📚 Year 10 Edexcel Business: Formula & Theorem Quick Reference | Year 10 Edexcel 商务：公式定理速查手册
This quick-reference handbook brings together every essential formula and theorem you need for Year 10 Edexcel Business. From revenue and costs to break‑even and investment appraisal, each formula is presented clearly with a worked example, so you can revise efficiently and apply the right calculation in your exam. Master these equations and the logic behind them, and you will turn a potentially tricky quantitative paper into a confident performance.
这本速查手册汇集了 Year 10 Edexcel 商务课程中所有必考公式与定理。从收入、成本到盈亏平衡与投资评估，每个公式都清晰呈现并配有计算示例，帮助你高效复习并准确答题。掌握这些公式及其背后的商业逻辑，你就能将定量分析题变成拿分强项。
1. Revenue & Sales Formulas | 收入与销售额公式
Total revenue is the money a business receives from selling goods or services. It is the starting point of any financial calculation and drives decisions about pricing and output. Revenue can be broken down into total revenue, average revenue and even sales volume when prices change.
总收入是企业通过销售商品或服务获得的全部款项，是所有财务计算的起点，影响定价和产量的决策。收入可细分为总收入、平均收入，价格变化时还会涉及销售量。
Total Revenue = Price per unit × Quantity sold
总收入 = 单价 × 销售数量
- Price per unit (P) – selling price of one item before any discounts.
- 单价（P）– 每件商品的售价，不含折扣。
- Quantity (Q) – number of units sold in a given period.
- 数量（Q）– 在特定期间售出的产品单位数。
Average revenue is simply the price if all units are sold at the same price. In a mixed‑product business, total revenue is the sum of (price × quantity) for each product line.
若所有产品以相同价格售出，平均收入就是单价。对于多产品企业，总收入为各产品线（价格 × 销量）之和。
2. Total Costs Breakdown | 总成本分解
Costs are classified into fixed costs, variable costs and total costs. Understanding cost behaviour is fundamental for pricing, profit planning and break‑even analysis. Fixed costs stay the same regardless of output, while variable costs change in direct proportion to production or sales volume.
成本分为固定成本、变动成本和总成本。理解成本性态是定价、利润规划和盈亏平衡分析的基础。固定成本不随产量变化，而变动成本与产量或销量成正比变化。
Total Costs (TC) = Fixed Costs (FC) + Variable Costs (VC)
总成本 = 固定成本 + 变动成本
- Fixed Costs (FC): e.g. rent, salaries, insurance. Do not vary with output in the short run.
- 固定成本：如租金、管理人员工资、保险费。短期内不随产量变化。
- Variable Costs (VC): e.g. raw materials, packaging, piece‑rate wages. Often expressed as cost per unit × quantity.
- 变动成本：如原材料、包装、计件工资。通常表示为单位变动成本 × 产量。
- Variable Cost per unit (VC per unit) = Total Variable Costs ÷ Quantity
- 单位变动成本 = 变动成本总额 ÷ 产量
3. Profit Calculations | 利润计算
Profit is the reward for risk‑taking and the primary objective for most businesses. It indicates the financial health of a business and is calculated by subtracting total costs from total revenue. A positive difference is profit; a negative one is a loss.
利润是对承担风险的回报，也是大多数企业的首要目标。它反映企业的财务健康状况，由总收入减去总成本计算得出。正差为利润，负差为亏损。
Profit = Total Revenue – Total Costs
利润 = 总收入 – 总成本
Alternatively, profit can be expressed per unit:
也可用单位利润表示：
Profit per unit = Selling price per unit – Cost per unit
单位利润 = 单位售价 – 单位成本
If a business makes a loss, the calculation still holds – the result will simply be negative.
如果企业亏损，公式依然成立，只是结果为负数。
4. Profit Margins | 利润率
Profit margins show how much profit is generated from each pound of sales. They are vital for comparing performance over time or against competitors. Two key margins are tested at Year 10: gross profit margin and net profit margin.
利润率反映每一英镑销售额带来多少利润，是跨期或与竞争对手比较业绩的关键指标。Year 10 考查毛利率和净利率。
Gross Profit Margin (%) = (Gross Profit ÷ Sales Revenue) × 100
毛利率 (%) = (毛利 ÷ 销售收入) × 100
- Gross Profit = Sales Revenue – Cost of Sales (direct costs such as raw materials).
- 毛利 = 销售收入 – 销售成本（如原材料等直接成本）。
Net Profit Margin (%) = (Net Profit ÷ Sales Revenue) × 100
净利率 (%) = (净利润 ÷ 销售收入) × 100
- Net Profit = Gross Profit – Indirect expenses (overheads: rent, marketing, admin).
