📚 Year 10 Edexcel Physics: Key Terms Memorisation Guide | Year 10 Edexcel 物理：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering Physics in Year 10 is all about confidence with the specialist vocabulary. This guide turns essential Edexcel terms into easy-to-remember patterns, word associations and quick-check tables. Use it alongside your revision notes to fix definitions firmly in your memory.
Year 10 物理要学好，关键在于对专业词汇的熟练掌握。本指南将 Edexcel 考纲中的核心术语转化为易记的模式、词源联想和速查表格。配合你的复习笔记使用，就能把定义牢牢印在脑海里。
1. Scalars and Vectors | 标量与矢量
A scalar quantity has magnitude (size) only. Think of 'scalar' sounding like 'scale' — you only read a number on a scale. Examples: speed, distance, mass, energy, time, temperature.
标量只有大小（量值）。可以把 'scalar' 联想成 'scale'（秤），秤上只显示一个数字。例如：速率、路程、质量、能量、时间、温度。
A vector quantity has both magnitude and direction. Remember 'vector' contains an arrow — an arrow points somewhere. Examples: velocity, displacement, force, acceleration, momentum.
矢量既有大小又有方向。记住 'vector' 里面藏着一支箭（arrow），箭指向某个方向。例如：速度、位移、力、加速度、动量。
Memorisation trick: 'Speed vs Velocity'. Speed tells you how fast; velocity tells you how fast and in which direction. Displacement is the straight-line distance in a given direction, while distance is the total path length.
记忆口诀：'速率对速度'。速率只告诉你多快；速度还告诉你向哪运动。位移是给定方向上的直线距离，而路程是经过的总路径长度。
2. Motion Graphs and Equations | 运动图像与方程
A distance-time graph shows distance on the y-axis and time on the x-axis. The gradient equals speed. A straight diagonal line means constant speed; a horizontal line means stationary.
距离-时间图纵轴为距离，横轴为时间。斜率等于速率。直线倾斜表示匀速；水平线表示静止。
A velocity-time graph ph = displacement. An upward slope means speeding up; a downward slope means slowing down.
速度-时间图纵轴为速度。斜率 = 加速度，图像下方面积 = 位移。向上倾斜表示加速，向下倾斜表示减速。
Key equations (all symbols Unicode):
speed = distance / time v = s / t
acceleration = change in velocity / time a = (v - u) / t
核心公式（全部使用标准符号）：
速率 = 路程 / 时间 v = s / t
加速度 = 速度变化量 / 时间 a = (v - u) / t
Remember 'SUVAT' letters: s (displacement), u (initial velocity), v (final velocity), a (acceleration), t (time). Visualise them as five friends moving together on a graph.
记住 'SUVAT' 五个字母：s（位移），u（初速度），v（末速度），a（加速度），t（时间）。把它们想象成一起在图像上运动的五个伙伴。
3. Forces and Newton's Laws | 力与牛顿定律
A force is a push or pull, measured in newtons (N). It can change an object's speed, direction or shape. Use the acronym 'F=ma' to link force, mass and acceleration.
力是推或拉，单位是牛顿（N）。力可以改变物体的速率、方向或形状。用首字母法 'F=ma' 把力、质量和加速度连起来。
Newton's First Law: An object remains at rest or at constant velocity unless acted on by a resultant force. Think 'inertia' — a lazy object wants to keep doing what it's already doing.
牛顿第一定律：除非受到合力作用，物体将保持静止或匀速直线运动。联想 '惯性' —— 一个懒惰的物体总想维持当前的状态。
Newton's Second Law = mass × acceleration (F = m a). For a fixed mass, bigger force gives bigger acceleration.
牛顿第二定律：合力 = 质量 × 加速度（F = m a）。质量一定时，力越大加速度越大。
Newton's Third Law: When object A exerts a force on object B, B exerts an equal and opposite force on A. Memorise as 'action-reaction pair' — always act on different objects.
牛顿第三定律：A 对 B 施加力的同时，B 对 A 施加一个大小相等、方向相反的力。记作 '作用力与反作用力' —— 总是作用在不同物体上。
4. Momentum and Safety | 动量与安全
Momentum r. In a closed system, total momentum before a collision equals total momentum after. This is conservation of momentum.
动量 = 质量 × 速度（p = m v），是矢量。在一个封闭系统中，碰撞前的总动量等于碰撞后的总动量，这就是动量守恒。
Impulse rumple zones, seat belts and airbags increase the time of impact, reducing the force. Think: 'spreading the change' to make it softer.
冲量（动量的变化）= 力 × 时间。溃缩区、安全带和安全气囊延长了碰撞时间，从而减小作用力。联想 '拉开变化' 让碰撞变得更柔和。
Memory aid: 'Momentum is mass in motion'. When you see a heavy lorry moving slowly, it still has large momentum because of its mass.
记忆窍门：'动量就是运动中的质量'。看到一辆缓慢行驶的重型货车，它的质量很大，因此动量也很大。
5. Work, Energy and Power | 功、能与功率
Work done of the force (W = F d). Energy transferred equals work done. Both measured in joules (J).
做功 = 力 × 沿力方向移动的距离（W = F d）。转移的能量等于做功，单位均为焦耳（J）。
Kinetic energy increase in speed gives a much larger increase in kinetic energy because speed is squared.
