📚 Year 10 Edexcel Politics: Key Terms Quick-Memorisation Guide | Year 10 Edexcel 政治：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the vocabulary of politics is the first step towards understanding how power is exercised, how decisions are made, and how citizens shape their society. This guide breaks down essential GCSE-level terms into memorable definitions, each paired with a simple memory trick. You will build confidence for class discussions, homework, and exams by connecting the English term directly to a clear Chinese explanation.
掌握政治学词汇是理解权力如何运作、决策如何产生以及公民如何塑造社会的第一步。这份指南将GCSE阶段的核心术语拆解成易记的定义，并配以简单的记忆窍门。通过将英文术语与清晰的中文解释直接对应，你将建立起课堂讨论、课后作业和考试的信心。
1. Democracy and Participation | 民主与参与
Democracy: A political system in which the people hold the power to decide how they are governed, typically by voting for representatives in free and fair elections.
民主：一种政治制度，人民掌握决定如何被治理的权力，通常通过在自由、公正的选举中投票选择代表来实现。
Memory aid: Break the word into 'demos' (people) and 'kratos' (power) – power to the people.
记忆辅助：将单词拆分为 'demos'（人民）和 'kratos'（权力）——权力归于人民。
Direct democracy: Citizens vote on every major decision themselves, without relying on elected officials. Ancient Athens is a classic example.
直接民主：公民自己对每一项重大决策进行投票，而不依赖选出的官员。古代雅典是一个经典例子。
Memory aid: Think 'direct' as 'directly asking the people' – just like a classroom show of hands.
记忆辅助：把 'direct' 想成 '直接询问人民'——就像课堂举手投票一样。
Representative democracy: Citizens elect politicians to make decisions on their behalf. The UK is a representative democracy with regular general elections.
代议制民主：公民选举政治家，由他们代表自己做出决策。英国是一个定期举行大选的代议民主国家。
Memory trick: Your MP 're-presents' your views in Parliament – they present them again.
记忆窍门：你的议员在议会中 '重新呈现' 你的观点——他们会再次表达。
Participation: The range of ways people get involved in politics, such as voting, joining a party, protesting, or even signing an online petition.
参与：人们介入政治的各种方式，比如投票、加入政党、抗议，甚至签署网上请愿书。
Memory: Picture 'part' in participation – you do your 'part' in the political process.
记忆方法：联想 'part'（部分）——你在政治进程中尽自己的一'份'力。
2. Political Parties and Ideologies | 政党与意识形态
Political party: An organised group of people with similar ideas about how the country should be run, aiming to win elections and form a government.
政党：一群对国家治理方式持相似观点的人组成的组织，目标是通过竞选胜出并组建政府。
Quick link: A party is like a football team – they share a game plan (manifesto) and want to win the league (election).
快速联想：政党就像一支足球队——他们共享一套战术（宣言），并想赢下联赛（选举）。
Ideology: A coherent set of beliefs and values about politics and society. It shapes a party's policies, from the economy to individual freedom.
意识形态：一整套关于政治和社会的连贯信念与价值观。它形塑了一个政党从经济到个人自由的全部政策。
Memory: 'Ideo-' sounds like 'idea' + 'logy' meaning study – the study of ideas.
记忆：'Ideo-' 听起来像 'idea'（想法），加上 'logy'（学问）——研究想法的学问。
Left-wing (Left): Ideology that supports social equality, a larger role for the state in the economy, and progressive social reforms. The Labour Party is often seen as centre-left.
左翼：支持社会平等、国家在经济中扮演更重要的角色以及进步的社会改革的意识形态。工党通常被视为中左翼。
Symbol trick: In the French Revolution, supporters of change sat on the left side. Think 'Left loves levelling' – to make things more equal.
符号记忆：法国大革命中，支持变革的人坐在左侧。联想 '左翼喜欢拉平'——让事物更平等。
Right-wing (Right): Ideology emphasising individual freedom, a smaller state, lower taxes, and the importance of tradition. The Conservative Party is the main centre-right party.
