📚 Year 9 CCEA Philosophy: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Revision Guide | Year 9 CCEA 哲学：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the language of philosophy is the first step towards thinking clearly and arguing well. This guide breaks down the essential terms you will encounter in Year 9 CCEA Philosophy, helping you move from simply memorising words to using them with confidence. Each term comes with a clear English explanation followed by its Chinese equivalent, so you can learn effectively in both languages.
掌握哲学的语言是清晰思考和有效论证的第一步。这份指南为你拆解 Year 9 CCEA 哲学课程中的核心术语，帮助你从死记硬背走向自信运用。每个术语都配有清晰的英文解释和对应的中文释义，让你能够在双语环境中高效学习。
1. Argument and Reasoning | 论证与推理
In philosophy, arguments are not fights or disagreements; they are structured sets of statements used to support a position. Understanding their building blocks is essential for both Philosophy and Religious Studies.
在哲学中，论证不是争吵或分歧，而是用来支持某一立场的一系列有结构的陈述。理解论证的组成部分对哲学和宗教研究都至关重要。
An argument is a series of statements where some provide reasons to believe another statement. The statements that give reasons are premises, and the statement they support is the conclusion.
论证是一系列陈述，其中部分陈述为另一陈述提供相信的理由。提供理由的陈述称为前提，被支持的陈述称为结论。
A claim is any statement that asserts something is true or false. In philosophy, every argument depends on claims that need to be examined carefully.
主张是指任何断言某事物为真或为假的陈述。在哲学中，每一个论证都依赖于那些需要仔细审视的主张。
A premise is a reason offered in support of a conclusion. A strong argument always relies on plausible, well‑supported premises.
前提是为支持结论而提供的理由。一个有力的论证总是依赖于合理且证据充分的前提。
A conclusion is the statement that the argument is trying to prove. In CCEA exam answers, you will be expected to state the conclusion clearly and evaluate the path that leads to it.
结论是论证试图证明的陈述。在 CCEA 考试答案中，你需要清晰地陈述结论，并评价推导出该结论的路径。
2. Logic and Fallacies | 逻辑与谬误
Logic is the study of correct reasoning. Fallacies are common mistakes in reasoning that undermine an argument. Recognising them will strengthen both your own writing and your ability to criticise others.
逻辑是研究正确推理的学科。谬误是推理中常见的错误，会削弱论证的力量。识别谬误能增强你自己的写作能力以及批判他人的能力。
Deductive reasoning moves from general premises to a specific conclusion. If the premises are true, the conclusion must be true, as in 'All humans are mortal; Socrates is a human; therefore, Socrates is mortal.'
演绎推理从一般性前提推导出特定结论。如果前提为真，结论必然为真，例如“人皆有一死；苏格拉底是人；所以苏格拉底必有一死”。
Inductive reasoning builds a general conclusion from specific observations. The conclusion is likely but not certain, such as 'Every swan I have seen is white, so all swans are probably white.'
归纳推理从特定观察中得出一般性结论。结论是可能的，但不是必然的，例如“我见过的所有天鹅都是白的，所以可能所有的天鹅都是白的”。
A fallacy is a flaw in reasoning that makes an argument unsound. One common example is the ad hominem fallacy, which attacks the person instead of the argument itself.
谬误是推理中的缺陷，使论证不成立。一个常见的例子是人身攻击谬误，即攻击对方的人身而不是论证本身。
The straw man fallacy misrepresents someone's argument to make it easier to attack. In CCEA questions, you must always engage with the strongest version of an opposing view.
稻草人谬误是指故意歪曲他人的论点，使其更容易被攻击。在 CCEA 考题中，你必须始终针对对方最有力的观点进行回应。
3. Knowledge and Truth | 知识与真理
Philosophers ask what it means to know something, and how we can be sure that our beliefs are true. These terms help you analyse different types of knowledge and truth claims.
哲学家追问“知道某事”意味着什么，以及我们如何确信自己的信念为真。以下术语帮助你分析不同类型的知识和真理主张。
Belief is an attitude that a particular proposition is true. Philosophy distinguishes between mere belief and justified true belief, which is often described as knowledge.
信念是指认为某个命题为真的一种态度。哲学区分了单纯的信念和被证成的真信念，后者通常被称为知识。
Knowledge is typically defined as justified true belief. To know something, you must believe it, it must be true, and you must have good reasons for believing it.
