📚 Year 9 SQA Physics: Glossary Quick Memorisation Guide | Year 9 SQA 物理：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the language of Physics is half the battle at Year 9 SQA level. This guide pairs every key term with a clear definition and a simple memory aid, helping you recall concepts quickly and accurately during class tests and revision. Use these bilingual explanations to build confidence and make lasting connections between everyday ideas and scientific vocabulary.
在 Year 9 SQA 物理阶段，掌握学科语言等于成功了一半。本指南将每个关键术语与清晰的定义和简单的记忆技巧配对，帮助你在课堂测验和复习时迅速准确地回忆概念。利用这些双语解释建立信心，并在日常经验与科学词汇之间形成牢固的联系。
1. Energy and Its Forms | 能量及其形式
Energy is the ability to do work and is measured in joules (J). It cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or transformed from one form to another.
能量是做功的能力，以焦耳 (J) 为单位。能量既不能被创造也不能被消灭，只能从一种形式转移或转换为另一种形式。
gy, and it can be calculated using Eₖ = ½mv², where m is mass in kg and v is speed in m/s.
动能 (Eₖ) 是运动的能量。任何运动的物体都具有动能，可通过公式 Eₖ = ½mv² 计算，其中 m 是质量（千克），v 是速率（米/秒）。
Gravitational potential energy (Eₚ) is stored energy due to an object' ere g is the gravitational field strength (10 N/kg on Earth) and h is the vertical height.
重力势能 (Eₚ) 是由于物体高于地面而储存的能量。公式为 Eₚ = mgh，其中 g 为重力场强度（地球上取 10 N/kg），h 为垂直高度。
s given by E = ½kx², where k is the spring constant and x is the extension or compression.
弹性势能储存在被拉伸或压缩的物体（如弹簧或橡皮筋）中。公式为 E = ½kx²，k 是弹簧常数，x 是伸长或压缩量。
Chemical energy is stored in fuels, food, and batteries. It is released during chemical reactions. Nuclear energy is stored in the nucleus of atoms and released through nuclear fission or fusion.
化学能储存在燃料、食物和电池中，在化学反应时释放。核能储存在原子核中，通过核裂变或核聚变释放。
Thermal (heat) energy is the total kinetic energy of particles in a substance. Temperature measures the average kinetic energy of those particles. Tip: 'Thermal equals total' – think of a hot soup with many jiggling particles.
热能（热量）是物质中粒子动能的总和。温度则衡量这些粒子的平均动能。提示：“热等于总”——想象一锅热汤里有许多跳动的粒子。
2. Energy Transfers and Efficiency | 能量转移与效率
Energy can be transferred by four main pathways: mechanically (by a force), electrically (by a current), by heating (due to temperature difference), and by radiation (such as light or sound waves).
能量可通过四种主要途径转移：机械方式（通过力）、电学方式（通过电流）、加热（由于温差）和辐射（如光波或声波）。
A Sankey diagram represents energy transfers using arrows. The width of each arrow is proportional to the amount of energy. The useful energy output is shown by an arrow branching forwards, while the wasted energy branches downwards or sideways.
桑基图用箭头表示能量转移。每个箭头的宽度与能量大小成正比。有用的能量输出用向前分支的箭头表示，而浪费的能量则向下或向侧面分支。
output. It is calculated as efficiency = (useful output energy / total input energy) × 100%. No device can be 100% efficient because some energy is always dissipated as heat to the surroundings.
效率告诉我们输入能量有多少转化为有用的输出。计算公式为 效率 = (有用输出能量 / 总输入能量) × 100%。没有任何设备能达到 100% 效率，因为总有一部分能量以热能形式散失到环境中。
The law of conservation of energy states that the total energy of an isolated system remains constant. Energy may change form, but the overall quantity never changes.
能量守恒定律指出，孤立系统的总能量保持恒定。能量可以改变形式，但总量永远不变。
When you lift a book onto a shelf, chemical energy in your muscles is transferred mechanically to gravitational potential energy. Some energy is always transferred as thermal energy to your muscles and the surroundings.
当你把一本书举到书架上时，肌肉中的化学能通过机械方式转换为重力势能。总有一部分能量会以热能形式转移给你的肌肉和周围环境。
3. Electricity Basics: Charge, Current, Voltage | 电学基础：电荷、电流、电压
ectrons (−). Charge is measured in coulombs (C). One electron carries about 1.6 × 10⁻¹⁹ C.
