📚 Year 10 Edexcel Philosophy: Key Terms & Vocabulary Quick Memorisation Guide | Year 10 Edexcel 哲学：词汇术语速记指南
Welcome to your ultimate quick-memorisation guide for Year 10 Edexcel Philosophy. Whether you are building a foundation for GCSE Religious Studies or tackling standalone philosophy topics, mastering key terminology is the secret to top marks. This guide transforms dense concepts into vivid mental hooks, etymological clues, and playful mnemonics so that every term sticks.
欢迎来到 Year 10 Edexcel 哲学核心术语速记指南。无论你是在为 GCSE 宗教研究打基础，还是在学习独立的哲学专题，掌握关键术语都是冲高分的不二法门。本指南将抽象概念化为生动的记忆挂钩、词源线索和巧妙口诀，让每一个术语都牢牢印在你的脑海里。
1. The Big Three: Theism, Atheism & Agnosticism | 三大立场：有神论、无神论与不可知论
These three terms are the bedrock of any discussion about belief in God. Understanding their Greek and Latin roots makes them unforgettable.
这三个术语是议论上帝信仰的基石。吃透它们的希腊与拉丁词根，你就再也不会混淆。
Theism comes from the Greek theos (god). A theist believes in at least one deity, typically a personal God. Think 'THE-ism' — the belief that THE God exists. Picture someone pointing upwards and declaring, 'I'm a THE-ist: I believe in THE one!'
有神论源自希腊语 theos（神）。有神论者相信至少存在一位神，通常是人格化的上帝。想象一个人指天宣告：'我是有神论者（THE-ist）：我信 那一位！'
Atheism uses the prefix 'a-' (without) + theos. An atheist lacks belief in God or gods. The memory trick: 'A-theist? Ah, no god for me, thank you.' It simply denotes the absence of theistic belief, not necessarily a claim of certainty.
无神论 前缀 'a-'（无）加上 theos。无神论者没有对神或诸神的信仰。记忆口诀：'A-theist（无神论者）？啊（Ah），我不要神。' 这个术语仅指缺乏有神信仰，不等于声称能绝对证明神不存在。
Agnosticism combines 'a-' (without) and gnosis (knowledge). An agnostic holds that it is impossible to know whether God exists. Remember: 'A Gnostic claims to know secret truths; an Agnostic says, "I don't know."'
不可知论 由 'a-'（无）和 gnosis（知识）组成。不可知论者认为我们无法确知神是否存在。记忆：'诺斯替（Gnostic）教徒自称知晓隐秘真理；不可知论者（Agnostic）说：我不知道。'
2. The Three Omnis: God's Attributes | 神之三全属性
In classical theism, God is often described with three 'omni-' attributes. The prefix 'omni-' means 'all' in Latin, and the second part of the word gives away the attribute.
在古典有神论中，神常被描述为具有三个'全'属性。前缀 'omni-' 在拉丁语里意为'全部'，而后半部分直接透露了属性的内容。
Omnipotent: omni (all) + potens (powerful). All-powerful. Visualise an 'omni-potion' in a video game — one sip grants limitless power, enabling you to create galaxies or part seas.
全能： omni（全）+ potens（有能力的）。全能的。想象游戏里一瓶'全效药水'——喝一口就拥有无限力量，足以创造星系或分开大海。
Omniscient: omni + scientia (knowledge). All-knowing. Think of an 'omni-scientist' who aces every exam and even knows what you will do tomorrow. The word 'science' itself comes from scientia.
全知： omni + scientia（知识）。全知的。想象一位'全知科学家'，任何考试都满分，还知道你明天会做什么。'科学'（science）一词正源于 scientia。
Omnibenevolent: omni + bene (good/well) + volens (wishing). All-good or all-loving. Break it into 'omni-bene-volent' and recall words like 'benefit' and 'benevolent'. Memory rhyme: 'Omnipotent can do anything, Omniscient knows everything, Omnibenevolent loves everyone without condition.'
全善/全爱： omni + bene（好/善）+ volens（意愿）。全善或全然慈爱。拆解为 'omni-bene-volent'，联想 'benefit（利益）' 与 'benevolent（仁慈的）'。记忆口诀：'全能者无所不能，全知者无所不知，全善者无条件地爱着每一个人。'
3. The Problem of Evil & Types of Evil | 恶的问题与恶的类型
The existence of evil and suffering presents the strongest philosophical challenge to belief in an omnipotent, omnibenevolent God. Memorise the categories first.
恶与苦的存在，是哲学对全能全善之神信仰最有力的挑战。先记牢恶的分类。
Moral evil is suffering caused by human free choices — murder, theft, cruelty. Link it to 'Moral = Man-made'. Every time you see 'moral evil', think of a moral agent deliberately doing wrong.
道德恶 由人类自由选择造成的苦难——谋杀、盗窃、残忍。将其与"Moral = 人为的（Man-made）"挂钩。每看到'道德恶'，就想像一个道德主体在故意作恶。
Natural evil refers to suffering that arises from the natural world — earthquakes, disease, tsunamis. Remember 'Natural = Nature's doing, no human hand.' Picture a volcano erupting without anyone pressing a button.
