📚 Year 9 SQA Biology: Vocabulary Memorisation Guide | Year 9 SQA 生物：词汇术语速记指南
Memorising scientific terms can feel overwhelming, but with clever memory hooks, you can lock them in for your SQA Biology assessment. This guide breaks down essential Year 9 vocabulary into bite-sized chunks, giving you mnemonics, word-origin clues and visual tricks to make recall easy.
记忆科学术语可能让人头大，但利用巧妙的记忆挂钩，你可以把这些词汇牢牢锁进大脑，备战 SQA 生物考试。这份指南将九年级核心词汇分解成小块，提供记忆口诀、词源线索和视觉技巧，让你轻松回忆。
1. Cell Structures and Functions | 细胞结构与功能
In SQA Biology you must be able to name and describe the main parts of a cell. Understanding the job each part does is just as important as knowing its name.
在 SQA 生物中，你必须能够说出并描述细胞的主要部分。了解每个部分的功能和知道它的名字一样重要。
Nucleus – The control centre of the cell, containing DNA. Memory aid: imagine the nucleus as the 'brain' of the cell, just as the nucleus of an atom is its core. The word 'nucleus' comes from Latin for 'little nut', so picture a nut holding all the genetic information.
细胞核 – 细胞的控制中心，含有 DNA。记忆法：把细胞核想象成细胞的“大脑”，就像原子核是原子的核心一样。“nucleus”源自拉丁语“小坚果”，因此可以想象一个坚果藏着所有遗传信息。
Cytoplasm – A jelly-like substance where chemical reactions occur. 'Cyto' means cell, 'plasm' means fluid. Visualise a fruit jelly packed with floating building blocks and enzymes doing their work.
细胞质 – 一种胶状物质，化学反应在此发生。“cyto”意为细胞，“plasm”意为液体。想象一块水果果冻，里面漂浮着构建模块和酶在忙碌工作。
Cell membrane – A selectively permeable barrier that controls what enters and leaves the cell. Think of it as a bouncer at a club, deciding who gets in and out.
细胞膜 – 一层选择性通透的屏障，控制物质进出细胞。把它想象成俱乐部门口的保安，决定谁能进、谁能出。
Mitochondria (singular: mitochondrion) – The site of aerobic respiration, releasing energy. Remember 'mighty mitochondria' because they power the cell, much like a battery.
线粒体（单数：线粒体）– 有氧呼吸的场所，释放能量。记住“强大的线粒体”，因为它们像电池一样为细胞提供动力。
Ribosome – Tiny structure that makes proteins. The name sounds like 'ribosome', and you can think of ribs on a barbecue that are made of protein – a silly link to never forget its function.
核糖体 – 制造蛋白质的微小结构。名字听起来像“ribosome”，你可以联想烧烤排骨（ribs）是由蛋白质组成的——这个滑稽的关联让你永远不会忘记它的功能。
2. Differences Between Plant and Animal Cells | 植物细胞与动物细胞的区别
SQA exam questions often ask you to compare plant and animal cells. Plant cells have three extra structures that animal cells lack.
SQA 考题经常会让你比较植物细胞和动物细胞。植物细胞比动物细胞多出三个结构。
Cell wall – A rigid outer layer made of cellulose that gives plant cells shape and support. Memory trick: a plant's cell wall is like a cardboard box keeping the cell's shape.
细胞壁 – 由纤维素构成的坚硬外层，为植物细胞提供形状和支撑。记忆法：植物细胞的细胞壁就像一个保持形状的纸板箱。
Chloroplast – Contains green chlorophyll and is the site of photosynthesis. Picture a tiny green solar panel capturing sunlight to make food.
叶绿体 – 含有绿色叶绿素，是光合作用的场所。想象一块微型绿色太阳能板，捕捉阳光制造食物。
Permanent vacuole – A large, fluid-filled sac that stores cell sap and helps maintain turgor pressure. Think of a water balloon inside the cell that keeps it firm.
永久大液泡 – 一个充满液体的大囊，储存细胞液并帮助维持膨压。想象细胞里有个水气球，让细胞保持坚挺。
3. Transport Across Cell Membranes | 物质跨膜运输
Substances move in and out of cells through three main processes. Knowing the differences can earn you easy marks in the exam.
