Year 10 Edexcel PE: Formula & Theorem Quick Reference Handbook | Year 10 Edexcel 体育公式定理速查手册

📚 Year 10 Edexcel PE: Formula & Theorem Quick Reference Handbook | Year 10 Edexcel 体育公式定理速查手册

This quick reference handbook covers the essential formulas and key principles you need to know for the Year 10 Edexcel Physical Education course. Mastering these will help you solve calculation questions and understand biomechanics, physiology, and training methodology.

本速查手册涵盖 Year 10 Edexcel 体育课程中必须掌握的基本公式和关键原理。熟练掌握这些公式和定理将帮助你解答计算题，并深入理解生物力学、生理学和训练方法。

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1. Speed, Distance, Time | 速度、距离与时间

Speed is the rate at which someone or something moves. It can be calculated using the formula:

速度是物体移动的快慢程度。可用以下公式计算：

Speed = Distance ÷ Time

The SI unit for speed is metres per second (m/s). If an athlete runs 100 metres in 10 seconds, their average speed is 10 m/s.

速度的国际单位是米/秒（m/s）。如果一名运动员用 10 秒跑完 100 米，其平均速度为 10 m/s。

e the formula to find distance: Distance = Speed × Time; or time: Time = Distance ÷ Speed.

通过变换公式，可求距离：距离 = 速度 × 时间；或求时间：时间 = 距离 ÷ 速度。

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2. Acceleration | 加速度

Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity. It is calculated using the formula:

加速度是速度变化的速率。计算公式为：

Acceleration = (Final velocity - Initial velocity) ÷ Time
a = (v - u) ÷ t

The unit is metres per second squared (m/s²). Positive acceleration means speeding up; negative acceleration (deceleration) means slowing down.

单位为米/秒²（m/s²）。正加速度表示加速；负加速度（减速）表示减速。

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3. Newton's Second Law: Force, Mass, Acceleration | 牛顿第二定律：力、质量与加速度

Newton's Second Law states that the acceleration of an object is proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass.

牛顿第二定律指出，物体的加速度与作用在其上的合外力成正比，与物体的质量成反比。

Force = Mass × Acceleration
F = m × a

Force is measured in newtons (N), mass in kilograms (kg), and acceleration in m/s². This principle explains why a lighter person can accelerate faster when the same force is applied.

力的单位是牛顿（N），质量单位是千克（kg），加速度单位是米/秒²。该原理解释了为何施加相同力时，质量较轻的人加速更快。

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4. Moments and Levers | 力矩与杠杆

A moment is the turning effect of a force around a pivot. It is calculated by:

力矩是力绕支点产生的转动效应。计算公式为：

Moment = Force × Perpendicular distance from pivot
M = F × d

The unit is newton metres (Nm). In the body, bones act as levers, joints as pivots, and muscles provide the effort force. There are three classes of lever depending on the arrangement of effort, load and fulcrum.

单位为牛顿·米（Nm）。在人体中，骨骼充当杠杆，关节为支点，肌肉提供动力。根据力、负荷和支点的相对位置，杠杆分为三类。

For a lever to be balanced, the sum of clockwise moments equals the sum of anticlockwise moments.

杠杆平衡时，顺时针力矩之和等于逆时针力矩之和。

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5. Mechanical Advantage in Lever Systems | 杠杆系统的机械利益

Mechanical advantage (MA) measures how much a lever multiplies the effort force. It is the ratio of load to effort.

机械利益（MA）衡量杠杆将动力放大的倍数，即负荷与动力的比值。

Mechanical Advantage = Load ÷ Effort
MA = Load (N) ÷ Effort (N)

, the lever provides a force advantage; if MA < 1, it provides a speed/range advantage. Many joints in the body have MA < 1 for speed.

也可以用力臂长度计算：MA = 动力臂 ÷ 阻力臂。若 MA > 1，杠杆省力；若 MA < 1，则可增加运动速度或幅度。人体许多关节的 MA 小于 1，以追求速度。

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6. Work Done and Power | 做功与功率

Work is done when a force moves an object through a distance. It is calculated as:

力使物体沿力的方向移动一段距离时就做了功。计算公式为：

Work Done = Force × Distance
W = F × d

The unit is joules (J). One joule is the work done when a force of 1 N moves an object 1 m.

单位为焦耳（J）。1 焦耳表示 1 牛顿的力使物体移动 1 米所做的功。

Power is the rate at which work is done, or energy is transferred.

功率是做功的速率，或能量转换的速率。

Power = Work Done ÷ Time
P = W ÷ t

nce, power can be expressed as: P = (F × d) ÷ t. The unit is watts (W), where 1 W = 1 J/s.

同时，因为功 = 力 × 距离，功率也可表示为 P = (F × d) ÷ t。单位为瓦特（W），1 W = 1 J/s。

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7. Cardiac Output, Stroke Volume and Heart Rate | 心输出量、每搏输出量与心率

Cardiac output (Q) is the volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute. It is determined by the heart rate and stroke volume.

心输出量（

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