知识通常被定义为被证成的真信念。要知道某事，你必须相信它，它必须是真的，并且你必须有充分的理由去相信它。
Objective truth is true independently of what anyone thinks or feels, such as '2+2=4'. Subjective truth depends on personal perspective, such as 'Chocolate ice cream is the best flavour.'
客观真理是不依赖于任何人的想法或感受而为真的命题，例如“2+2=4”。主观真理则依赖于个人的视角，例如“巧克力冰淇淋是最好的口味”。
Scepticism is the attitude of doubting knowledge claims. Philosophical sceptics challenge whether we can ever be absolutely certain about the external world.
怀疑论是怀疑知识主张的一种态度。哲学上的怀疑论者质疑我们是否真的能对外部世界有绝对的确定性。
4. God and Attributes | 上帝及其属性
Philosophy of Religion often examines the concept of God. Learning the classical divine attributes will help you discuss arguments for and against God's existence, such as the problem of evil.
宗教哲学经常审视上帝的概念。学习经典的上帝属性可以帮助你讨论支持和反对上帝存在的论证，例如恶的问题。
Theism is the belief in a God or gods who created and sustain the universe. Monotheism believes in one God, while polytheism believes in many gods.
有神论相信存在一位或多位创造并维持宇宙的神。一神论信仰唯一的神，多神论信仰众多神灵。
Atheism is the lack of belief in any God or deity. It is not necessarily the claim that God does not exist, but rather the absence of a positive belief in God.
无神论是指不相信任何神或神灵。它并不必然宣称上帝不存在，而是指缺乏对上帝的正面信仰。
Agnosticism is the view that it is impossible to know whether or not God exists. Agnostics suspend judgement and may think the evidence is insufficient either way.
不可知论认为我们不可能知道上帝是否存在。不可知论者搁置判断，可能认为无论支持哪一方的证据都不充分。
Omnipotence means all‑powerful. In philosophical debates, questions arise about whether an omnipotent God can create a stone so heavy that even God cannot lift it.
全能意味着无所不能。在哲学辩论中，人们会问一个全能的上帝能否创造出一块重到自己都举不起来的石头。
Omniscience means all‑knowing. If God knows the future infallibly, some philosophers argue that this creates a challenge for human free will.
全知意味着无所不知。如果上帝无误地知晓未来，一些哲学家认为这会对人类的自由意志构成挑战。
Omnibenevolence means all‑loving or perfectly good. The existence of suffering makes omnibenevolence a key term in the problem of evil.
全善意味着全然慈爱或完美的善。由于苦难的存在，全善成为恶的问题中的一个关键术语。
5. The Problem of Evil | 恶的问题
One of the most famous challenges in philosophy of religion is the problem of evil. These terms will help you structure a balanced discussion in your CCEA assessments.
恶的问题是宗教哲学中最著名的挑战之一。这些术语将帮助你在 CCEA 评估中组织出平衡的讨论。
Moral evil is suffering caused by the free actions of human beings, such as murder, theft, or cruelty. It raises the question of why a good God would allow such free choices.
道德恶是由人类的自由行为造成的苦难，例如谋杀、偷窃或残忍。它引出的问题是：一位善的上帝为何允许这样的自由选择存在。
Natural evil refers to suffering caused by the natural world, such as earthquakes, diseases, and hurricanes. This type of evil is often harder to explain through human free will alone.
自然恶指由自然界造成的苦难，如地震、疾病和飓风。这种类型的恶通常更难仅仅用人类自由意志来解释。
The inconsistent triad points out that the existence of an all‑powerful, all‑loving God seems incompatible with the existence of evil. If God cannot stop evil, God is not omnipotent; if God will not, God is not omnibenevolent.
不一致三角指出，全能、全善的上帝的存在看上去与恶的存在不相容。如果上帝不能阻止恶，那么上帝并非全能；如果上帝不愿阻止恶，那么上帝并非全善。
A theodicy is an attempt to justify God's goodness despite the presence of evil. The most famous theodicy is that evil is necessary for soul‑making or for a greater good.
神正论是为上帝在恶存在的情况下依然为善所做的辩护尝试。最著名的神正论之一是，恶是灵魂塑造或实现更大善所必需的。
6. Religious Experience | 宗教体验
Many believers claim to experience God directly. Philosophers examine such claims critically, using the vocabulary of religious experience.
许多信徒声称直接体验到了上帝。哲学家们运用宗教体验的相关词汇，对这些主张进行批判性审视。
A religious experience is a subjective encounter with a divine or transcendent reality. It can be mystical, numinous, or occur through prayer and meditation.