右翼：强调个人自由、小政府、低税收和传统重要性的意识形态。保守党是英国主要的中右翼政党。
Memory: Those who defended the king sat on the right. Think 'Right is reserved' – aiming to preserve traditional structures.
记忆：拥护国王的人坐在右侧。联想 '右翼保留'——旨在维护传统结构。
Manifesto: A public declaration of a party's policies and promises, published before an election. Voters use it to compare what different parties offer.
宣言：政党在选举前公布的政策和承诺的公开声明。选民据此比较不同政党的主张。
Memory: Manifesto sounds like 'manifest' – to make clear. A party makes its intentions clear.
记忆：Manifesto 听起来像 'manifest'（表明）——让意图清晰可见。
3. Elections and Voting Systems | 选举与投票制度
General election: A UK-wide vote where citizens elect Members of Parliament (MPs) for all 650 constituencies in the House of Commons. By law, one must be held at least every five years.
大选：全英国范围内的投票，公民为下议院所有650个选区选举议员。法律规定至少每五年举行一次。
Memory: Think 'general' as in 'everyone, all at once' – the whole country votes.
记忆：把 'general' 理解为 '全民一起'——全国一起投票。
Constituency: A geographical area represented by one MP. About 70,000 voters live in a typical constituency.
选区：由一位议员代表的地理区域。一个典型的选区大约有七万名选民。
Word trick: 'Constituency' shares a root with 'constituent' – the people who make up the area.
词语窍门：'Constituency' 和 'constituent'（组成部分/选民）同根——构成该区域的人。
First Past the Post (FPTP): An electoral system in which the candidate with the most votes in a constituency wins, even without an absolute majority. It is used for UK general elections.
简单多数制：一种选举制度，在选区中获得最多票数的候选人胜出，即使没有绝对多数。英国大选采用此制。
Memory: Picture a horse race – the first one to pass the post wins. It's winner-takes-all.
记忆：想象赛马——第一个冲过标杆的获胜。赢者通吃。
Proportional representation (PR): An electoral system designed to match the percentage of votes a party gets with the percentage of seats it wins. Forms of PR are used in Scottish Parliament elections.
比例代表制：一种旨在使政党得票率与其获得的席位比例相匹配的选举制度。苏格兰议会选举采用某种PR形式。
Memory: 'Proportional' means shares match. If a party gets 20% of votes, it should get roughly 20% of seats.
记忆：'Proportional'（成比例的）意味着份额匹配。如果一个政党获得20%的选票，它就应该获得大约20%的席位。
4. Parliament and Law-Making | 议会与立法
Parliament: The UK's supreme legislative body, made up of the Monarch, the House of Commons and the House of Lords. It debates and passes laws.
议会：英国的最高立法机构，由君主、下议院和上议院组成。它负责辩论和通过法律。
Origin aid: From the French word 'parler' – to talk. Parliament is the great talking chamber.
词源帮助：来自法语 'parler'——说话。议会就是一个大型的辩论厅。
House of Commons: The elected chamber of Parliament. Its 650 MPs represent constituencies, and it is the more powerful of the two houses.
下议院：议会中经选举产生的议院。其650名议员代表选区，是两院中权力更大的一方。
Visual link: 'Commons' because its members originally represented common people (though not women or the poor originally).
形象联想：'Commons'（平民）因为其成员最初代表平民（尽管最初不包括女性和穷人）。
House of Lords: The unelected second chamber. It checks and revises legislation, but cannot permanently block bills passed by the Commons.
上议院：非选举产生的第二院。它审查和修订立法，但不能永久否决下议院通过的法案。
Memory: Lords are 'Lordly' – they are titled, not elected, and act as a revising chamber.
记忆：Lords（贵族）——他们拥有头衔，未经选举，充当修订院。
Bill: A proposed law presented to Parliament. A bill must pass through several stages in both Houses and receive Royal Assent to become an Act.
