📚 Year 9 SQA Chemistry: Vocabulary Quick Memorisation Guide | SQA 九年级化学：词汇速记指南
Mastering chemistry vocabulary is like learning a new language. This guide breaks down the essential terms you will meet in SQA Year 9 Chemistry, pairing each with memory tricks and clear definitions. Use these bite-sized sections to build your confidence and recall key concepts quickly in tests and practical work.
掌握化学词汇就像学习一门新语言。本指南分解了 SQA 九年级化学中必须掌握的核心术语，每个术语都配有记忆诀窍和清晰的定义。通过这些短小精悍的章节，你可以逐步建立信心，在考试和实验操作中快速回想关键概念。
1. Atoms, Elements and Compounds | 原子、元素与化合物
All substances are built from tiny particles. An atom is the smallest part of an element that can exist. Elements contain only one type of atom, while compounds are formed when two or more different elements chemically combine.
所有物质都由微小粒子构成。原子是元素能够存在的最小微粒。元素只包含一种原子，而当两种或以上的不同元素通过化学方式结合时，就形成了化合物。
Atom: The basic unit of matter, with a nucleus of protons and neutrons surrounded by electrons. Think of 'a-tom' as 'a tiny object making matter'.
原子：物质的基本单位，由质子、中子组成的原子核和环绕的电子构成。可以联想 'a-tom' 像 'a tiny object making matter'（构成物质的小东西）。
Molecule: Two or more atoms bonded together, which can be the same element (e.g. O₂) or different elements (e.g. H₂O).
分子：两个或以上原子键合在一起，可以是同种元素（如 O₂），也可以是不同元素（如 H₂O）。
Element: A pure substance made of only one type of atom, listed on the periodic table, e.g. iron (Fe), carbon (C).
元素：仅由一种原子组成的纯物质，列入周期表，如铁 (Fe)、碳 (C)。
Compound: A substance made from two or more different elements chemically joined in fixed proportions, e.g. carbon dioxide (CO₂). It can only be separated by chemical reactions.
化合物：由两种或以上不同元素以固定比例化学结合而成的物质，如二氧化碳 (CO₂)。只能通过化学反应将其分离。
Memory boost: 'E = one key, C = combined keys' – an element is a single type of atom, while a compound locks different atoms together.
记忆技巧：'E 代表一把钥匙，C 代表组合的钥匙'——元素是一种单一的原子，而化合物将不同的原子锁在一起。
2. The Periodic Table | 周期表
The periodic table arranges all known elements in order of increasing atomic number. Vertical columns are called groups; horizontal rows are called periods. Elements in the same group have similar chemical properties because they have the same number of outer electrons.
周期表将已知元素按原子序数递增的顺序排列。纵列称为族；横行称为周期。同一族元素具有相似的化学性质，因为它们的最外层电子数相同。
Group: A vertical column in the periodic table. Group 1 are alkali metals, Group 7 are halogens, Group 0 (or 8) are noble gases.
族：周期表中的纵列。第 1 族为碱金属，第 7 族为卤素，第 0 族 (或第 8 族) 为稀有气体。
Period: A horizontal row. Elements change from metallic to non-metallic character as you move across a period.
周期：横行。沿周期从左到右，元素由金属性向非金属性过渡。
Metal: Typically shiny, good conductors of heat and electricity, malleable and ductile, found on the left and centre of the table.
金属：通常有光泽，是热和电的良导体，具有延展性，位于周期表左侧和中部。
Non-metal: Dull, often brittle, poor conductors; found on the right of the table.
非金属：暗淡，通常脆性，不良导体；位于周期表右侧。
Memory boost: 'Groups go down, periods go across. Like a calendar, periods are rows across time.'
记忆技巧：'族向下走，周期横着走。就像日历一样，周期是一行行跨过时间的。'
3. Chemical vs Physical Changes | 化学变化与物理变化
A physical change alters the form of a substance but not its chemical identity, such as melting or dissolving. A chemical change produces new substances, often with energy transfer, colour change, or gas release.