宗教体验是一种与神圣或超越现实的主观相遇。它可以是神秘的、令人敬畏的，或者通过祈祷和冥想发生。
A mystical experience is a direct, personal awareness of God or ultimate reality that goes beyond ordinary sense perception. Mystics often describe a sense of unity with the divine.
神秘体验是一种超越普通感官知觉的对上帝或终极实在的直接的、个人的觉察。神秘主义者常描述一种与神圣合一的感受。
A numinous experience is a profound feeling of awe and wonder in the presence of something wholly other. The term was made famous by the philosopher Rudolf Otto.
令人敬畏的体验是在面对“全然他者”时产生的深切敬畏与惊奇感。这一术语因哲学家鲁道夫·奥托而广为人知。
The principle of testimony suggests that we should normally trust what others report unless we have good reasons not to. This raises the question of whether we should believe reports of miracles.
证言原则主张，我们通常应当相信他人所报告的内容，除非我们有充分的理由不这么做。这就引出了我们是否应该相信奇迹报告的问题。
7. Morality and Ethics | 道德与伦理
Ethics explores how we ought to live. These foundational terms appear throughout CCEA discussions on moral philosophy and can be tested in both short and essay questions.
伦理学探讨我们应当如何生活。这些基础术语贯穿 CCEA 道德哲学的讨论，可能在简答题和论文题中考查。
Morality refers to beliefs about right and wrong behaviour, often shaped by culture, religion, or personal conscience. Ethics is the philosophical study of morality itself.
道德指关于对错行为的信念，常受文化、宗教或个人良知影响。伦理学则是对道德本身的哲学研究。
An absolute moral rule is one that applies without exception, such as 'Do not kill' according to some religious traditions. Relative morality claims that what is right depends on the situation or culture.
绝对道德规则是指无例外地适用的规则，例如某些宗教传统中的“不可杀人”。相对道德则主张对与错取决于情境或文化。
A moral agent is a being who is capable of making moral decisions and being held responsible for them. In Year 9 philosophy, this concept is crucial when discussing free will and conscience.
道德主体是指能够做出道德决定并为之负责的存在者。在九年级哲学中，讨论自由意志和良心时，这一概念至关重要。
Conscience is often described as an inner sense of right and wrong. Philosophers debate whether conscience is a God‑given guide, a product of reason, or a result of social conditioning.
良心常被描述为一种内在的是非感。哲学家们争论良心究竟是上帝赐予的指引、理性的产物，还是社会教化的结果。
8. Ethical Theories | 伦理理论
To justify moral decisions, philosophers have developed structured theories. Knowing these frameworks will help you evaluate arguments about right and wrong in a more sophisticated way.
为了证成道德决定，哲学家们发展出了结构化的理论。了解这些框架能帮助你以更缜密的方式评价关于对错的论证。
Utilitarianism is the ethical theory that the right action is the one that produces the greatest happiness for the greatest number. It is a consequentialist theory, meaning it judges actions by their outcomes.
功利主义是一种伦理理论，认为正确的行为就是为最大多数人带来最大幸福的行为。它是一种后果论理论，即根据结果来评判行为。
Deontology focuses on duties and rules rather than consequences. According to Immanuel Kant, some actions, such as lying, are always wrong regardless of the good outcomes they might bring.
义务论关注义务和规则，而不是后果。在伊曼努尔·康德看来，某些行为，如撒谎，无论可能带来什么好的结果，都永远是错误的。
Virtue ethics emphasises the moral character of the person rather than rules or consequences. It asks what a virtuous person would do and encourages the cultivation of traits like courage, honesty, and compassion.
德性伦理学强调人的道德品格而不是规则或后果。它问一个有德性的人会怎样做，并鼓励培养勇敢、诚实和同情等品质。
Sanctity of life is the principle that all human life is sacred and has intrinsic value. This concept is frequently used in CCEA discussions on abortion, euthanasia, and capital punishment.
生命神圣性原则认为所有人类生命都是神圣的，具有内在价值。这一概念在 CCEA 关于堕胎、安乐死和死刑的讨论中经常被使用。
9. Free Will and Determinism | 自由意志与决定论
The debate over whether we are truly free or whether everything is determined is central to philosophy of mind and religion. These terms help you articulate both sides.
关于我们是否真正自由，还是一切皆被决定的争论，是心灵哲学和宗教哲学的核心问题。这些术语有助于你清晰地表达双方的观点。
Free will is the ability to make choices that are genuinely your own, without being forced by external causes. Many religions claim that free will is necessary for moral responsibility.