法案：提交给议会的法律草案。一项法案必须在两院经过多个阶段，并得到御准才能成为法令。
Mnemonic: A 'Bill' is something you need to pay – think of it as a draft that still needs to be stamped.
助记：'Bill' 是需要支付的账单——可将其视为仍需盖章的草稿。
Royal Assent: The final stage of a bill becoming law, where the Monarch formally agrees to it. Today, this is a formality and has not been refused since 1708.
御准：法案成为法律的最后阶段，由君主正式同意。如今这已成为一种形式，自1708年以来从未被拒绝过。
Memory: 'Assent' sounds like 'a scent' – the Monarch gives the 'final nod' of approval.
记忆：'Assent' 听起来像 'a scent'（一阵香气）——君主给出最终的点头同意。
5. The Prime Minister and Cabinet | 首相与内阁
Prime Minister (PM): The head of the UK government. He or she is usually the leader of the largest party in the House of Commons and is appointed by the Monarch.
首相：英国政府的首脑。通常是下议院最大党的领袖，由君主任命。
Memory: 'Prime' means first or most important minister. Think 'first among equals'.
记忆：'Prime' 意思是第一或最重要的部长。联想 '同辈中的首席'。
Cabinet: A group of senior government ministers chosen by the PM to head major departments (e.g. Chancellor, Home Secretary). It is the main decision-making body of government.
内阁：由首相挑选的一群高级政府部长，负责领导各大部门（如财政大臣、内政大臣）。它是政府的主要决策机构。
Room trick: The Cabinet is named after the small meeting room it originally used – a private 'cabinet'. Decisions are made behind closed doors.
房间记忆：内阁得名于其最初使用的小会议室——一个私密的小 'cabinet'（柜室）。决策在闭门后做出。
Collective responsibility: The convention that all Cabinet ministers publicly support government decisions, even if they privately disagree. A minister who cannot do this must resign.
集体责任制：内阁全体成员必须公开支持政府决定的一项惯例，即使私下持不同意见。无法做到的部长必须辞职。
Memory aid: 'All for one and one for all.' The Cabinet swims or sinks together.
记忆辅助：'人人为我，我为人人。' 内阁同舟共济。
Ministerial responsibility: The principle that ministers are accountable to Parliament for the actions of their department. Serious failures are expected to lead to resignation.
大臣责任制：部长就其部门的行为向议会负责的原则。严重的失职预计会导致辞职。
Memory: Each minister carries their own 'backpack' of responsibility – they answer for it.
记忆：每位部长背着自己负责的'背包'——他们要对此负责。
6. The Constitution and Devolution | 宪法与权力下放
Constitution: The set of fundamental rules and principles that define how a state is governed. It establishes the structure of government and the rights of citizens.
宪法：界定国家治理方式的一套基本规则和原则。它确立政府结构和公民权利。
Word root: 'Constitution' comes from 'constitute' – what makes up the state.
词根：'Constitution' 来自 'constitute'（构成）——建构国家的要素。
Uncodified constitution: The UK's constitution is uncodified, meaning it is not written in a single document. Instead, it comes from statutes, common law, conventions, and authoritative works.
不成文宪法：英国的宪法是不成文的，意味着它并非写在一份单一文件中。相反，它来源于成文法、普通法、惯例和权威著作。
Memory: 'Uncodified' hints at 'no code' – there is no single coded book of rules. Think of a messy recipe book, not one neat manual.
记忆：'Uncodified' 暗示 '没有法典'——没有一本单一编码的规则书。联想一本杂乱的食谱，而不是一本整洁的手册。
Parliamentary sovereignty: The principle that Parliament is the supreme legal authority in the UK. It can make or repeal any law, and no other body can override it.
议会主权：议会在英国享有最高法律权威的原则。它可以制定或废除任何法律，任何其他机构都不能推翻其决定。
Memory: 'Sovereignty' sounds like 'supreme reign'. Parliament reigns supreme.