物质通过三种主要过程进出细胞。理解它们的区别可以让你在考试中轻松拿分。
Diffusion – The net movement of particles from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration, down a concentration gradient. It is passive (no energy needed). Memory aid: 'D' for 'diffusion' and 'down' the concentration hill.
扩散 – 粒子从高浓度区域向低浓度区域的净移动，沿浓度梯度进行。它是一个被动过程（不需要能量）。记忆法：“扩”就像“散开”，粒子自然从密集的地方散向稀疏的地方。
Osmosis – The diffusion of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane from a dilute solution to a more concentrated solution. Remember 'O' for osmosis and 'H₂O' – only water does this.
渗透 – 水分子通过选择性通透膜，从稀溶液向更浓溶液扩散。记住“渗”字有三点水，只和水有关。
Active transport – The movement of particles against a concentration gradient, requiring energy from respiration. Think of a salmon swimming upstream – it takes effort (energy).
主动运输 – 粒子逆浓度梯度移动，需要呼吸作用提供的能量。想象鲑鱼逆流而上——需要消耗体力（能量）。
4. Photosynthesis and Respiration | 光合作用与呼吸作用
These two life processes are the cornerstone of energy flow in living organisms. SQA expects you to recall the word equations and where each process occurs.
这两个生命过程是生物体内能量流动的基石。SQA 要求你记住文字方程式以及每个过程的发生场所。
Photosynthesis – The process by which green plants use light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. It happens in the chloroplasts. Mnemonic for the raw materials: Cool Cats (CO₂) Have Hats (H₂O).
光合作用 – 绿色植物利用光能，将二氧化碳和水转化为葡萄糖和氧气的过程。它发生在叶绿体中。原料记忆法：二氧化碳（CO₂）和水（H₂O），可以记成“爱吃碳水的植物晒太阳产糖”。
6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
Aerobic respiration – The release of energy from glucose using oxygen, occurring in the mitochondria. Remind yourself: 'With oxygen you win the energy race', so aerobic respiration gives lots of ATP.
有氧呼吸 – 利用氧气从葡萄糖中释放能量，发生在线粒体中。提醒自己：“有氧气，能量足”，所以有氧呼吸能产生大量 ATP。
C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + energy
Anaerobic respiration – The release of energy from glucose without oxygen, producing lactic acid (in animals) or ethanol and CO₂ (in yeast). Think 'no-oxygen emergency backup' that produces less energy.
无氧呼吸 – 在没有氧气的情况下从葡萄糖中释放能量，在动物中产生乳酸，在酵母中产生酒精和二氧化碳。想象它是一个“无氧紧急备用方案”，产能较少。
5. Enzymes | 酶
Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up reactions. Memorising their properties can be made easier with the lock-and-key model.
酶是加速化学反应的生物催化剂。利用“锁钥模型”可以更轻松地记住它们的特性。
Enzyme – A protein that speeds up a specific chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy. Think of an enzyme as a pair of hands that easily assembles two puzzle pieces.
酶 – 一种蛋白质，通过降低活化能来加速特定的化学反应。把酶想象成一双手，能轻松拼合两块拼图。
Active site – The region on an enzyme where the substrate binds. Memory hook: the active site is like a lock's keyhole, perfectly shaped for only one key.
活性位点 – 酶上底物结合的特定区域。记忆钩子：活性位点就像锁的钥匙孔，只与一把特定的钥匙完美契合。
Denatured – When an enzyme loses its shape due to high temperature or extreme pH, the active site changes and can no longer function. Visualise melting a plastic key so it no longer fits the lock.
变性 – 当酶因高温或极端 pH 而失去形状时，活性位点改变，酶不再起作用。想象一把塑料钥匙被熔化，再也打不开锁。
6. DNA, Genes and Chromosomes | DNA、基因和染色体
The genetic code is organised into a hierarchy of structures. Understanding the relationship between DNA, genes and chromosomes is a common exam target.
