬，前即是anterior。
Posterior describes the back of the body. The shoulder blades are on the posterior side. Think 'post' as behind, like a post office box at the back of a building.
后侧指身体后部。肩胛骨位于后侧。把'post'想象成后面，如邮局信箱在大楼后部。
Medial means closer to the midline of the body. The sternum is medial to the shoulders. 'Medial' sounds like 'middle', which helps you place it near the centre.
内侧指靠近身体中线。胸骨位于双肩内侧。'Medial'发音类似'middle'，提醒你它在中心附近。
Lateral means farther from the midline. The thumbs are lateral when arms are in anatomical position. Picture 'lateral' as 'latitude' — spreading outwards.
外侧指远离身体中线。解剖学姿势下，拇指在外侧。将'lateral'与‘latitude’（纬度）联系，表示向外扩展。
Proximal indicates closer to the point of attachment of a limb to the trunk. The elbow is proximal to the wrist. 'Prox' sounds like 'approximate' — near.
近端指离肢体与躯干连接点更近。肘部相对于手腕是近端。'Prox'类似'approximate'（接近），表示近。
Distal means farther from the attachment point. The fingers are distal to the elbow. Think 'distant' — the far end.
远端指离连接点更远。手指相对于肘部是远端。联想'distant'（遥远的），即远端。
2. Skeletal System Key Vocabulary | 骨骼系统关键词汇
The cranium is the skull bone that protects the brain. It also provides attachment for head muscles. Visualise 'cranium' as a 'crate' securing precious cargo.
颅骨是保护大脑的头骨，也为头部肌肉提供附着点。把'cranium'想象成保护贵重货物的箱子（crate）。
Vertebrae are the individual bones forming the spinal column. They protect the spinal cord and allow flexibility. The plural of 'vertebra' sounds like 'verta-brae' — stacked coins.
椎骨是构成脊柱的单个骨头，保护脊髓并允许身体屈伸。'Vertebrae'复数像一摞硬币，层层堆叠。
A synovial joint is a freely movable joint where bones are separated by a fluid-filled cavity. Examples include the knee and shoulder. The term 'synovial' contains 'ovial' like oval, suggesting smooth movement.
滑膜关节是可自由活动的关节，骨端由充满滑液的腔隔开，如膝和肩。'Synovial'含'ovial'类似oval，暗示平滑运动。
Ligaments connect bone to bone and stabilise joints. They prevent excessive movement. Think 'Ligament' is a 'ligature' tying bones together.
韧带连接骨与骨，稳定关节，防止过度活动。可联想'ligature'（结扎线）将骨头绑在一起。
Ossification is the process of bone formation, especially during growth when cartilage turns into bone. 'Oss' hints at 'osteoporosis' — bone becomes solid.
骨化是骨骼形成过程，生长时软骨转变为硬骨。'Oss'让人联想到'osteoporosis'（骨质疏松），此处指骨变坚实。
Long bones, such as the femur, act as levers for movement. They are longer than they are wide. Use 'long' literally to remember their shape and lever function.
长骨如股骨，作为运动杠杆。长度大于宽度，从字面'long'记忆其形状和杠杆作用。
3. Muscular System & Movement Terms | 肌肉系统与动作术语
racts to produce a movement. In a bicep curl, the biceps brachii is the agonist. Agonist = 'action' muscle.
主动肌是完成动作的主要收缩肌肉。在肱二头肌弯举中，肱二头肌为主动肌。Agonist即'action'（动作）肌。
The antagonist relaxes to allow the agonist to work. In the curl, the triceps is the antagonist. Antagonist 'anti'-agonist, opposing the action.
拮抗肌在主动肌收缩时放松。在弯举中，肱三头肌为拮抗肌。Antagonist中'anti'表示对抗，反对动作。
a joint, the muscle changes length. Concentric phase shortens; eccentric phase lengthens. 'Iso' = same, 'tonic' = tension — tension remains while length changes.
