📚 Year 9 SQA Psychology: Vocabulary and Terminology Quick-Memorisation Guide | 九年级SQA心理学：词汇术语速记指南
Psychology is packed with specialist vocabulary that can feel overwhelming at first. This guide breaks down essential Year 9 SQA terms and gives you memorable hooks, so you can recall definitions quickly and use them confidently in your written answers. Instead of rote memorisation, you will learn to connect each term to a simple image, rhyme or logical trick.
心理学充斥着专业词汇，乍一看让人望而生畏。本指南拆解了九年级 SQA 心理学核心术语，并为你配上难忘的记忆钩子，让你能迅速回忆起定义，并在书面作答中自信地运用。我们不用死记硬背，而是通过联想简单的图像、顺口溜或逻辑诀窍来记住每个术语。
1. Research Methods Essentials | 研究方法基础
Hypothesis – A testable prediction about the outcome of a study. Think 'high-pot-thesis' – you need a high-potential, educated guess to start your investigation.
假设 – 关于研究结果的可检验预测。联想“高度可能的论点”，你需要一个可能性很高的、有根据的猜测来开启研究。
Independent Variable (IV) – The factor you deliberately change or manipulate. Remember: 'I change the IV'.
自变量 (IV) – 你故意改变或操控的因素。记住口诀：“IV 由我操纵”。
Dependent Variable (DV) – The factor you measure; it depends on what you did to the IV. Think 'DV depends on me'.
因变量 (DV) – 你测量的那个因素；它取决于你对自变量的操作。联想：“DV 取决于我”。
Operationalisation – Defining exactly how you will measure or change a variable so that it is clear and specific. Picture doing an 'operation' to make a vague concept concrete.
操作化 – 准确定义你将如何测量或改变一个变量，使之清晰具体。想象进行一次“操作”，把模糊的概念变实在。
2. Experimental Design | 实验设计
Independent Groups Design – Different participants take part in each condition. Think 'independent individuals in separate groups'.
独立组设计 – 每组参与者仅参与一个实验条件。联想“各自独立的小组”。
Repeated Measures Design – The same participants take part in all conditions. The key word is 'repeated': they repeat the experience.
重复测量设计 – 同一组参与者接受所有实验条件。关键词是“重复”：他们重复体验。
Matched Pairs Design – Participants are put into pairs based on similar characteristics (like age or IQ), then one from each pair goes into each condition. Imagine 'matching socks' – you pair them up before splitting.
配对组设计 – 根据相似特征（如年龄或智商）将参与者配对，然后将每对中的一名分到不同的条件。想象“配对袜子”，先配好再分开。
Counterbalancing – A technique used in repeated measures to control order effects; half the participants do condition A then B, the other half do B then A. Think 'balancing the order to counter unfairness'.
平衡抵消法 – 在重复测量中用于控制顺序效应的技术；一半参与者按 A→B 顺序，另一半按 B→A。联想“平衡顺序以抵消不公”。
3. Ethical Principles | 伦理原则
Informed Consent – Participants must know what the study involves and agree to take part beforehand. Picture signing a consent form after being 'informed'.
知情同意 – 参与者事前必须了解研究内容并同意参加。想象在“被知会”后签署同意书。
Deception – Deliberately misleading participants, only allowed when essential and when no alternative exists. Think 'deceiving is a last resort'.
欺骗 – 故意误导参与者，仅在别无他法且十分必要时才被允许。联想“欺骗是最后的选项”。
Debriefing – laining the true purpose and making sure the participant leaves without distress. Remember 'de-brief' = undoing any worries.
事后解释 – 研究结束后，告知真实目的并确保参与者没有心理负担地离开。记住“解忧说明会”。
Confidentiality – Participants’ data must be kept private and not traceable to them personally. Think 'confidence' – they trust you to keep a secret.
保密性 – 参与者的数据必须保持私密，无法追溯到个人。联想“信赖”——他们信任你会保守秘密。
4. Memory Processes | 记忆过程
Encoding – Changing sensory input into a form that can be stored. Think 'writing it in code' so your brain can read it later.
编码 – 将感觉输入转化为可储存的形式。联想“编成密码”，大脑以后才能读取。
Storage – Keeping information over time. Imagine files stored in a filing cabinet.
储存 – 长时间保存信息。想象文件存放在档案柜里。
Retrieval – Getting information out of storage when you need it. 'Retrieve' is like fetching a file.
提取 – 需要时从记忆中取出信息。“提取”就像取回档案。
Short-Term Memory (STM) – A temporary store with limited capacity (7 ± 2 chunks) and short duration. Chant: 'Seven plus or minus two, STM's limit for you.'