- 净利润 = 毛利 – 间接费用（日常管理费用、租金、营销等）。
A higher margin generally indicates better cost control or stronger pricing power.
利润率越高，通常意味着成本控制越好或议价能力越强。
5. Break‑Even Analysis | 盈亏平衡分析
Break‑even is the level of output where total revenue equals total costs – the business makes neither profit nor loss. It is a crucial tool for planning production levels, setting sales targets and assessing risk. The break‑even point can be calculated in units or sales value and displayed on a break‑even chart.
盈亏平衡点是总收入等于总成本时的产量水平，此时企业既不盈利也不亏损。它是规划产量、设定销售目标和评估风险的关键工具。盈亏平衡点可用数量或金额表示，并可在盈亏平衡图上展示。
Break‑Even Point (units) = Fixed Costs ÷ Contribution per unit
盈亏平衡点（单位） = 固定成本 ÷ 单位贡献毛利
- Contribution per unit = Selling price per unit – Variable cost per unit.
- 单位贡献毛利 = 单位售价 – 单位变动成本。
Break‑even output in sales value (£) = Break‑even units × Selling price per unit.
盈亏平衡销售额 (£) = 盈亏平衡产量 × 单位售价。
Margin of safety shows how far actual sales can fall before the business reaches break‑even:
安全边际反映实际销售额可以下降多少才会达到盈亏平衡：
Margin of Safety (units) = Actual Output – Break‑Even Output
安全边际（单位） = 实际产量 – 盈亏平衡产量
6. Cash Flow Forecasting | 现金流预测
A cash flow forecast predicts the inflows and outflows of cash over a future period. It is not about profit but about liquidity – the ability of a business to meet its short‑term obligations. The key figure is the net cash flow for each month and the closing balance.
现金流预测是对未来一段时间现金流入与流出的估算。它关注的不是利润，而是流动性，即企业偿还短期债务的能力。关键数字是每月的净现金流和期末余额。
Net Cash Flow = Total Cash Inflows – Total Cash Outflows
净现金流 = 现金流入总额 – 现金流出总额
Closing Balance = Opening Balance + Net Cash Flow
期末余额 = 期初余额 + 净现金流
- Opening Balance: cash at the start of the month (same as previous month’s closing balance).
- 期初余额：月初持有的现金（等于上月期末余额）。
- Closing Balance: cash at the end of the month, which becomes next month’s opening.
- 期末余额：月末持有的现金，成为下月期初余额。
A negative closing balance warns of a potential liquidity crisis, prompting the business to arrange an overdraft, delay payments or chase receivables.
期末余额为负意味着可能出现流动性危机，企业需安排透支、推迟付款或加快收账。
7. Average Rate of Return (ARR) | 平均回报率
Average rate of return is an investment appraisal technique that measures the annual profitability of a project as a percentage of the initial investment. It helps businesses compare different investment options. ARR focuses on profit rather than cash flow and is straightforward to calculate.
平均回报率是一种投资评估方法，衡量项目平均年利润占初始投资的百分比，帮助企业比较不同投资方案。ARR 关注的是利润而非现金流，计算简单。
ARR (%) = (Average Annual Profit ÷ Initial Cost of Investment) × 100
平均回报率 (%) = (平均年利润 ÷ 初始投资成本) × 100
- age Annual Profit = Total Profit over the project’s life ÷ Number of years of the project.
- 平均年利润 = 项目寿命期内总利润 ÷ 项目年限。
- Total Profit = Total cash inflows from investment – Total cost of investment (including initial cost).
- 总利润 = 投资流入的现金总额 – 投资总成本（含初始成本）。
If a project yields an ARR higher than the business’s target rate, it is considered acceptable. The method does not consider the time value of money, but it is widely used for its simplicity.
若一个项目的 ARR 高于企业的目标回报率，则视为可接受。该方法不考虑货币时间价值，但因简单而被广泛使用。
8. Interest Calculations | 利息计算
Businesses often borrow money or save surplus cash. Interest is either the cost of borrowing or the reward for saving. Understanding simple interest is essential for bank loans, overdrafts and savings accounts.
企业常会借款或将盈余现金存入银行。利息要么是借款成本，要么是储蓄回报。理解单利对银行贷款、透支和储蓄账户都很重要。
Simple Interest = Principal × Rate of Interest × Time (in years)
单利 = 本金 × 利率 × 时间（年）
- Principal (P): the original amount borrowed or saved.
- 本金（P）：借款或存款的原始金额。
- Rate (r%): annual interest rate (e.g. 4% = 0.04).
- 利率（r%）：年利率（如 4% = 0.04）。
- Time (t): length of time the money is borrowed/saved for, in years.