电荷 (Q) 是质子和电子等粒子的属性，有正电荷和负电荷。电荷以库仑 (C) 为单位。一个电子约带 1.6 × 10⁻¹⁹ C。
is charge in coulombs and t is time in seconds. Think of current as the number of charges passing a point per second.
电流 (I) 是电荷流动的速率，以安培 (A) 为单位。使用公式 I = Q / t，其中 Q 是电荷（库仑），t 是时间（秒）。可以把电流想象成每秒通过某一点的电荷数量。
volts (V). The formula is V = E / Q, where E is the energy in joules. Voltage acts as the 'push' that drives current around a circuit.
电压 (V)，也称为电势差，是每单位电荷转移的能量，以伏特 (V) 为单位。公式为 V = E / Q，E 是能量（焦耳）。电压就像是驱动电流在电路中流动的“推力”。
In a series circuit, the current is the same at all points, and the total voltage is shared across components. In a parallel circuit, the voltage across each branch is the same, and the total current is split between the branches.
在串联电路中，各处电流相等，总电压在各个元件上分配。在并联电路中，各支路电压相同，总电流分为各支路电流之和。
Conductors allow charge to flow easily (metals, graphite), while insulators do not (plastic, rubber). Resistance opposes the flow of current; more on that shortly.
导体允许电荷轻易通过（金属、石墨），而绝缘体则不然（塑料、橡胶）。电阻阻碍电流流动，详细内容马上介绍。
4. Resistance and Circuits | 电阻与电路
how much a component opposes the flow of electric current. It is measured in ohms (Ω). Ohm' that resistance = voltage / current, or R = V / I, provided temperature remains constant.
电阻 (R) 衡量元件对电流阻碍作用的大小，以欧姆 (Ω) 为单位。欧姆定律指出，在温度不变的情况下，电阻 = 电压 / 电流，即 R = V / I。
A resistor is a component designed to have a specific resistance. Variable resistors (rheostats) can adjust resistance, for example in dimmer switches. A thermistor's resistance decreases as temperature rises, making it useful in temperature sensors.
电阻器是一种具有特定阻值的元件。可变电阻器（变阻器）可调节电阻，如调光开关。热敏电阻的阻值随温度升高而减小，常用于温度传感器。
A light-dependent resistor (LDR) has high resistance in the dark and low resistance in bright light. It is used in automatic street lights.
光敏电阻 (LDR) 在黑暗中电阻很高，在强光下电阻很低，常用于自动路灯。
series circuit, total resistance is the sum of individual resistances: Rₜₒₜₐₗ = R₁ + R₂ + … . Adding more resistors in series increases the overall resistance, reducing current.
在串联电路中，总电阻等于各电阻之和：Rₜₒₜₐₗ = R₁ + R₂ + …。串联更多电阻会增加总电阻，从而减小电流。
because there are more paths for current to flow. The formula is 1/Rₜₒₜₐₗ = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂ + … .
在并联电路中，总电阻小于最小的单个电阻，因为电流有了更多通路。公式为 1/Rₜₒₜₐₗ = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂ + …。
Common circuit symbols you should know include: cell, battery, lamp, switch (open and closed), resistor, variable resistor, ammeter (connected in series), voltmeter (connected in parallel), diode, and LED.
你应该熟悉的常见电路符号包括：电池、电池组、灯泡、开关（断开和闭合）、电阻器、可变电阻器、电流表（串联连接）、电压表（并联连接）、二极管和发光二极管。
5. Forces and Motion | 力与运动
A force is a push or pull that can change an object's speed, direction, or shape. Force is measured in newtons (N). Forces can be contact (friction, tension) or non-contact (gravity, magnetic force).
力是能改变物体速度、方向或形状的推或拉。力的单位是牛顿 (N)。力可分为接触力（摩擦力、张力）和非接触力（重力、磁力）。
Weight is the gravitational force acting on an object' ss is the amount of matter and is measured in kilograms; it does not change with location.
重量是作用在物体质量上的引力，W = mg，其中 m 是质量（千克），g 是重力场强度。地球上的 g 约为 10 N/kg。质量是物质多少的量度，以千克为单位，不随位置改变。
Friction is a force that opposes motion between two surfaces in contact. It can be useful (grip on shoes) or unwanted (engine wear). Air resistance is a type of friction that acts on objects moving through the air.
摩擦力是阻碍两个接触表面相对运动的力。它可以是有益的（鞋子的抓地力），也可以是有害的（发动机磨损）。空气阻力是物体在空气中运动时所受的一种摩擦力。
Resultant (net) force is the overall force acting on an object after all forces are combined. If the resultant force is zero, forces are balanced; the object remains at rest or moves at constant velocity. If not zero, the object accelerates in the direction of the resultant force.