短时记忆 (STM) – 容量有限（7 ± 2 个组块）且持续时间短的暂存系统。口诀：“七加减二，短时记忆的界限。”
Long-Term Memory (LTM) – A virtually unlimited and permanent store of information. Think of it as the hard drive of your mind.
长时记忆 (LTM) – 几乎无限且永久的信息仓库。把它想象成大脑的硬盘。
5. Perception and Attention | 感知与注意
Selective Attention – Focusing on one stimulus while ignoring others. Picture a 'spotlight' that shines on one thing and leaves the rest in the dark.
选择性注意 – 专注于一个刺激而忽略其他。想象一盏“聚光灯”，只照亮一点，其余都在暗处。
Inattentional Blindness – Failing to notice an unexpected object when attention is focused elsewhere. The classic 'invisible gorilla' demonstration reminds us: what we don't attend to, we don't see.
无意视盲 – 当注意力集中在别处时，未能注意到意外的物体。经典“隐身大猩猩”实验提醒我们：不注意，就看不见。
Top-Down Processing – Using prior knowledge and expectations to interpret sensory information. Think 'from the top' (the brain) down to the senses.
自上而下加工 – 利用已有知识和期待来解释感觉信息。联想“从上面（大脑）向下指导感觉”。
Bottom-Up Processing – Building a perception from the raw sensory data, without prior assumptions. Start from the 'bottom' – the basic features – and work upward.
自下而上加工 – 从原始感觉数据出发构建知觉，不带预先假设。从“底部”基本特征开始，向上建构。
6. Social Influence | 社会影响
Conformity – Adjusting your behaviour or beliefs to match a group. 'Conform' means to 'form with' the group norm.
从众 – 调整自己的行为或信念以符合群体标准。“从众”即随大流。
Obedience – Following direct orders from an authority figure. Obedience often involves a hierarchy; think 'obey the leader'.
服从 – 听从权威人物的直接指令。服从往往涉及等级关系，想想“服从上级”。
Groupthink – When group harmony becomes more important than making the best decision, leading to poor outcomes. Think 'group-think' – everyone thinks alike, nobody challenges.
群体思维 – 当团体和谐变得比做出最佳决策更重要，导致糟糕结果。联想“群体同思”——人人想法雷同，无人质疑。
Bystander Effect – The more people present, the less likely anyone is to help a victim. Remember: 'more bystanders, less help'.
旁观者效应 – 在场的人越多，个体施助的可能性越小。记住：“旁观者越多，伸出援手者越少”。
7. Attachment in Development | 发展中的依恋
Attachment – A strong emotional bond between an infant and caregiver. Picture a 'tie' that pulls two hearts together.
依恋 – 婴儿与照料者之间强烈的情感纽带。想象一条“纽带”将两颗心连在一起。
Secure Attachment – A healthy bond where the infant uses the caregiver as a safe base to explore. 'Secure' means feeling safe enough to wander.
安全型依恋 – 健康纽带，婴儿以照料者为安全基地去探索。感到“安全”，才敢四处走动。
Insecure-Avoidant Attachment – The infant avoids closeness and shows little distress when the caregiver leaves. Think 'avoid the cuddle'.
不安全-回避型依恋 – 婴儿回避亲近，照料者离开时几乎不痛苦。联想“回避拥抱”。
Insecure-Resistant Attachment – The infant clings yet resists comfort, showing ambivalence. They 'resist' because they are uncertain.
不安全-反抗型依恋 – 婴儿紧缠不放却又抗拒安慰，表现出矛盾情绪。他们因不确定而“反抗”。
8. Biological Basics | 生物心理学基础
Neuron – A nerve cell that transmits electrical and chemical signals. Picture tiny 'lightning rods' zapping messages across your body.
神经元 – 传递电化学信号的神经细胞。想象微小的“避雷针”在全身传导信息。
Synapse – The tiny gap between neurons where chemical transmission occurs. Think 'synaptic gap' – a bridge for chemical messengers.
突触 – 神经元之间进行化学传递的微小间隙。想想“突触间隙”，一座化学信使的桥。
Neurotransmitter – Chemical messenger released into the synapse, e.g. serotonin. 'Neuro-trans-mitter' = transmits information in the nervous system.
神经递质 – 释放到突触中的化学信使，如血清素。“神经递质”就是传递神经信息的物质。
Central Nervous System (CNS) – The brain and spinal cord, the command centre. Remember: 'CNS = Core control system'.
中枢神经系统 (CNS) – 由大脑和脊髓组成的指挥中心。记住：“CNS=核心控制系统”。
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) – All the nerves outside the CNS that send messages to and from the centre. Think 'peripheral = outer parts'.
