📚 Year 10 Edexcel Sociology: Key Terms Memory Guide | Year 10 Edexcel 社会学：词汇术语速记指南
Welcome to your essential vocabulary companion for the Edexcel GCSE Sociology course. Mastering sociological terminology is not just about memorising definitions – it’s about unlocking the language that shapes how we understand society. This guide covers the most frequently examined key terms across core topics, together with memory techniques that will help you recall and apply them confidently in your written answers.
欢迎使用这本 Edexcel GCSE 社会学核心词汇伴侣。掌握社会学术语不只是背诵定义，而是解锁塑造我们理解社会的语言。本指南涵盖了核心主题中最常考查的关键术语，并附有记忆技巧，帮助你自信地在书面答案中回忆和运用它们。
1. The Sociological Approach: Core Vocabulary | 社会学方法：核心词汇
Sociology is the systematic study of human society, social relationships, and social structures. It asks how our lives are shaped by the groups and institutions we belong to, and how social order and social change occur.
社会学 是对人类社会、社会关系和社会结构的系统研究。它追问我们的生活如何被所属群体和制度所塑造，以及社会秩序和社会变迁如何发生。
Society refers to a large group of people living in the same geographical area, sharing a common culture and set of institutions. It is not simply a collection of individuals – it possesses an overarching structure that influences behaviour.
社会 指生活在同一地理区域、共享共同文化和制度的大型人群。它不仅仅是个人集合，而拥有影响行为的总体结构。
Social structure and social processes are paired concepts. Structure describes the organised patterns of relationships and institutions (e.g. class, gender, ethnicity, family, education); processes refer to the dynamic ways individuals and groups interact and bring about change (e.g. socialisation, labelling, globalisation).
社会结构 与 社会过程 是一对概念。结构描述有组织的关系和制度模式（如阶级、性别、族群、家庭、教育）；过程指个人和群体互动并引起变化的动态方式（如社会化、贴标签、全球化）。
Macro-level theories (e.g. Marxism, functionalism) look at large-scale social institutions and broad patterns, whereas micro-level theories (e.g. symbolic interactionism) focus on small-group interactions and individual meanings.
宏观理论（如马克思主义、功能论）关注大规模社会制度和广泛模式，而 微观理论（如符号互动论）聚焦小群体互动和个人赋予的意义。
2. Norms, Values & Culture | 规范、价值观与文化
Norms are the specific, unwritten rules of behaviour expected in particular situations. Shaking hands when greeting someone or queuing in a shop are everyday norms in many societies.
规范 是特定情境中预期的、不成文行为规则。见面握手或排队购物是许多社会中的日常规范。
Values are broader, deeply held beliefs about what is desirable, good, and important. Examples include honesty, respect for elders, equality, and individual freedom. Values underpin norms – a society that values privacy will develop norms around knocking before entering a room.
价值观 是关于什么是可取的、好的和重要的更广泛、深植的信念。例如诚实、尊敬长辈、平等和个人自由。价值观支撑规范——重视隐私的社会会形成进门前先敲门的规范。
Culture is the entire way of life of a society: its language, beliefs, customs, norms, values, traditions, and material objects. Subculture is a smaller group within a main culture that has its own distinctive norms and values, such as a youth subculture or a religious subculture.
文化 是一个社会的整体生活方式：语言、信仰、习俗、规范、价值观、传统和物质物品。亚文化 是主文化内部拥有自己独特规范和价值观的小群体，例如青年亚文化或宗教亚文化。
Ethnocentrism means judging other cultures by the standards of one's own culture, often seeing one's own as superior. Cultural relativism is the practice of understanding a culture on its own terms, without bias.
民族中心主义 指用自己文化的标准评判其他文化，常认为自己文化优越。文化相对主义 则是以该文化的自身条件来理解它，不带偏见。
3. Socialisation: Primary & Secondary | 社会化：初级与次级
Socialisation is the lifelong process through which individuals learn the norms, values, and behaviour appropriate to their society. It transforms a biological being into a social being.
社会化 是个体学习适合其社会的规范、价值观和行为的终身过程，它将生物人转变为社会人。
Primary socialisation occurs in early childhood, mainly within the family. Here, children learn basic language, emotional bonds, and fundamental values such as right and wrong. This stage is crucial for identity formation.