自由意志是指做出真正属于自己的选择的能力，不受外在原因的强迫。许多宗教主张，自由意志是道德责任所必需的。
Determinism is the view that every event, including human decisions, has a cause that makes it inevitable. If determinism is true, some philosophers argue that we cannot be held morally accountable.
决定论认为，每一个事件，包括人的决定，都有一个使其必然发生的原因。如果决定论为真，一些哲学家主张，我们就无法承担道德责任。
Compatibilism attempts to reconcile free will and determinism, arguing that they are not mutually exclusive. A compatibilist might say you act freely if you do what you want, even if your desires are determined.
相容论试图调和自由意志与决定论，主张二者并非互不相容。相容论者可能会说，只要你在做你想做的事，即使你的欲望是被决定的，你也是自由地行动。
Libertarianism (in philosophy, not politics) argues that humans have genuine free will and that determinism is false. It often appeals to the direct experience of making undetermined choices.
哲学上的自由意志论（而非政治上的）主张人类拥有真正的自由意志，且决定论是错误的。它常诉诸我们直接体验到的做出非被决定的选择的经历。
10. Key Philosophers and Thinkers | 关键哲学家与思想家
Familiarity with the names and core ideas of influential thinkers gives your answers context and authority. The CCEA syllabus expects you to refer to specific philosophers where relevant.
熟悉有影响力的思想家的名字及其核心观点，能为你的答案增添背景和分量。CCEA 课程大纲要求你在相关时引用特定的哲学家。
Plato used the analogy of the cave to illustrate that most people live in ignorance and that philosophy is the journey towards real knowledge and truth.
柏拉图用洞穴比喻说明大多数人生活在无知之中，而哲学则是通往真正知识与真理的旅程。
Aristotle focused on the virtues and the idea of the Golden Mean, teaching that moral goodness lies between extremes, such as courage being between cowardice and recklessness.
亚里士多德关注德性和中庸之道，主张道德上的善在于两个极端之间的平衡，例如勇气是怯懦与鲁莽之间的中道。
Aquinas developed the Five Ways, which are rational arguments for the existence of God. He also argued that natural law is written in human reason and guides moral decisions.
阿奎那发展了“五路论证”，即关于上帝存在的理性论证。他还认为，自然法铭刻在人类理性中，指引着道德决定。
Immanuel Kant proposed the categorical imperative, a principle that requires us to act only according to rules that we could will to become universal laws. He insisted that persons must be treated as ends, never merely as means.
伊曼努尔·康德提出了定言命令，即一个要求我们只按照我们能够愿意其成为普遍法则的准则来行动的原则。他坚称，人必须被当做目的对待，而绝不仅仅是手段。
11. Quick Memorisation Strategies | 快速记忆策略
Having a rich vocabulary is only half the battle; recalling these terms under exam pressure requires active revision. Use the following techniques to lock the definitions into your long‑term memory.
拥有丰富的词汇只是成功的一半；在考试压力下回忆这些术语需要积极的复习。使用以下技巧来将这些定义锁定在你的长期记忆中。
Create flash cards with the term in English on one side and the Chinese meaning plus a simple diagram on the other. Test yourself repeatedly, shuffling the cards to avoid mere sequence memory.
制作抽认卡，一面写英文术语，另一面写中文意思并配上简单的图表。反复自我测试，并打乱顺序，以免只记住顺序。
Use the 'teach‑back' method: explain a concept such as 'omnibenevolence' to a friend or even to a mirror, first in English and then in Chinese. Teaching forces you to organise your thinking clearly.
使用“复述教学法”：向朋友或甚至对着镜子解释一个概念，如“全善”，先用英语再用中文。教学的过程会迫使你清晰地组织自己的思维。
Link abstract terms to vivid mental images. For example, imagine a huge, glowing 'P' monster for 'premise' that supports a castle labelled 'conclusion'. The stranger the image, the better it sticks.
将抽象的术语与生动的心理图像联系起来。例如，想象一个巨大发光的“前提”怪兽，支撑着一座标着“结论”的城堡。图像越离奇，记得越牢。
Practise writing CCEA‑style definitions in timed conditions. In Year 9, you are building the foundation for GCSE; practising now will give you a huge advantage in future exams.
在限时条件下练习写出 CCEA 风格的定义。在九年级，你正在为 GCSE 打基础；现在开始练习将使你在未来的考试中占据巨大优势。
Published by TutorHao | Philosophy Revision Series | aleveler.com
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