合力（净力）是所有力合成后作用在物体上的总力。如果合力为零，力是平衡的；物体保持静止或匀速直线运动。若合力不为零，物体沿合力方向加速。
Hooke' ant and x is the extension. This holds until the elastic limit; beyond it, the spring deforms permanently.
胡克定律描述了弹簧的伸长量：F = kx，其中 k 是弹性系数，x 是伸长量。这一定律在弹性限度内成立；超过弹性限度，弹簧将发生永久形变。
6. Speed, Velocity, and Acceleration | 速度、速率与加速度
time. Average speed = total distance / total time. The units are metres per second (m/s).
速率是一个标量，表示物体运动的快慢，计算方式为距离 / 时间。平均速率 = 总距离 / 总时间。单位是米每秒 (m/s)。
Velocity is a vector quantity that includes both speed and direction. For example, '5 m/s north' is a velocity, while '5 m/s' alone is a speed. Changes in velocity can happen through speeding up, slowing down, or changing direction.
速度是一个矢量，包含速率和方向。例如，“5 m/s 向北”是一个速度，而单独的“5 m/s”只是速率。速度的变化可以通过加速、减速或改变方向来实现。
velocity) / time, or a = Δv / t. Negative acceleration (deceleration) means slowing down.
加速度是速度变化的速率，以米每二次方秒 (m/s²) 为单位。加速度 a = (末速度 − 初速度) / 时间，即 a = Δv / t。负加速度（减速度）表示减速。
Distance–time graphs: a straight diagonal line shows constant speed; a horizontal line shows the object is stationary. Gradient equals speed. Velocity–time graphs: gradient equals acceleration; area under the graph equals displacement (distance with direction).
距离—时间图：倾斜直线表示匀速运动；水平线表示物体静止。斜率等于速率。速度—时间图：斜率等于加速度；图线与时间轴围成的面积等于位移（带方向的距离）。
Tip: Remember 'scalar has just size, vector has size and direction' – speed vs velocity is the classic example. Also, when calculating acceleration, always subtract initial velocity from final velocity.
提示：记住“标量只有大小，矢量既有大小又有方向”——速率与速度是经典例子。同时，计算加速度时，永远用末速度减去初速度。
7. Newton’s Laws | 牛顿定律
Newton's First Law (law of inertia) states that an object remains at rest or in uniform straight-line motion unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. Inertia is the tendency of an object to resist changes in its state of motion.
牛顿第一定律（惯性定律）指出，除非受到不平衡力的作用，否则物体将保持静止或匀速直线运动状态。惯性是物体抵抗其运动状态变化的倾向。
Newton' r force gives a larger acceleration, but a larger mass makes acceleration smaller for the same force.
牛顿第二定律描述了力、质量与加速度的关系：合力 F = ma。这意味着更大的力产生更大的加速度，但质量越大，在相同力作用下的加速度越小。
Newton's Third Law says that for every action force, there is an equal and opposite reaction force. Forces always come in pairs acting on two different objects. When you push on a wall, the wall pushes back on you with equal strength.
牛顿第三定律指出，每一个作用力都有一个大小相等、方向相反的反作用力。力总是成对出现，分别作用在两个不同的物体上。当你推墙时，墙也以同样大小的力反推你。
These laws explain everyday situations: a seatbelt stops you when a car brakes suddenly (First Law), a full shopping trolley requires more push to accelerate (Second Law), and a rocket pushes exhaust gases backwards, and the gases push the rocket forwards (Third Law).
这些定律解释了许多日常现象：急刹车时安全带使人停下（第一定律），满载的购物车需要更大的推力才能加速（第二定律），火箭向后喷气，气体向前推火箭（第三定律）。
conserved in collisions. However, for purely Newtonian force concepts, F = ma is central.
动量是一个相关量，在 Year 9 常被提及：动量 = 质量 × 速度，且在碰撞中守恒。但就纯牛顿力学概念而言，F = ma 是核心。
8. Waves: Properties and Types | 波：性质与类型
A wave is a disturbance that transfers energy from one place to another without transferring matter. Waves are described by their amplitude, wavelength, frequency, and speed.
波是一种将能量从一处传递到另一处的扰动，无需物质的转移。波通过振幅、波长、频率和波速来描述。
Amplitude is the maximum displacement from the rest position. In a transverse wave, it is the height of a crest or depth of a trough. Greater amplitude means more energy.