初级社会化 发生在童年早期，主要在家庭内。儿童学习基本语言、情感纽带以及是非等根本价值观。此阶段对身份形成至关重要。
Secondary socialisation takes place later through agents of socialisation such as schools, peer groups, the mass media, religion, and the workplace. It reinforces existing norms and teaches those specific to new roles.
次级社会化 之后通过 社会化代理人 发生，如学校、同辈群体、大众媒体、宗教和工作场所。它巩固现有规范并教授新角色所需的特定规范。
The case of feral children – children raised with little or no human contact – demonstrates that without early socialisation, basic human capabilities such as language and empathy are severely impaired.
野孩子 案例——在极少或无人接触环境下长大的儿童——说明没有早期社会化，语言和同理心等基本人类能力会严重受损。
4. The Family: Key Terms | 家庭：关键术语
The family is a central institution in all societies. Edexcel expects you to know different family types and their characteristics. The table below summarises the main forms.
家庭是所有社会的核心制度。Edexcel 要求你了解不同的 家庭类型 及其特征。下表总结了主要形式。
| Family Type 家庭类型 | Description 描述 |
|---|---|
| Nuclear family 核心家庭 | Two-generation household: parents and their dependent children. Seen by functionalists as ideal for socialisation. |
| Extended family 扩展家庭 | Three or more generations living together, or kin living nearby and providing mutual support. |
| Lone-parent family 单亲家庭 | One parent caring for dependent children, often associated with divorce, separation, or choice. |
| Reconstituted family 重组家庭 | Also called a step-family; formed when one or both partners bring children from previous relationships. |
| Symmetrical family 对称家庭 | A family where roles are shared equally between husband and wife, as described by Young and Willmott. |
The functional fit theory (Parsons) suggests the nuclear family fits industrial society because it is geographically mobile and focuses on emotional support – the two irreducible functions: primary socialisation of children and stabilisation of adult personalities.
功能适应 理论（帕森斯）指出核心家庭适合工业社会，因为它地理上可流动且侧重情感支持——两项不可削减的功能：儿童初级社会化和成人人格稳定。
Other key terms include cohabitation (living together without being married), matrifocal family (headed by women), and conjugal roles (segregated vs. joint). When revising, create a glossary wall chart to compare these.
其他关键术语包括 同居（未结婚共同生活）、母主家庭（女性主事）和 婚姻角色（分隔式与联合式）。复习时可制作一张对比图表贴在墙上。
5. Education: Key Concepts | 教育：关键概念
The formal curriculum is the official timetable of subjects like maths, history, and science. The hidden curriculum, a term used by functionalists and Marxists, refers to the informal lessons taught in schools – punctuality, obedience, competition, and acceptance of hierarchy.
正式课程 是数学、历史、科学等科目的官方时间表。隐性课程 是功能论者和马克思主义者使用的术语，指学校教授的非正式课程——准时、服从、竞争和接受等级制。
Labelling is the process by which teachers attach a definition or label to a student (e.g. 'bright', 'troublemaker'). According to interactionists, this can lead to a self-fulfilling prophecy where the student internalises the label and behaves accordingly.
贴标签 是教师给学生贴上定义或标签（如“聪明”“捣蛋鬼”）的过程。根据互动论，这可能导致 自证预言，学生内化标签并依此行事。
The correspondence principle (Bowles & Gintis) argues that the education system mirrors the workplace, preparing students for a capitalist system through a hidden curriculum of hierarchy and rewards for conformity.
对应原则（鲍尔斯与金蒂斯）认为教育体系反映了工作场所，通过等级制度和奖励顺从的隐性课程为学生准备资本主义体系。
Material deprivation refers to a lack of physical resources (inadequate housing, lack of study space, poor diet) affecting educational achievement. Cultural deprivation means lacking the cultural equipment (language, values, attitudes) valued by the education system.
物质剥夺 指缺乏物质资源（住房不足、缺乏学习空间、营养不良）影响教育成就。文化剥夺 意味着缺乏教育体系所看重的文化装备（语言、价值观、态度）。
6. Social Stratification: Class & Inequality | 社会分层：阶级与不平等
Social stratification describes the hierarchical arrangement of individuals and groups in society based on factors such as class, gender, ethnicity, and age. It results in unequal access to resources and life chances – the opportunities people have to achieve desirable goals like good health and rewarding careers.