- 时间（t）：借款或存款的时长，以年为单位。
Total amount repayable or receivable = Principal + Interest.
还款或到期总金额 = 本金 + 利息。
9. Gross and Net Profit | 毛利与净利润
While profit margins give a relative measure, absolute gross and net profit numbers are equally important. They appear in the income statement and tell a story about operational efficiency and overall expenses.
尽管利润率提供相对衡量，毛利和净利润的绝对数值同样重要。它们出现在损益表中，反映经营效率和总体费用。
Gross Profit = Sales Revenue – Cost of Sales
毛利 = 销售收入 – 销售成本
- Cost of Sales includes direct materials, direct labour (manufacturing) and packaging.
- 销售成本包含直接材料、直接人工（制造）和包装费用。
Net Profit = Gross Profit – Operating Expenses
净利润 = 毛利 – 营业费用
- Operating Expenses: rent, utilities, marketing, salaries of admin staff, depreciation, etc.
- 营业费用：租金、水电、营销、行政人员薪酬、折旧等。
Net profit can be further adjusted for interest and tax, but at Year 10 the focus is on operating profit before tax and interest.
净利润可根据利息和税费进一步调整，但 Year 10 重点在于息税前营业利润。
10. Working Capital | 营运资本
Working capital (also called net current assets) measures a business’s short‑term financial health and its ability to pay day‑to‑day expenses. It is derived from the balance sheet but is a key liquidity indicator.
营运资本（也称净流动资产）衡量企业短期财务健康度和支付日常开支的能力。它源于资产负债表，是关键的流动性指标。
Working Capital = Current Assets – Current Liabilities
营运资本 = 流动资产 – 流动负债
- Current Assets: cash, inventory, trade receivables – items expected to convert to cash within one year.
- 流动资产：现金、存货、应收账款等预计一年内变为现金的资产。
- Current Liabilities: overdrafts, trade payables, short‑term loans – obligations due within one year.
- 流动负债：透支、应付账款、短期借款等一年内到期的债务。
A positive working capital means the business can cover its short‑term liabilities. Too much working capital, however, might indicate inefficiency in using funds.
营运资本为正意味着企业可以偿还短期负债。但过多营运资本可能表示资金利用效率不高。
11. Contribution & Profit Decisions | 贡献毛利与利润决策
Contribution is the amount left from sales revenue after variable costs are covered. It contributes towards fixed costs and, once fixed costs are covered, becomes profit. This concept is essential for break‑even, marginal costing and special order decisions.
贡献毛利是销售收入扣除变动成本后的剩余金额。它首先用来补偿固定成本，固定成本全部回收后即成为利润。这一概念对盈亏平衡、边际成本分析和特殊订单决策至关重要。
Contribution per unit = Selling Price per unit – Variable Cost per unit
单位贡献毛利 = 单位售价 – 单位变动成本
Total Contribution = Contribution per unit × Quantity
总贡献毛利 = 单位贡献毛利 × 销售数量
If a business has fixed costs of £10,000 and a contribution per unit of £5, it must sell 2,000 units to break even. Any sale beyond that generates profit.
若企业固定成本为 10,000 英镑，单位贡献毛利为 5 英镑，则需售出 2,000 单位达到盈亏平衡，超出部分即为利润。
12. Using Ratios: A Summary Table | 比率应用速查表
Many exam questions require you to pick the right formula for a given scenario. This table groups the key formulas by business decision area, making it easier to recall which calculation answers which question.
许多考题要求针对特定情境选择正确公式。下表将关键公式按业务决策领域分组，方便记忆何时使用何种计算。
| Decision Area | Key Formula |
|---|---|
| Pricing & Revenue | Total Revenue = Price × Quantity |
| Cost Control | Total Costs = Fixed Costs + Variable Costs |
| Profitability | Profit = TR – TC; Gross Profit = Sales – Cost of Sales |
| Margin Analysis | Gross Profit Margin = (GP/Sales)×100; Net Profit Margin = (NP/Sales)×100 |
| Break‑Even Planning | BEP (units) = FC ÷ Contribution per unit |
| Cash Management | Net Cash Flow = Inflows – Outflows; Closing Balance = Opening + Net Cash Flow |
| Investment Appraisal | ARR (%) = (Average Annual Profit ÷ Initial Investment) × 100 |
| Liquidity | Working Capital = Current Assets – Current Liabilities |
Keeping this table near you while revising will help you to instantly match a problem with its formula, saving time in the exam.
复习时将这张表放在手边，能帮你迅速匹配问题与公式，在考试中节省时间。
Published by TutorHao | Business Revision Series | aleveler.com
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