振幅是离开平衡位置的最大位移。在横波中，它是波峰的高度或波谷的深度。振幅越大，能量越多。
Wavelength (λ, lambda) is the distance between two successive identical points on a wave, such as crest to crest. It is measured in metres.
波长 (λ, lambda) 是波上两个连续相同点之间的距离，例如从波峰到波峰，以米为单位。
second, measured in hertz (Hz). Period (T) is the time for one complete wave, and T = 1/f.
频率 (f) 是每秒通过某点的完整波的个数，以赫兹 (Hz) 为单位。周期 (T) 是一个完整波所需的时间，T = 1/f。
here v is wave speed in m/s, f in Hz, and λ in metres. This applies to all types of waves.
波速方程将速度、频率和波长联系起来：v = fλ，v 是波速 (m/s)，f 是频率 (Hz)，λ 是波长 (m)。这适用于所有类型的波。
Transverse waves have oscillations perpendicular to the direction of energy transfer (e.g., light, water waves). Longitudinal waves have oscillations parallel to the direction of energy transfer (e.g., sound, ultrasound). They consist of compressions and rarefactions.
横波的振动方向与能量传递方向垂直（例如光波、水波）。纵波的振动方向与能量传递方向平行（例如声波、超声波），由压缩区和稀疏区组成。
9. Sound and Light | 声与光
Sound is a longitudinal wave caused by vibrating objects. It travels fastest in solids, slower in liquids, and slowest in gases because particles are closer together in solids. Sound cannot travel through a vacuum.
声音是由物体振动产生的纵波。它在固体中传播最快，液体中较慢，气体中最慢，因为固体中粒子间距更小。声音不能在真空中传播。
he original sound and its echo can be used to calculate distance: distance = speed × time.
回声是声音的反射。原声与回声之间的时间差可用于计算距离：距离 = 速度 × 时间。
t 3 × 10⁸ m/s in a vacuum. Visible light is just one part of the electromagnetic spectrum.
光是一种能在真空中传播的横波电磁波。光在真空中的速度约为 3 × 10⁸ m/s。可见光只是电磁波谱的一部分。
Reflection occurs when light bounces off a surface. The law of reflection states that the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection. Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a change in speed.
当光从表面弹回时发生反射。反射定律指出入射角等于反射角。折射是光从一种介质进入另一种介质时由于速度改变而发生的弯曲现象。
Dispersion is the splitting of white light into its constituent colours (red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet) using a prism. Each colour has a different wavelength and is refracted by a slightly different amount.
色散是利用棱镜将白光分解为其组成色（红、橙、黄、绿、蓝、靛、紫）的现象。每种颜色具有不同的波长，折射程度也略有不同。
The human ear detects sound frequencies from about 20 Hz to 20 000 Hz. Frequencies above this are ultrasound, used in medical imaging and sonar.
人耳可检测约 20 Hz 至 20 000 Hz 的声音频率。高于此范围的为超声波，用于医学成像和声纳。
10. Space Physics: Gravity and Orbits | 空间物理：引力与轨道
Gravity is a non-contact force that attracts all objects with mass towards each other. The strength of gravity depends on the masses involved and the distance between them. On Earth, gravity gives us weight and causes objects to fall.
引力是一种非接触力，能将一切有质量的物体相互吸引。引力强度取决于物体的质量和它们之间的距离。在地球上，引力赋予我们重量，并导致物体下落。
ce due to gravity and is calculated by W = mg. The gravitational field strength g at Earth' about 1.6 N/kg, so your weight would be much less there, but your mass remains unchanged.
重量是由引力产生的力，公式为 W = mg。地球表面的重力场强度 g 为 10 N/kg，月球上的 g 约为 1.6 N/kg，因此你在那里的重量会小很多，但质量不变。
An orbit is the curved path of a celestial object or spacecraft around a star, planet, or moon. Gravity provides the centripetal force needed to keep an object in orbit. The closer an object is to the planet, the stronger the gravity and the faster it must move to stay in orbit.
轨道是天体或航天器绕恒星、行星或月球运行的弯曲路径。引力提供了维持轨道所需的向心力。物体离行星越近，引力越强，必须以更快的速度运行才能保持在轨道上。
Our solar system consists of the Sun, eight planets, their moons, and smaller objects like comets and asteroids. The order from the Sun is: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune.
我们的太阳系由太阳、八大行星、它们的卫星以及彗星和小行星等较小天体组成。从太阳向外的顺序为：
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