外周神经系统 (PNS) – CNS 之外的所有神经，负责与中枢传递信息。联想“外周=外围部分”。
9. Psychological Approaches | 心理学流派
Behaviourism – Focuses on observable behaviour that can be measured, ignoring mental processes. Picture a scientist observing a rat pressing a lever – only actions count.
行为主义 – 关注可观察、可测量的行为，忽略内心活动。想象科学家观察老鼠按杠杆——只看行动。
Cognitive Approach – Studies internal mental processes like memory, thinking and perception. 'Cognition' = thinking; the mind as a computer.
认知取向 – 研究记忆、思维和感知等内部心理过程。“认知”即思考；把大脑比作计算机。
Biological Approach – Explains behaviour through genes, brain structures and neurochemistry. Think 'biology underlies all behaviour'.
生物学取向 – 通过基因、脑结构和神经化学解释行为。相信“生物决定行为”。
Psychodynamic Approach – Emphasises unconscious drives and early childhood experiences. Picture an iceberg: the unconscious is the massive hidden part beneath the surface.
心理动力学取向 – 强调无意识驱动力和童年早期经历。想象冰山：无意识是水面下庞大的隐藏部分。
10. Stress and Health | 压力与健康
Stress – A physical and psychological response to perceived threat or challenge. Think 'stretch' – you feel stretched beyond your comfort zone.
压力 – 对所感知的威胁或挑战的一种身心反应。联想“拉伸”——感觉自己被拉出了舒适区。
Stressor – The event or situation that triggers the stress response. It's the 'stressor that causes the stress'.
压力源 – 引发压力反应的事件或情境。正是“压力源带来了压力”。
Fight-or-Flight Response – An automatic physiological reaction preparing the body to confront or flee from danger. Imagine your body instantly choosing 'fight' or 'take flight'.
战斗或逃跑反应 – 身体准备对抗危险或逃离的自动生理反应。想象身体瞬间在“战斗”和“飞逃”间切换。
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) – Selye's three-stage stress response: Alarm, Resistance, Exhaustion. Learn the rhyme: 'Alarm, resist, then you're exhausted — GAS makes you pay the cost.'
一般适应综合征 (GAS) – 塞利的三阶段压力反应：警戒、抵抗、衰竭。口诀：“警戒抵抗再衰竭，GAS让你付代价。”
11. Data Handling & Analysis | 数据处理与分析
Mean – The arithmetic average. Think 'mean is unkind' – it takes all values and divides them equally.
平均数 – 算术平均值。联想“平均”——把所有值加起来平分，很公平但也可能“平均”。
Median – The middle value when data are arranged in order. 'Median' sounds like 'medium' – right in the middle.
中位数 – 按顺序排列后居中的数值。“中位数”就是正中间的那个数。
Mode – The most frequently occurring value. 'Mode' is the 'most often' number.
众数 – 出现次数最多的数值。“众”即最常见。
Range – The difference between the highest and lowest values. It shows the spread; think 'range of mountains' – from lowest valley to highest peak.
极差 – 最大值与最小值之差。它显示数据跨度，联想“山脉范围”——从最低谷到最高峰。
Standardised Instructions – A script read to all participants to ensure consistency. Picture a 'standard' robot reading the exact same lines to everyone.
标准化指导语 – 向所有参与者宣读的相同文字，确保一致性。想象一个“标准”机器人对每个人读出完全相同的台词。
12. Introduction to Mental Health | 心理健康入门
Phobia – An excessive and irrational fear of a specific object or situation. 'Phobia' makes you freeze; think 'photo + phobia' – fear that freezes you in a picture.
恐惧症 – 对特定物体或情境过度且不合理的恐惧。“恐惧”让你僵住；联想“恐照”——害怕得僵在照片里。
Depression – A mood disorder characterised by persistent low mood and loss of interest. Think 'deep press' – a heavy weight pressing down on your motivation.
抑郁症 – 以持续心情低落和兴趣减退为特征的心境障碍。联想“深沉压迫”——一股沉重力量压垮动力。
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) – Involves recurrent obsessions (unwanted thoughts) and compulsions (repetitive behaviours). Spell out: 'Obsessions Cause Discomfort, Compulsions Drive actions'.
强迫症 (OCD) – 包含反复出现的强迫思维（不想要的想法）与强迫行为（重复行为）。拆解口诀：“强迫念头生不安，强迫动作来驱赶”。
Stigma – Negative labels and attitudes attached to mental health difficulties. Remember 'stigma sticks like a stain' – we need to wash it away with understanding.
污名化 – 附着在心理健康困扰上的负面标签与态度。记住“污名如污渍般黏人”，需要用理解将其洗去。
Published by TutorHao | SQA Psychology Revision Series | aleveler.com
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