遗传密码被组织成结构层级。理解 DNA、基因和染色体之间的关系是常见的考试目标。
DNA – Deoxyribonucleic acid, a long molecule that carries genetic information. Picture a twisted ladder (double helix) with rungs made of base pairs. The name is long, so just remember it's the 'instruction manual' of life.
DNA – 脱氧核糖核酸，携带遗传信息的长分子。想象一个扭曲的梯子（双螺旋），梯级由碱基对组成。名字很长，只需记住它是生命的“说明书”就行。
Gene – A short section of DNA that codes for a specific protein. Think of genes as individual recipes in a huge cookbook (the genome).
基因 – DNA 上编码特定蛋白质的一小段。把基因想象成一本巨大食谱（基因组）中的单个菜谱。
Chromosome – A tightly coiled structure made of DNA that becomes visible during cell division. In humans, each body cell contains 46 chromosomes. Memory trick: 'Chrome' means colour, and they take up stain well under a microscope, like coloured threads.
染色体 – 由 DNA 紧密缠绕形成的结构，在细胞分裂时可见。人类每个体细胞含有 46 条染色体。记忆法：“染色”意味着它们能被染料着色，在显微镜下像彩色线团。
7. Inheritance Key Terms | 遗传关键术语
Inheritance vocabulary can trip you up if you confuse dominant and recessive. Use these simple stories to keep them straight.
如果混淆显性和隐性，遗传学术语会让你犯难。用这些简单的故事来分清它们。
Allele – Different versions of the same gene. For example, the gene for eye colour has blue and brown alleles. Say to yourself: 'Alleles are alternatives'.
等位基因 – 同一基因的不同版本。例如，眼睛颜色的基因有蓝色和棕色等位基因。告诉自己：“等位即选择”。
Dominant allele – An allele that is always expressed if present, even when only one copy is inherited. It 'dominates' the other allele. Memory: the capital letter allele (e.g., B) bullies the small one.
显性等位基因 – 只要存在一个拷贝就能表达的等位基因，它会“支配”另一个等位基因。记忆：大写字母等位基因（如 B）像老大一样欺负小写的。
Recessive allele – An allele that is only expressed when two copies are inherited (homozygous recessive). Picture a shy person who only speaks when no dominant person is around.
隐性等位基因 – 只有当两个拷贝都存在时才表达的等位基因（隐性纯合）。想象一个害羞的人，只有在没有显性人物在场时才敢说话。
Homozygous – Having two identical alleles for a gene (e.g., BB or bb). 'Homo' means same, so 'same alleles together'.
纯合子 – 一个基因有两个相同的等位基因（如 BB 或 bb）。“Homo”意为相同，因此是“相同的等位基因”。
Heterozygous – Having two different alleles for a gene (e.g., Bb). 'Hetero' means different, so it's a mixed pair.
杂合子 – 一个基因有两个不同的等位基因（如 Bb）。“Hetero”意为不同，所以是一对混合等位基因。
8. Cell Division (Mitosis) | 细胞分裂（有丝分裂）
Mitosis is how body cells divide for growth and repair. Learning the sequence of stages is easier with a memorable phrase.
有丝分裂是体细胞为生长和修复而分裂的方式。用一句好记的话来记住各个阶段的顺序会轻松得多。
Mitosis – Cell division that produces two genetically identical daughter cells. Use the acronym PMAT to remember the phases: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase. Think: 'Please Make Another Two' cells.
有丝分裂 – 产生两个遗传上相同的子细胞的细胞分裂。使用首字母缩略词 PMAT 来记住各个时期：前期、中期、后期、末期。联想：“PMAT = Please Make Another Two（请再制造出两个）”。
Chromatid – One half of a duplicated chromosome. When the chromosome looks like an 'X', each arm is a chromatid. Imagine two identical twins holding hands before they separate.
染色单体 – 复制后染色体的一半。当染色体看起来像一个“X”时，每条臂就是一个染色单体。想象一对同卵双胞胎在分开前手拉手。
Daughter cells – The cells produced after mitosis. They are genetically identical to the parent cell, so they are like clones. Despite the name, they can be any gender!
