📚 Year 9 SQA Biology: Formula & Principle Quick Reference Guide | Year 9 SQA 生物：公式定理速查手册
The Year 9 SQA Biology curriculum requires a solid grasp of key formulas and principles, from microscope calculations to genetic laws and energy transfer. This quick reference handbook compiles essential equations and biological theorems in one place for effective revision. Each section pairs an English explanation with its Chinese translation, making the material accessible for bilingual learners.
Year 9 SQA 生物课程需要掌握关键的公式和原理，从显微镜计算到遗传定律和能量传递。本速查手册将重要的方程和生物学定理汇编在一起，方便高效复习。每个要点都提供英文和中文对照，便于双语学习者使用。
1. Magnification and Measurement | 放大倍率与测量
The total magnification of a light microscope is found by multiplying the power of the eyepiece lens by the power of the objective lens. This allows you to calculate how much larger an object appears compared to its actual size.
光学显微镜的总放大倍率是通过将目镜的放大倍数乘以物镜的放大倍数得出的。这可以用来计算一个物体比实际尺寸放大了多少倍。
Total Magnification = Eyepiece magnification × Objective magnification
总放大倍数 = 目镜放大倍数 × 物镜放大倍数
tion. It is essential to convert all measurements to the same units, usually micrometres (µm). Remember that 1 mm = 1000 µm.
要计算样本的实际大小，可以使用公式：实际大小 = 图像大小 ÷ 放大倍数。务必将所有测量值转换为相同的单位，通常使用微米 (µm)。记住 1 毫米 = 1000 微米。
Actual Size (µm) = (Image Size in mm × 1000) ÷ Magnification
实际大小 (µm) = (图像大小 mm × 1000) ÷ 放大倍数
When using a microscope with an eyepiece graticule, you must first calibrate it using a stage micrometer. The specimen is measured in graticule divisions, and then the size is converted to micrometres using the calibration factor.
使用带有目镜测微尺的显微镜时，必须先用镜台测微尺进行校准。以测微尺刻度测量标本后，再用校准系数将尺寸转换为微米。
2. Rate of Enzyme-Controlled Reactions | 酶促反应速率
Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions. The rate of an enzyme-controlled reaction can be determined by measuring the amount of product formed or the amount of substrate used up per unit time. Common units include g/min, cm³/min, or arbitrary units per second.
酶是加速化学反应的生物催化剂。酶促反应速率可以通过测量单位时间内生成的产物量或消耗的底物量来确定。常用单位包括 克/分钟、立方厘米/分钟或任意单位/秒。
Reaction Rate = Change in quantity of product or substrate ÷ Time taken
反应速率 = 产物或底物的变化量 ÷ 所用时间
When plotting a graph of product against time, the initial rate is often the steepest part of the curve. It can be calculated by taking the gradient of the tangent at time zero. Rates change as temperature, pH, or substrate concentration vary.
在绘制产物随时间变化的图时，初始速率通常是曲线最陡的部分。可以通过在时间为零时作切线的斜率来计算。速率会随温度、pH 或底物浓度的变化而改变。
For example, in the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide by catalase, the rate is measured as cm³ of oxygen produced per second. Enzymes denature if the temperature exceeds their optimum, causing the rate to drop sharply.
例如，过氧化氢在过氧化氢酶催化下分解，反应速率可通过每秒产生的氧气体积（cm³）来测量。如果温度超过最适温度，酶会变性，导致速率急剧下降。
3. Rate of Photosynthesis | 光合作用速率
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants produce glucose and oxygen from carbon dioxide and water, using light energy. The rate of photosynthesis can be estimated by counting oxygen bubbles released from an aquatic plant or by measuring the volume of gas collected over time.
光合作用是植物利用光能，将二氧化碳和水转化为葡萄糖和氧气的过程。光合作用速率可通过计算水生植物释放的氧气泡数量，或测量一定时间内收集的气体体积来估算。
Rate of Photosynthesis = Number of O₂ bubbles ÷ Time (min)
光合作用速率 = O₂ 气泡数量 ÷ 时间 (分钟)
If using a gas syringe or inverted measuring cylinder, the rate is expressed as volume of oxygen produced per unit time, e.g. mm³/min. Factors affecting the rate include light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration, and temperature.
如果使用气体注射器或倒置量筒，速率可表示为每单位时间产生的氧气体积，例如 立方毫米/分钟。影响速率的因素包括光照强度、二氧化碳浓度和温度。
As light intensity increases, the rate of photosynthesis rises until another factor becomes limiting. The compensation point is where the rate of photosynthesis equals the rate of respiration, so no net gas exchange occurs.
随着光照强度增加，光合作用速率上升，直到另一个因素成为限制因素。补偿点是光合作用速率等于
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