社会分层 描述个人和群体基于阶级、性别、族群和年龄等因素在社会中的等级化排列。它导致获得资源的机会不均等，影响 生活机会——人们实现理想目标（如良好健康和有成就感的职业）的机会。
Social class is commonly measured by occupation, income, and wealth. Income is the flow of money from wages or benefits; wealth represents the total value of assets owned (property, savings, shares). Power is the ability to influence others and make decisions even against resistance.
社会阶级 通常通过职业、收入和财富来衡量。收入 是来自工资或福利的金钱流；财富 代表拥有的资产总值（房产、储蓄、股份）；权力 是影响他人并在遇到阻力时仍做决定的能力。
Social mobility is movement between strata. Intergenerational mobility compares children’s status with their parents’; intragenerational mobility tracks one person’s movement during their own lifetime. The glass ceiling is a hidden barrier preventing women and minorities from reaching top positions.
社会流动 是阶层间的移动。代际流动 比较子女与父母的地位；代内流动 追踪一个人在自己一生中的移动。玻璃天花板 是阻止女性和少数群体到达最高职位的无形障碍。
A meritocracy is a system where rewards and positions are allocated solely on the basis of talent and effort. Sociologists debate whether modern Britain truly operates as a meritocracy.
精英统治 是一种奖励和职位完全根据才能和努力分配的制度。社会学家争论现代英国是否真正按照精英统治运行。
7. Crime & Deviance: Definitions & Theories | 犯罪与越轨：定义与理论
Deviance is any behaviour that violates social norms; it is not always criminal – wearing unusual clothes can be deviant but not illegal. Crime is behaviour that breaks formal written laws and is punishable by the state.
越轨 是任何违反社会规范的行为；它不总是犯罪——穿着怪异可能是越轨但不违法。犯罪 是违反正式成文法律并受到国家惩罚的行为。
Formal social control uses institutions like the police, courts, and prisons to enforce laws. Informal social control operates through family, peers, and community, using sanctions such as disapproval, ridicule, or praise.
正式社会控制 使用警察、法院和监狱等机构执行法律。非正式社会控制 通过家庭、同辈和社区运作，使用反对、嘲笑或赞扬等制裁手段。
Durkheim’s concept of anomie describes a state of normlessness that occurs when rapid changes undermine shared rules, potentially leading to higher deviance.
迪尔凯姆的 失范 概念描述当快速变化破坏共享规则时出现的无规范状态，可能导致更高越轨行为。
Becker’s labelling theory argues that deviance is not inherent in an act, but is defined by the reaction of others. A moral panic (Cohen) is an exaggerated public reaction to a group or behaviour seen as a threat to societal values, which can result in deviancy amplification – the increase of deviance caused by the societal reaction to it.
贝克尔的 贴标签理论 指出越轨并非行为固有的，而是由他人反应所定义。道德恐慌（科恩）是公众对被视为威胁社会价值的群体或行为的夸张反应，可能导致 越轨放大——由社会反应引起的越轨行为增加。
8. Research Methods: Essential Terminology | 研究方法：基本术语
Primary data is collected directly by the sociologist for their own research purpose (e.g. questionnaires, interviews, observation). Secondary data uses existing sources such as official statistics, historical documents, or previous studies.
一手数据 是社会学家为自己的研究目的直接收集的（例如问卷、访谈、观察）。二手数据 使用现有来源，如官方统计数据、历史文献或前人研究。
Qualitative data is rich in detail and depth, often expressed in words rather than numbers. It provides insight into meanings and experiences. Quantitative data is numerical and can be statistically analysed to identify patterns and generalisations.
定性数据 细节丰富、有深度，通常用文字而非数字表达，能洞察意义和体验。定量数据 是数字形式的，可进行统计分析以识别模式和进行概括。
Validity concerns whether the research measures what it claims to measure – does it give a truthful picture? Reliability refers to the consistency of findings; if the study were repeated, would the same results emerge? Representativeness asks whether the sample reflects the wider population.
效度 关乎研究是否测量了它声称要测量的东西——它给出真实图景了吗？信度 指研究结果的一致性；如果重复研究，会不会得出相同结果？代表性 问的是样本是否反映了更广泛的人口。
Sampling methods include random, stratified, snowball, and opportunity sampling. Ethics in sociological research demand informed consent, confidentiality, avoidance of harm, and the right to withdraw.