物理变化改变物质的形式但不改变其化学本质，如熔化或溶解。化学变化会产生新物质，常伴随能量转移、颜色变化或气体释放。
Physical change: Easily reversible changes like changes of state (melting, freezing). No new substance is formed.
物理变化：容易逆转的变化，如状态变化（熔化、凝固）。没有新物质生成。
Chemical change (reaction): Irreversible (or difficult to reverse) process where reactants turn into products. Signs include fizzing, temperature change, a precipitate forming.
化学变化（反应）：不可逆（或难以逆转）的过程，反应物转化为生成物。迹象包括冒泡、温度变化、沉淀生成。
Reactant: A starting substance that is used up in a chemical reaction.
反应物：化学反应中被消耗的起始物质。
Product: A new substance formed in a chemical reaction.
生成物：化学反应中形成的新物质。
Memory boost: 'Physical is like folding paper – still paper. Chemical is like burning paper – ash and smoke are new.'
记忆技巧：'物理变化就像折纸——还是纸。化学变化就像烧纸——灰和烟是新东西。'
4. States of Matter and Changes of State | 物质状态与状态变化
Matter exists as solid, liquid or gas, depending on the arrangement and energy of its particles. Changing state involves energy transfer, not a chemical change.
物质以固态、液态或气态存在，取决于粒子的排列方式和能量。状态变化涉及能量转移，而不是化学变化。
Solid: Particles vibrate in fixed positions, strong forces of attraction, definite shape and volume.
固体：粒子在固定位置振动，吸引力强，有一定的形状和体积。
Liquid: Particles are close but can move past each other; fixed volume but takes the shape of the container.
液体：粒子紧密但能相互滑动；体积固定，但形状随容器而变。
Gas: Particles are far apart, move randomly, no fixed shape or volume, easily compressed.
气体：粒子间距大，随机运动，没有固定形状和体积，易压缩。
Melting: Solid to liquid (endothermic).
熔化：固态变为液态（吸热）。
Freezing: Liquid to solid (exothermic).
凝固：液态变为固态（放热）。
Boiling/evaporation: Liquid to gas; boiling happens throughout the liquid, evaporation only at the surface.
沸腾/蒸发：液态变为气态；沸腾在整个液体中发生，蒸发仅在表面。
Condensation: Gas to liquid.
冷凝：气态变为液态。
Sublimation: Solid directly to gas, e.g. solid carbon dioxide (dry ice).
升华：固态直接变为气态，如固体二氧化碳（干冰）。
5. Chemical Reactions and Equations | 化学反应与方程式
Chemical reactions are represented by word equations and symbol equations. The total mass of reactants equals the total mass of products – this is the law of conservation of mass.
化学反应用文字方程式和符号方程式表示。反应物的总质量等于生成物的总质量——这就是质量守恒定律。
Word equation: Uses names only, e.g. sodium + water → sodium hydroxide + hydrogen.
文字方程式：只使用名称，如钠 + 水 → 氢氧化钠 + 氢气。
ymbol equation: Uses chemical formulae, e.g. 2Na + 2H₂O → 2NaOH + H₂. It must be balanced.
符号方程式：使用化学式，如 2Na + 2H₂O → 2NaOH + H₂。必须配平。
Balanced equation: Same number of each type of atom on both sides of the arrow.
配平方程式：箭头两侧每种原子的数目相同。
State symbols: (s) solid, (l) liquid, (g) gas, (aq) aqueous (dissolved in water).
状态符号：(s) 固态, (l) 液态, (g) 气态, (aq) 水溶液。
Memory boost: 'Reactants on the left, products on the right – just like reading a book left to right.'
记忆技巧：'反应物在左边，生成物在右边——就像看书从左到右。'
6. Acids, Alkalis and pH | 酸、碱与 pH 值
Acids release hydrogen ions (H⁺) in water; alkalis release hydroxide ions (OH⁻). The pH scale measures acidity or alkalinity from 0 to 14.