自然恶 指自然界产生的苦难——地震、疾病、海啸。记住'自然恶 = 大自然所为，非人祸'。想象一座火山在没有人类触碰的情况下喷发。
The logical problem of evil forms an inconsistent triad: If God is all-powerful, He could stop evil; if all-loving, He would want to; but evil exists. Therefore, such a God cannot logically exist. This dilemma was famously framed by Epicurus.
逻辑恶的问题 构成了一个不相容三元组：若神全能，便能阻止恶；若全善，便愿阻止恶；然而恶确实存在。因此，逻辑上不可能存在这样一位神。这一两难最早由伊壁鸠鲁提出。
Draw a triangle with 'omnipotent God' at the apex, 'evil' at one base corner and 'suffering' at the other. The sides represent incompatible truths — a powerful visual for essays.
画一个三角形：顶角写'全能神'，底角分别写'恶'和'苦难'。三条边代表着互不相容的真理——这是写论文时的强力视觉记忆。
4. Free Will & Determinism | 自由意志与决定论
Free will is the human power to choose between right and wrong without external compulsion. It is central to many theodicies and ethical theories.
自由意志是人类在没有外力强迫下选择善恶的能力。它是众多神义论与伦理理论的核心。
Free will: 'free' + 'will'. A simple mnemonic is 'Freely choose your will.' This concept often defends God against the charge of creating moral evil: God gave humans the genuine freedom needed for love and moral growth.
自由意志：'free（自由的）' + 'will（意愿）'。口诀：'自由地选择你的意愿'。这一概念常被用来为神辩护：神赐予人类真正的自由，以便产生爱与道德成长。
Determinism is the view that every event, including human decisions, is causally determined by prior states. Think 'Determined in advance — your whole life is a pre-written DVD.'
决定论 认为一切事件包括人的选择都由先前的状态因果决定。联想'提前决定（Determined）好了——你的人生就是一张预刻的 DVD'。
Libertarianism in philosophy) insists that free will is real and incompatible with determinism. Remember: 'Liberty = genuine freedom.' Not about politics; purely about metaphysical freedom.
自由意志论（哲学上）坚持自由意志真实存在，且与决定论不相容。记住：'自由意志论 = 真实的自由（Liberty）'。无关政治，只关乎形而上学层面的自由。
Compatibilism argues that free will and determinism can coexist — we are free as long as we act according to our own desires, even if those desires are determined. 'Compatible' means they can work together.
相容论 主张自由意志与决定论可以共存——只要我们的行动基于自身欲望，即便欲望本身是决定的，我们仍是自由的。'相容（Compatible）'意味着两者可以共处。
5. Design Argument (Teleological Argument) | 设计论证（目的论论证）
The design argument infers God from the perceived order, complexity and purpose in the universe. The key adjective 'teleological' is your gateway to higher marks.
设计论证从宇宙表现出的秩序、复杂度与目的推断出神的存在。'目的论的'这个形容词是提分关键。
Teleological derives from Greek telos (end/purpose) + logos (reason). Think of a 'telescope' helping you see a distant purpose. Whenever you write 'teleological argument', you signal precise subject knowledge.
目的论的 来自希腊语 telos（目的）+ logos（理）。联想'telescope（望远镜）'帮你看见遥远的目的。每次用上'teleological argument'，就是展示精准的专业词汇。
Paley's Watchmaker Analogy: sefully arranged parts. Similarly, the complex universe points to a divine Universe-maker. 'Watch → watchmaker; Universe → Universe-maker.'
佩利的钟表匠类比：若你在荒原发现一只表，必定由其精密协作的零件推出一位制表匠。同样，错综复杂的宇宙指向一位神圣的宇宙匠。'表 → 制表匠；宇宙 → 宇宙匠。'
The anthropic principle notes that the universe's physical constants seem fine-tuned for conscious life. Think 'anthropic = anthropos (human)'. The universe appears designed with humans in mind.
人择原理 指出宇宙的物理常数似乎为意识生命而精细调节。记法：'anthropic 对应希腊语 anthropos（人类）'。宇宙仿佛专为人类而设计。
6. Cosmological Argument (First Cause Argument) | 宇宙论论证（第一因论证）
The cosmological argument moves from the existence of the universe to a first cause or necessary being. It primarily concerns cause and contingency.
宇宙论论证从宇宙的存在追溯到第一因或必然存在。它主要关涉因果性与偶然性。
Contingency: contingent beings depend on other things for their existence. They could have not existed. Memory: 'A continent exists, but contingent beings depend on the composition of the continent — not self-sufficient.'
偶然性：偶然的存在物依赖他物而存在，它们本可以不存在的。记忆：'大陆（continent）存在，但偶然的（contingent）事物得依赖于大陆的组合——并非自足。'
Necessary being: a being that exists by its own nature and cannot not exist. It does not depend on anything. In theistic arguments, God is the necessary being that explains all contingencies.
必然存在： 凭自身本性而存在、不可能不存在的存在者。它不依赖任何他物。在有神论论证中，神就是解释一切偶然事物的必然存在。
Aquinas' Unmoved Mover: everything in motion is moved by another; an infinite regress is impossible; therefore, there must be a first Unmoved Mover — God. Picture dominoes falling: someone must push the first one.
阿奎那的不动的推动者：一切运动之物被他物推动；无限倒退不可能；故必有一位第一不动的推动者——神。想象多米诺骨牌：总
Published by TutorHao | Year 10 哲学 Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图