抽样 方法包括随机抽样、分层抽样、滚雪球抽样和便利抽样。社会学研究中的 伦理 要求知情同意、保密、避免伤害和有权退出。
9. Memory Hacks: How to Remember Sociological Terms | 记忆技巧：如何记住社会学术语
Use acronyms to group related concepts. For example, for agents of socialisation, remember FAMPS: Family, Agencies (media), Mass media, Peer groups, School. Link each letter to an image in your mind.
使用 首字母缩写法 分组相关概念。例如，对于社会化代理人，记住 FAMPS：家庭 (Family)、机构 (Agencies)、大众媒体 (Mass media)、同辈群体 (Peer groups)、学校 (School)。在脑海中将每个字母与画面联系起来。
Mind maps are powerful: write a central topic (e.g. Family) and branch out with types, functions, and critical theories. Colour-code each branch and add small drawings – visual cues improve recall.
思维导图 非常有效：写下中心主题（如家庭），并分出类型、功能、批判理论等分支。给每个分支涂上颜色并添加小图画——视觉线索能提高回忆。
Dual coding combines words and images. When revising a term like 'self-fulfilling prophecy' udent → student internalises label → student acts accordingly. This deepens understanding.
双重编码 结合文字与图像。复习“自证预言”时，画一个简单流程图：教师贴标签 → 学生内化标签 → 学生依此行动。这能加深理解。
Teaching others is one of the highest- impact strategies. Explain a concept aloud, as if you were the teacher. If you get stuck, you know where to revise further. Form a pair and test each other on key definitions.
教别人 是影响力最大的策略之一。大声解释一个概念，就像你是老师一样。如果卡住了，就知道哪里需要继续复习。结对互相测试关键定义。
Connect terms to real-life examples you see in the news or in your school. Link 'glass ceiling' to recent statistics on women in boardrooms; link 'material deprivation' to the pupil premium policy. Personal connections make terms sticky.
将术语与你在新闻或学校见到的 真实案例 联系起来。把“玻璃天花板”与女性在董事会的最新数据联系起来；把“物质剥夺”与学生津贴政策联系起来。个人联系让术语变得容易被记住。
10. Using Key Terms in Exam Answers | 在考试答案中使用关键术语
Edexcel command words such as 'Describe', 'Explain', and 'Discuss' require different uses of terminology. When asked to describe, state the term and outline its meaning clearly. When explaining, you must show how the term connects to the question’s context.
Edexcel 的指令词如 “描述”、“解释” 和 “讨论” 要求不同的术语使用方式。要求描述时，陈述该术语并清晰地概述其含义。解释时，必须展示该术语如何与问题背景相联系。
Always define the key term in your opening sentence of a paragraph. For example: 'The hidden curriculum refers to the informal norms and values taught in schools alongside official subjects. This concept helps explain how students learn obedience and punctuality.' This shows the examiner you have precise sociological knowledge.
始终在段落开头句 定义关键术语。例如：“隐性课程指与正式科目一起在学校教授的非正式规范与价值观。这一概念有助于解释学生如何学会服从和守时。”这向考官展示你掌握了精确的社会学知识。
Use sociological perspectives to enrich your answers. Mentioning functionalist, Marxist, or feminist interpretations of the same term demonstrates depth and versatility.
用 社会学视角 丰富你的答案。提及功能论、马克思主义或女性主义对同一术语的解释能展示深度和灵活性。
Avoid 'term dumping' – simply listing vocabulary without linking it to the question. Instead, select two or three highly relevant terms and weave them into a line of reasoning. Quality over quantity will secure higher marks.
避免“术语堆砌”——仅仅罗列词汇而不与问题关联。相反，挑选两到三个高度相关的术语，将它们编织进论证线条中。质量胜于数量才能确保高分。
Regularly practise timed exam-style questions using a glossary checklist. Tick off each key term you have successfully integrated. This active recall builds confidence and permanently embeds the terms in your long-term memory.
定期用术语清单计时回答模拟试题。成功融入每个关键术语后打勾。这种主动回忆能建立信心并永久将术语植入长期记忆。
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