等张收缩时关节活动，肌肉长度改变。向心收缩缩短，离心收缩拉长。'Iso'（相同）与'tonic'（紧张）合起来：张力恒定长度变。
Isometric contraction means the muscle tenses but does not change length, like holding a plank. 'Iso' + 'metric' (measure) — length stays the same measure.
等长收缩指肌肉紧张但长度不变，如平板支撑。'Iso'+'metric'（测量）——长度测量保持不变。
ibres produce rapid, powerful contractions but fatigue quickly. They suit sprinting. Think 'fast' twitch = 'fast' movement.
快缩肌纤维产生快速、有力的收缩，但易疲劳，适用于冲刺。字面联想：'fast' twitch对应快动作。
Slow-twitch fibres contract more slowly, resist fatigue, and are ideal for endurance. Remember 'slow' but sustained, like a long-distance runner.
慢缩肌纤维收缩慢，抗疲劳，适合耐力运动。记忆为‘慢’却持久，像长跑选手。
4. Cardiovascular System Terms | 心血管系统术语
Heart rate (HR) is the number of heart beats per minute (bpm). A lower resting heart rate usually indicates better aerobic fitness. HR is simply how fast your heart beats.
心率是每分钟心跳次数。较低安静心率通常表明较好的有氧适能。HR即心跳有多快。
Stroke volume (SV) is the volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per beat. Training increases SV. Picture a 'stroke' as one pump discharging a volume.
每搏输出量指左心室每次搏动射出的血液量。训练可增加每搏输出量。将'stroke'想象成一次泵出动作。
ume. It represents the total blood pumped per minute. Q = HR × SV is a key equation; think 'CO = HR x SV'.
心输出量=心率×每搏输出量，代表每分钟泵血总量。记忆公式Q = HR × SV，即CO=HR×SV。
Aerobic exercise uses oxygen to break down glucose for energy, e.g. jogging. 'Aero' means air — needs oxygen. It can be sustained for long periods.
有氧运动利用氧气分解葡萄糖供能，如慢跑。'Aero'指空气，需要氧。可长时间持续。
thout oxygen, producing energy rapidly but leading to lactic acid. Sprinting is anaerobic. 'An'=without, 'aerobic'=air — without oxygen.
无氧运动在无氧条件下快速供能，产生乳酸。冲刺为无氧运动。'An'表示无，'aerobic'氧气——即无氧。
t contraction (systolic) and relaxation (diastolic). Symbolised as e.g. 120/80 mmHg. Think 'Systolic = squeeze'.
血压是血液在心脏收缩（收缩压）和舒张（舒张压）时对动脉壁的压力。例如120/80 mmHg。记忆：Systolic 即 squeeze（挤压）。
5. Respiratory System Terminology | 呼吸系统术语
Tidal volume is the amount of air moved in and out of the lungs in one normal breath. During exercise, it increases. Imagine the tide — a regular, gentle rise and fall.
潮气量是一次正常呼吸中进出肺部的空气量。运动时增加。想象潮汐规律地起落。
Vital capacity is the maximum amount of air exhaled after a maximum inhalation. It reflects respiratory muscle strength. 'Vital' hints at maximal effort.
肺活量是最大吸气后尽力呼出的气量，反映呼吸肌力量。'Vital'暗示尽最大努力。
breathing rate. It measures total air moved per minute. Formula: VE = TV × f (frequency).
每分通气量=潮气量×呼吸频率，衡量每分钟总通气量。公式VE = TV × f。
Gaseous exchange occurs in the alveoli, where oxygen moves into blood and CO₂ moves out. Think of a 'trade' at the alveoli.
气体交换在肺泡进行，氧气入血，二氧化碳排出。想象肺泡处进行‘交易’。
Oxygen debt is the extra oxygen needed after anaerobic exercise to remove lactic acid. Also called EPOC. Paying back the 'oxygen loan'.
氧债是无氧运动后为清除乳酸所需额外氧量，亦称EPOC。即偿还‘氧气借贷’。
Diaphragm is the primary muscle of breathing, flattening to draw air in. Its contraction increases thoracic volume. Remember 'diaphragm' like a ‘dome’ that flattens.