记忆：'Sovereignty' 听起来像 'supreme reign'（至高统治）。议会至高无上。
Devolution: The transfer of certain powers from the Westminster Parliament to regional assemblies, such as the Scottish Parliament and the Welsh Senedd.
权力下放：将特定权力从威斯敏斯特议会转移给地区议会，如苏格兰议会和威尔士议会。
Mnemonic: 'De' means down, 'vol' sounds like 'volley' – power is volleyed downwards to regions.
助记：'De' 表示向下，'vol' 听起来像 'volley'（传球）——权力向下传递给地区。
7. The Judiciary and the Rule of Law | 司法与法治
Judiciary: The collective term for judges in the legal system. In the UK, judges interpret and apply the law, and can review whether ministers have acted beyond their powers.
司法机构：法律体系中法官的统称。在英国，法官解释和适用法律，并可审查部长是否超越权限。
Memory: 'Judiciary' shares the root 'jud' with 'judge'. Think of 'the judging branch'.
记忆：'Judiciary' 和 'judge'（法官）共享词根 'jud'。联想 '裁判分支'。
Judicial review: A process by which courts examine the lawfulness of decisions made by public bodies. If a decision is found to be illegal or irrational, it can be overturned.
司法审查：法院审查公共机构决策是否合法的程序。如果发现某一决策非法或不合情理，可以将其推翻。
Quick link: 'Review' means to look again. Judges check whether ministers followed the rules.
快速联想：'Review' 意思是重新审查。法官检查部长们是否遵守了规则。
Rule of law: The principle that everyone, including the government, is subject to the law and that laws should be clear, fair, and enforced by independent courts.
法治：法律面前人人平等，包括政府在内，且法律应当明确、公正并由独立法院执行的原则。
Memory trick: No one is above the law. Picture a ruler (as in measuring) – the law is the ruler for all.
记忆窍门：没有人凌驾于法律之上。联想一把尺子（ruler）——法律就是衡量所有人的尺子。
Separation of powers: The model that divides the state into three branches (legislature, executive, judiciary) to prevent any one from gaining too much power.
三权分立：将国家划分为三个分支（立法、行政、司法）以防止任何一个分支权力过大的模式。
Visual: Think of a three-legged stool – each leg (branch) balances the others to keep government stable.
形象联想：想象一张三条腿的凳子——每条腿（分支）相互平衡以保持政府稳定。
8. Rights and Liberties | 权利与自由
Human rights: Fundamental rights and freedoms that belong to every person simply because they are human. The Human Rights Act 1998 incorporated the European Convention on Human Rights into UK law.
人权：每个人仅仅因其为人而拥有的基本权利和自由。1998年《人权法》将《欧洲人权公约》纳入了英国法律。
Memory: 'Human' is in the name – these are rights you have by being alive.
记忆：名字里就有 'Human'（人）——生而为人即拥有的权利。
Civil liberties: Freedoms that protect citizens from excessive government interference, such as freedom of speech, religion, and peaceful protest.
公民自由：保护公民免受政府过度干预的自由，如言论自由、宗教自由以及和平抗议自由。
Visual aid: 'Liberties' sounds like 'liberty' (freedom). Think of a shield that protects your personal space.
形象辅助：'Liberties' 听起来像 'liberty'（自由）。想象一块保护你个人空间的盾牌。
Equality Act 2010: A UK law that legally protects individuals from discrimination based on protected characteristics including age, disability, race, sex, and religion.
2010年《平等法》：一项保护个人免于因受保护特征（包括年龄、残疾、种族、性别和宗教信仰）而受到歧视的英国法律。
Memory: The year 2010 sounds like 'two thousand and ten' – think 'ten protected characteristics' as a key handle.
记忆：年份2010听起来像 'two thousand and ten'——联想 '十个受保护特征' 作为关键抓手。
9. The Media and Public Opinion | 媒体与民意
Media: Channels of communication that reach large audiences, such as newspapers, television, radio, and social media platforms. The media can set the political agenda.