子细胞 – 有丝分裂后产生的细胞。它们在遗传上与母细胞完全相同，就像克隆。尽管名字叫“子细胞”，但可没有性别之分！
9. Natural Selection and Evolution | 自然选择与进化
Darwin's theory of natural selection explains how species change over time. Key terms here are all about survival and reproduction.
达尔文的自然选择理论解释了物种如何随时间变化。这些关键术语都围绕着生存和繁殖。
Variation – Differences between individuals of the same species. Without variation, natural selection cannot happen. Think of a class full of students – everyone is slightly different.
变异 – 同一物种个体之间的差异。没有变异，自然选择就无法进行。想象一个坐满学生的教室——每个人之间都有些许不同。
Natural selection – The process where organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring. Summarise it as 'survival of the fittest', but fit means best suited, not necessarily strongest.
自然选择 – 更适应环境的生物往往能存活并繁殖更多后代的过程。概括为“适者生存”，但“适”是指最适应环境，而不一定是最强壮。
Adaptation – A characteristic that improves an organism’s chance of survival. For example, a camel’s hump stores fat for long desert treks. Memory: adaptations are like nature's customised tools.
适应 – 提高生物生存机会的特征。例如，骆驼的驼峰储存脂肪，帮助它在沙漠长途跋涉。记忆：适应性就像大自然定制的工具。
Evolution – The gradual change in the inherited traits of a population over many generations. Picture a long timeline with small changes accumulating like frames in a movie.
进化 – 种群在多个世代中遗传性状的逐渐变化。想象一条漫长的时间轴，微小的变化像电影帧一样累积。
10. Ecology Vocabulary | 生态学术语
Ecology terms describe the relationships between living things and their environment. These definitions must be precise in SQA answers.
生态学术语描述生物与其环境之间的关系。在 SQA 答案中，这些定义必须准确无误。
Habitat – The place where an organism lives. Think of a habitat as a specific 'address' in nature – a pond, a tree trunk, or a rock pool.
栖息地 – 生物居住的地方。把栖息地想象成大自然中的具体“地址”——一个池塘、一段树干或一个岩石水坑。
Population – ers of one species living in a habitat. Remember: one species + one area = one population.
种群 – 生活在同一栖息地的同一物种的所有成员。记住：一个物种 + 一个区域 = 一个种群。
Community – All the different populations living together in a habitat. This is the 'neighbourhood' of species – all the plants, animals and microbes interacting.
群落 – 生活在一起的所有不同种群的集合。这就是物种的“社区”——所有相互作用的植物、动物和微生物。
Ecosystem – The community of organisms and their non-living (abiotic) environment, such as water, soil and sunlight. A forest ecosystem includes all the living things plus the rainfall, temperature and minerals.
生态系统 – 生物群落及其非生物（非生命）环境（如水、土壤和阳光）的总和。一个森林生态系统包括所有生物以及降雨、温度和矿物质。
Producer – An organism that makes its own food, usually by photosynthesis. Producers are the starting point of food chains. Visualise a green factory leaf churning out sugar.
生产者 – 自己制造食物的生物，通常通过光合作用。生产者是食物链的起点。想象一片绿色工厂叶子在大量生产糖。
Consumer – An organism that eats other organisms for energy. Remember: consumers cannot make their own food, they must 'consume' others.
消费者 – 通过吃其他生物获取能量的生物。记住：消费者不能自己制造食物，必须“消费”别人。
Decomposer – An organism that breaks down dead material and recycles nutrients back into the soil. Bacteria and fungi are decomposers. Think 'decompose' like decaying matter being taken apart.
分解者 – 分解死去的物质并将养分循环回土壤的生物。细菌和真菌是分解者。“分解”就像把腐烂的东西拆开。
Biodiversity – ecies in an ecosystem. High biodiversity means a healthy, stable environment. Broken down: 'bio' = life, 'diversity' = variety.
生物多样性 – 生态系统中所有不同物种的多样性。高生物多样性意味着环境健康稳定。拆解记忆：“bio”= 生命，“diversity”= 多样性。
Published by TutorHao | Biology Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图