膈肌是主要呼吸肌，收缩时变平，胸腔容积增大。联想'dome'（圆顶）变得扁平。
6. Health, Fitness & Training Principles | 健康、体适能与训练原则
Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, not just the absence of disease. GCSE PE stresses holistic health.
健康是身体、心理和社会的完全良好状态，并非仅仅没有疾病。Edexcel体育强调整体健康。
Cardiovascular endurance is the ability of the heart and lungs to supply oxygen to working muscles over sustained periods. Often tested via the multi-stage fitness test.
心血管耐力是心肺长时间为工作肌肉供氧的能力，常用多阶体能测试评估。
Specificity means training must be relevant to the sport. A sprinter needs speed work, not marathon runs. 'Specific' to your goal.
针对性指训练必须与运动项目相关。短跑选手需练速度，而非马拉松。即针对目标专项。
Progressive overload involves gradually increasing the demands on the body to improve fitness. Use the FITT principle: Frequency, Intensity, Time, Type.
渐进超负荷是逐步增加身体负荷以提升体适能。运用FITT原则：频率、强度、时间、类型。
Reversibility states that fitness declines when training stops. 'Use it or lose it'. Detraining occurs quickly with cardiorespiratory endurance.
可逆性指停训后体能下滑。‘用进废退’——心肺耐力消退很快。
Continuous training is exercise at a steady intensity without rest, developing aerobic capacity. Examples: jogging, cycling. 'Continuous' no breaks.
持续训练是以稳定强度无间歇的运动，发展有氧能力，如慢跑、骑行。'Continuous'即不间断。
7. Skill Acquisition & Information Processing | 技能习得与信息处理
An open skill is performed in an unpredictable, changing environment where the performer must react, e.g. a football pass. 'Open' to external influences.
开放性技能在不可预测、变化环境中执行，运动员需反应，如足球传球。对环境‘开放’。
A closed skill is performed in a stable, predictable setting, e.g. a gymnastics floor routine. 'Closed' from external factors.
闭锁性技能在稳定、可预见环境下执行，如体操自由操。对外部因素‘封闭’。
Input in information processing comes from senses, e.g. seeing the ball. The brain then decides. Use the 'DCR' process: Detect, Compare, React.
信息处理中，输入来自感官，如看到球。大脑后决策。记忆DCR：探测、比较、反应。
Feedback can be intrinsic (felt internally) or extrinsic (from coach). It helps correct errors. 'Feed' back information to improve.
反馈可为内在（自身感受）或外在（教练），帮助纠错。‘反馈’信息促进进步。
Reaction time is the time from stimulus onset to the start of movement. Can be reduced with practice and anticipation. Think 'React fast'.
反应时是从刺激出现到动作开始的时间，可通过练习和预判缩短。追求‘快速反应’。
A schema is a mental plan or set of rules that guides a skill. It is built through varied practice. 'Schema' like a blueprint for movement.
图式是引导技能的心理计划或规则，通过多样练习建立。'Schema'如同运动蓝图。
8. Nutrition & Diet Vocabulary | 营养与饮食词汇
Carbohydrates (carbs) are the body's main energy source, stored as glycogen in muscles and liver. Pasta and rice are high-carb. 'Carb-loading' for endurance.
碳水化合物是身体主要能源，以糖原形式储存于肌、肝。面食米饭富含碳水。耐力项目通过‘糖原负荷’补充。
Proteins are essential for muscle growth and repair. Sources: meat, beans, dairy. Think 'Proteins = builds and repairs'.
蛋白质对肌肉生长和修复至关重要，来源有肉、豆类、乳制品。记忆为‘蛋白质 - 建造修复’。
Fats provide long-term energy, insulation, and protect organs. Saturated vs. unsaturated fats. 'Fats fuel when carbs run low'.