酸在水中释放氢离子 (H⁺)；碱释放氢氧根离子 (OH⁻)。pH 标度测量酸碱性，范围从 0 到 14。
Acid: A substance with a pH less than 7, turns blue litmus red, e.g. hydrochloric acid (HCl).
酸：pH 值小于 7 的物质，使蓝色石蕊试纸变红，如盐酸 (HCl)。
Alkali: A soluble base with a pH greater than 7, turns red litmus blue, e.g. sodium hydroxide (NaOH).
碱：可溶性碱，pH 值大于 7，使红色石蕊试纸变蓝，如氢氧化钠 (NaOH)。
Base: A substance that neutralises an acid; not all bases are alkalis (only soluble ones are alkalis).
碱（base）：能与酸中和的物质；并非所有碱都是可溶碱（只有可溶的才是 alkali）。
pH scale: 0 (strongly acidic) to 14 (strongly alkaline), 7 is neutral.
pH 标度：0（强酸性）到 14（强碱性），7 为中性。
Indicator: A dye that changes colour depending on pH, e.g. universal indicator, litmus.
指示剂：随 pH 改变颜色的染料，如通用指示剂、石蕊。
Neutral: pH 7, e.g. pure water.
中性：pH 7，如纯水。
7. Neutralisation and Salts | 中和反应与盐
alkali) to produce a salt and water. The general equation is: acid + base → salt + water.
中和反应是酸与碱反应生成盐和水的过程。通用方程式为：酸 + 碱 → 盐 + 水。
Neutralisation reaction: H⁺ ions from the acid react with OH⁻ ions from the alkali to form water (H₂O).
中和反应：酸中的 H⁺ 离子与碱中的 OH⁻ 离子反应生成水 (H₂O)。
s from the acid and the metal, e.g. sulfuric acid + copper oxide → copper sulfate + water.
盐：酸中的氢被金属或铵离子取代后生成的产物。盐的名称来自酸和金属，例如硫酸 + 氧化铜 → 硫酸铜 + 水。
Hydrochloric acid produces chloride salts; sulfuric acid produces sulfate salts; nitric acid produces nitrate salts.
盐酸生成氯化物盐；硫酸生成硫酸盐；硝酸生成硝酸盐。
Making salts: Can be done by reacting an acid with a metal, metal oxide, metal hydroxide or metal carbonate.
制盐：可通过酸与金属、金属氧化物、金属氢氧化物或金属碳酸盐反应制得。
Memory boost: 'When acid meets base, peace (water) and a salt are made.'
记忆技巧：'当酸遇见碱，和平（水）与盐就诞生了。'
8. Mixtures, Solutions and Solubility | 混合物、溶液与溶解度
A mixture consists of two or more substances that are not chemically joined. Solutions are a special type of mixture where a solute dissolves in a solvent.
混合物由两种或以上未发生化学结合的物质组成。溶液是一种特殊的混合物，其中溶质溶解在溶剂中。
Mixture: Components can be separated by physical means; composition can vary, e.g. air, salt water.
混合物：组分可通过物理方法分离；组成可以变化，如空气、盐水。
Solution: A homogeneous mixture of solute and solvent. The solute is the substance that dissolves; the solvent is the liquid that does the dissolving, often water.
溶液：溶质和溶剂的均一混合物。溶质是被溶解的物质；溶剂是起溶解作用的液体，通常是水。
Soluble: A substance that can dissolve in a solvent, e.g. salt is soluble in water.
可溶的：能够溶解在溶剂中的物质，如食盐可溶于水。
Insoluble: A substance that does not dissolve, e.g. sand in water.
不溶的：不溶解的物质，如沙子在水中。
Solute: The dissolved substance, present in smaller amount.
溶质：被溶解的物质，含量通常较少。
Solvent: The liquid that dissolves the solute, present in larger amount.