媒体：触达大量受众的传播渠道，如报纸、电视、广播和社交媒体平台。媒体可以设定政治议程。
Etymology: 'Media' is the plural of 'medium' – a means of conveying something. It's a bridge between politicians and the public.
词源：'Media' 是 'medium'（媒介）的复数——传递信息的手段。它是连接政治人物与公众的桥梁。
Public opinion: The attitudes and views held by the general public on political matters. It can change rapidly and shapes how parties behave.
民意：公众在政治事务上持有的态度和观点。民意可以快速变化，并影响政党的行为。
Memory: It is the 'public's opinion' – think of it as a giant mood ring of the country.
记忆：即 '公众的意见'——将其想象成这个国家的一枚巨大的情绪戒指。
Media bias: The tendency of a media outlet to represent certain political views or parties more favourably than others, rather than being strictly neutral.
媒体偏见：媒体机构倾向于更有利地报道某些政治观点或政党，而非严格保持中立的倾向。
Visual clue: 'Bias' makes you lean. A biased article leans towards one side. Check sources for balance.
视觉线索：'Bias' 让你倾斜。一篇有偏见的文章会偏向一方。核实来源以保持平衡。
Opinion poll: A survey asking a sample of people their political views to predict election outcomes or measure the popularity of leaders and policies.
民意调查：通过询问一部分人的政治观点来预测选举结果或衡量领导人和政策受欢迎程度的调查。
Memory: A 'poll' is like asking 'a pole' of people their thoughts – sampling the public mood.
记忆：'Poll' 就像询问 '一杆子人' 的想法——抽样调查公众情绪。
10. Pressure Groups and Social Movements | 压力团体与社会运动
Pressure group: An organised group that seeks to influence government policy without seeking to be elected. They focus on specific causes, such as the environment or human rights.
压力团体：有组织的团体，旨在影响政府政策而不寻求当选。他们专注于特定事业，如环境或人权。
Memory: They apply 'pressure' like a pump pushes water – they push for change on one issue.
记忆：他们施加 '压力'，就像水泵推水一样——针对一个问题推动变革。
Lobbying: The activity of trying to persuade individual MPs, ministers, or government officials to support a particular policy. It often involves professional lobbyists.
游说：试图说服个别议员、部长或政府官员支持某项特定政策的活动。通常涉及职业说客。
Origin: 'Lobby' refers to the corridors of Parliament where interest groups would catch MPs for a chat.
来源：'Lobby' 指议会的走廊，利益团体过去常在那里拦截议员交谈。
Insider group: A pressure group that works closely with the government through consultation and access, such as the British Medical Association (BMA).
内部团体：通过协商和准入渠道与政府密切合作的压力团体，如英国医学会。
Memory: They are 'inside' the policy tent, advising rather than shouting from outside.
记忆：他们身处决策 '帐篷之内'，是提供建议而不是在外面呼喊。
Outsider group: A pressure group that lacks direct access to decision-makers and must rely on public campaigning, such as staging protests or using social media stunts.
外部团体：缺乏直接接触决策者途径的压力团体，必须依靠公共宣传，如举行抗议或在社交媒体上制造噱头。
Visual link: They are locked 'outside' the door, so they must make enough noise to be heard.
形象联想：他们被关在 '门外'，因此必须制造足够大的噪音才能被听到。
Direct action: Confrontational methods such as strikes, sit-ins, or blockades used to force a response when conventional campaigning fails.
直接行动：在常规宣传手段无效时，为逼迫回应而采用的对抗性手段，如罢工、静坐或封锁。
Memory: 'Direct' means no middle man – you act directly on the problem. Think of a sit-in blocking a road.
记忆：'Direct' 意味着没有中间人——你直接对问题采取行动。想象静坐阻断道路。
Published by TutorHao | Politics Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图