脂肪提供长期能量、保温和保护器官。分为饱和与不饱和脂肪。‘碳水不足时脂肪供能’。
Hydration is maintaining fluid balance; water regulates temperature and transports nutrients. Dehydration severely impairs performance. Think 'Hydrate or fade'.
水合是维持液体平衡；水调节体温，运输营养。脱水严重损害表现。‘补水或下滑’。
Micronutrients include vitamins and minerals that support immunity, bone health, and energy release. E.g. iron for oxygen transport. 'Micro' means needed in small amounts.
微量营养素包括维生素和矿物质，支持免疫、骨骼健康和能量释放。如铁运输氧气。‘微量’指需求量小。
carbs by how quickly they raise blood sugar. Low GI foods provide sustained energy. Think 'GI = gradual or quick'.
血糖生成指数按升高血糖速度评级碳水。低GI食物提供持续能量。记忆GI即上升快慢。
9. Sports Psychology Terms | 运动心理学词汇
Intrinsic motivation comes from within, e.g. enjoyment or personal challenge. It often leads to more persistent effort. 'Inside' motivation.
内在动机来自内心，如乐趣或个人挑战，常带来更持久的努力。‘内在’驱动。
Extrinsic motivation is driven by external rewards like trophies, money, or praise. Can be effective short-term but may reduce intrinsic interest.
外在动机由外部奖励驱动，如奖杯、金钱、表扬。短期有效，但可能削弱内在兴趣。
Arousal is the level of mental and physical readiness. The inverted-U theory says performance peaks at moderate arousal. Too high or too low harms performance.
唤醒水平是心理和身体准备状态。倒U型理论表明中等唤醒时表现最佳，过高过低均不利。
Anxiety is a negative form of stress causing worry and physical symptoms. Cognitive anxiety (thoughts) and somatic anxiety (butterflies). Manageable with breathing.
焦虑是导致担忧和身体症状的负面压力。认知焦虑（想法）和躯体焦虑（紧张）。可用呼吸调控。
Self-efficacy is belief in one's ability to succeed in a specific task. Derived from past success, modelling, and encouragement. High self-efficacy boosts confidence.
自我效能是相信自己能完成特定任务，源自以往成功、榜样和鼓励。高效能感增强信心。
Goal setting uses SMART targets: Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, Time-bound. This improves focus and motivation. Think 'SMART goals'.
目标设定运用SMART原则：具体的、可衡量的、可实现的、现实的、有时限的，以提高专注和动机。记住‘SMART目标’。
10. Socio-Cultural Issues & Ethics | 社会文化议题与伦理
Etiquette is the unwritten code of polite behaviour in sport, e.g. shaking hands after a match. It upholds fair play and respect.
运动礼仪是体育中的不成文行为规范，如赛后握手，维护公平竞争和尊重。
Sportsmanship is playing fairly, respecting opponents and officials, and showing grace in victory or defeat. It embodies the 'spirit of the game'.
体育精神指公平竞赛、尊重对手和裁判、胜不骄败不馁，体现‘运动之魂’。
Gamesmanship pushes rules to the limit without actually breaking them to gain advantage, e.g. delaying a restart. It is controversial but not illegal.
竞技实用主义游走在规则边缘以获取优势，如拖延重新开球，虽不犯规但具争议。
eriously, like doping or deliberate fouls. It brings negative consequences and bans. Think 'deviant' = deviating.
越轨行为指严重违反规则或规范，如使用兴奋剂或故意犯规，会带来禁赛等后果。'deviant'即偏差。
Commercialisation is treating sport as a business for profit, involving sponsorships, media rights, and merchandising. It can raise standards but also cause fixture congestion.
商业化是将体育视作盈利业务，涉及赞助、转播权、周边商品，能提升水准但也会导致赛程拥挤。
Inclusion means ensuring all groups can participate in sport regardless of gender, disability, ethnicity, or socio-economic status. Promoted through adapted equipment and policies.
包容性指确保所有群体参与体育，不论性别、残疾、种族或经济地位，通过适配设备和政策推广。
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