溶剂：溶解溶质的液体，含量通常较多。
Saturated solution: A solution that cannot dissolve any more solute at a given temperature.
饱和溶液：在给定温度下不能再溶解更多溶质的溶液。
Solubility: The mass of solute that dissolves in 100 g of water at a specific temperature (often g/100 g water).
溶解度：在特定温度下，100 g 水中能溶解的溶质质量（常用 g/100 g 水表示）。
9. Separation Techniques | 分离技术
Chemists use physical separation methods to isolate and purify substances from mixtures. The choice of technique depends on differences in physical properties such as boiling point, particle size or solubility.
化学家利用物理分离方法从混合物中分离和提纯物质。选择哪种技术取决于物理性质（如沸点、粒径或溶解度）的差异。
Filtration: Separates an insoluble solid from a liquid using filter paper; solid stays as residue, liquid passes through as filtrate.
过滤：使用滤纸分离不溶性固体和液体；固体作为残渣留下，液体通过成为滤液。
Evaporation: Removes the solvent by heating, leaving the dissolved solute behind; suitable for a solid dissolved in a liquid.
蒸发：通过加热除去溶剂，留下溶解的溶质；适用于从溶液中获得固体。
Crystallisation: Gentle evaporation to obtain pure crystals of a solid from a solution.
结晶：通过温和蒸发从溶液中获得纯固体晶体的方法。
Simple distillation: Separates a liquid from a solution by boiling and condensing the vapour; relies on different boiling points.
简单蒸馏：通过沸腾和冷凝蒸气，从溶液中分离出液体；依靠沸点不同。
Fractional distillation: Separates two or more miscible liquids with close boiling points using a fractionating column.
分馏：使用分馏柱分离两种或以上沸点接近的互溶液体。
Chromatography: Separates dissolved substances based on their different solubilities and attractions to a stationary phase; often used for inks and food colourings.
色谱法：基于不同溶解度和对固定相的吸引力差异分离溶解物质；常用于墨水和食用色素。
Memory boost: 'FED Car' – Filtration, Evaporation, Distillation, Chromatography.
记忆技巧：'FED Car'——过滤 (Filtration)、蒸发 (Evaporation)、蒸馏 (Distillation)、色谱 (Chromatography)。
10. Reactivity and Metals | 活动性与金属
The reactivity series ranks metals by their tendency to undergo chemical reactions. More reactive metals can displace less reactive metals from their compounds.
金属活动性顺序根据金属发生化学反应的倾向排列。较活泼的金属能将较不活泼的金属从其化合物中置换出来。
Reactivity series (partial): Potassium, Sodium, Calcium, Magnesium, Aluminium, (Carbon), Zinc, Iron, (Hydrogen), Copper, Silver, Gold. Carbon and hydrogen are included for comparison.
活动性顺序（部分）：钾、钠、钙、镁、铝、（碳）、锌、铁、（氢）、铜、银、金。碳和氢作为比较基准列入。
s a less reactive metal in a compound, e.g. zinc + copper sulfate → zinc sulfate + copper.
置换反应：较活泼的金属将较不活泼的金属从其化合物中替换出来，如锌 + 硫酸铜 → 硫酸锌 + 铜。
tals above hydrogen in the reactivity series react with dilute acids to produce hydrogen gas.
金属 + 酸 → 盐 + 氢气：只有活动性顺序排在氢前面的金属才能与稀酸反应生成氢气。
Corrosion: The destruction of a metal by reaction with substances in the environment, e.g. rusting of iron requires both oxygen and water.
腐蚀：金属与环境中的物质反应而遭到的破坏，如铁的生锈需要氧气和水同时存在。
Alloy: A mixture of a metal with other elements, often stronger than the pure metal, e.g. steel (iron + carbon).
合金：金属与其他元素的混合物，常比纯金属强度高，如钢（铁 + 碳）。
Memory boost: 'Please Stop Calling Me A Zebra In Class – Potassium, Sodium, Calcium, Magnesium, Aluminium, Zinc, Iron, (Hydrogen), Copper.'
记忆技巧：'请别再在班上叫我斑马——钾 (Potassium)、钠 (Sodium)、钙 (Calcium)、镁 (Magnesium)、铝 (Aluminium)、锌 (Zinc)、铁 (Iron)、(氢 Hydrogen)、铜 (Copper)。'
11. Energy Changes in Reactions | 反应中的能量变化
Chemical reactions are accompanied by energy transfers, usually in the form of heat. Reactions that release heat are exothermic; those that absorb heat are endothermic.
化学反应伴随能量转移，通常以热量形式表现。释放热量的反应是放热反应；吸收热量的反应是吸热反应。
Exothermic reaction: Transfers energy to the surroundings, causing a temperature rise. Examples: combustion, neutralisation, respiration.
放热反应：向周围环境释放能量，导致温度升高。例子：燃烧、中和反应、呼吸作用。
Endothermic reaction: Takes in energy from the surroundings, causing a temperature drop. Examples: photosynthesis, dissolving ammonium nitrate, thermal decomposition.
吸热反应：从周围环境吸收能量，导致温度下降。例子：光合作用、溶解硝酸铵、热分解。
Activation energy: The minimum energy needed for particles to collide and react successfully.
活化能：粒子成功碰撞反应所需的最低能量。
Energy level diagram: Shows the energy of reactants and products; in exothermic reactions products have lower energy; in endothermic products have higher energy.
能级图：显示反应物和生成物的能量；放热反应中生成物能量较低，吸热反应中生成物能量较高。
Catalyst: A substance that speeds up a reaction without being used up, by lowering the activation energy. It does not change the energy profile's start or end points.
催化剂：通过降低活化能来加速反应而自身不被消耗的物质；不改变能级图的起点和终点。
Memory boost: 'Exo = exit heat (gives out), Endo = enter heat (takes in).'
记忆技巧：'Exo = 热量出去 (放出)，Endo = 热量进入 (吸收)。'
12. Laboratory Safety and Hazard Symbols | 实验室安全与危险标志
Safe practice in the lab depends on recognising hazard symbols and understanding the risks. These internationally recognised symbols are required on chemical containers.
实验室安全操作取决于识别危险标志和理解风险。这些国际公认的标志必须出现在化学品容器上。
Flammable: The substance catches fire easily; keep away from flames and sparks, e.g. ethanol.
易燃：物质容易着火；远离明火和火花，如乙醇。
Corrosive: Attacks and destroys living tissue, including skin and eyes; wear gloves and goggles, e.g. concentrated acids and alkalis.
腐蚀性：侵蚀并破坏活体组织，包括皮肤和眼睛；佩戴手套和护目镜，如浓酸和浓碱。
Toxic (Skull and crossbones): Can cause death or serious illness if swallowed, inhaled or absorbed through the skin.
有毒（骷髅头）：吞食、吸入或皮肤吸收可导致死亡或重病。
Oxidising: Supplies oxygen and helps other substances burn more fiercely; keep away from flammable materials, e.g. hydrogen peroxide.
氧化性：提供氧气，助长其他物质更剧烈燃烧；远离易燃物，如过氧化氢。
Environmental hazard: Harmful to wildlife and the environment; dispose of responsibly.
环境危害：对野生生物和环境有害；妥善处置。
Health hazard (Exclamation mark): Can cause irritation, dizziness or allergic reactions; less severe than toxic.
健康危害（感叹号）：可能引起刺激、头晕或过敏反应；比有毒标志的严重程度低。
Compressed gas: Gas under pressure; may explode if heated or punctured.
压缩气体：加压气体；受热或破损可能爆炸。
Memory boost: Draw and colour-code each symbol; the orange diamond shapes are warnings you will see every lesson.
记忆技巧：画出并用不同颜色标记每个标志；这些橙色菱形警告是你每节课都会见到的。
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