动能 Eₖ = ½ m v²。速度稍有增加，动能会大幅增加，因为速度是平方项。
Gravitational potential energy Eₖ = m g h, where g is gravitational field strength (~9.8 N/kg on Earth). 'GPE' rises with height — picture lifting a book onto a shelf.
重力势能 Eₚ = m g h，g 为重力场强度（地球上约 9.8 N/kg）。物体被举高，重力势能增加——想象把书举到书架上。
Power rred / time. Unit: watt (W). A 60 W lamp transfers 60 J of electrical energy every second.
功率 = 做功 / 时间，或能量转移 / 时间。单位：瓦特（W）。一盏 60 W 的灯泡每秒转移 60 J 的电能。
Efficiency = useful output energy / total input energy (× 100%). No device is 100% efficient; some energy always spreads into thermal stores.
效率 = 有用的输出能量 / 总输入能量（× 100%）。没有任何设备能达到 100% 效率，总有一部分能量散逸到热能储存中。
6. Waves: Properties and Types | 波的特性与类型
A wave transfers energy without transferring matter. The amplitude is the maximum displacement from rest. The wavelength (λ) is the distance from one peak to the next.
波传递能量而不传递物质。振幅是偏离平衡位置的最大位移。波长（λ）是相邻两个波峰之间的距离。
Frequency (f) is the number of complete waves passing a point per second, measured in hertz (Hz). Period (T) = 1/f, the time for one complete vibration.
频率（f）是每秒通过某点的完整波的数量，单位赫兹（Hz）。周期（T）= 1/f，即完成一次完整振动所需的时间。
Wave speed equation:
wave speed = frequency × wavelength v = f λ
Transverse waves have oscillations perpendicular to energy travel (e.g. light, water ripples). Longitudinal waves have oscillations parallel to energy travel (e.g. sound). Think: 'transverse — travel across; longitudinal — along'.
横波的振动方向与能量传播方向垂直（如光波、水波）。纵波的振动方向与能量传播方向平行（如声波）。联想：'transverse 横跨，longitudinal 沿着'。
7. The Electromagnetic Spectrum | 电磁波谱
⁸ m/s). Order from longest wavelength to shortest: Radio, Microwave, Infrared, Visible, Ultraviolet, X-ray, Gamma. Use the mnemonic 'Rabbits Mate In Very Unusual X-shaped Gardens'.
电磁波谱是一组连续的横波，在真空中都以相同速度（3.0 × 10⁸ m/s）传播。波长从长到短的顺序是：无线电波、微波、红外线、可见光、紫外线、X 射线、伽马射线。记成一句话：'红微红微看紫外，X 伽马' 或用英文 'Rabbits Mate In Very Unusual X-shaped Gardens'。
| Region | Approx. wavelength range | Key uses / dangers |
|---|---|---|
| Radio | > 0.1 m | Communications, TV |
| Microwave | 1 mm – 0.1 m | Cooking, satellite signals; internal heating |
| Infrared | 700 nm – 1 mm | Thermal imaging, heaters; skin burns |
| Visible | 400 – 700 nm | Vision, photography |
| Ultraviolet | 10 – 400 nm | Fluorescent lamps, tanning; skin cancer |
| X-ray | 0.01 – 10 nm | Medical imaging; cell damage |
| Gamma | < 0.01 nm | Sterilising, cancer therapy; highly ionising |
Key property to remember: The higher the frequency, the more energy each photon carries. Gamma rays are the most dangerous ionising radiation in the spectrum.
要记住的关键性质：频率越高，每个光子携带的能量越大。伽马射线是波谱中电离能力最强的辐射。
8. Electricity and Circuits | 电学与电路
Current (I) is the rate of flow of charge, measured in amperes (A). In a single closed loop, current is the same everywhere (series circuit). Think of current as 'charge traffic'.
电流（I）是电荷流动的速率，单位安培（A）。在一个闭合回路中，串联电路各处电流相等。把电流联想成'电荷的交通流量'。
Voltage (potential difference) charge, measured in volts (V). It pushes current around the circuit. Equation: V = W / Q.
电压（电势差）是单位电荷转移的能量，单位伏特（V）。它推动电荷在电路中流动。公式：V = W / Q。
Resistance (R) measures how difficult it is for current to flow, unit ohm (Ω). Ohm's Law: V = I R. A longer or thinner wire has higher resistance.
电阻（R）衡量电流流动的难易程度，单位欧姆（Ω）。欧姆定律：V = I R。更长或更细的导线电阻更大。
Series vs parallel — use table for quick comparison:
| Feature | Series | Parallel |
|---|---|---|
| Current | Same through all components | Splits; sum of branch currents = total current |
| Voltage | Shared; sum of p.d.s = supply | Same across each branch |
| Resistance | Total R = R₁ + R₂ + ... | Total R < smallest individual R |
Use 'current is constant in series' and 'voltage is the same in parallel' as anchor phrases. For resistors in parallel, think: 'more paths, less total resistance'.
用'串联电流处处等'和'并联电压各自同'这两句口诀来记忆。并联电阻：'支路越多，总电阻越小'。
9. Magnetism and Electromagnetism | 磁与电磁
A permanent magnet produces its own magnetic field. Like poles repel, unlike poles attract. Magnetic field lines run from north to south. The Earth's core behaves like a giant bar magnet.
永磁体能产生自己的磁场。同名极相斥，异名极相吸。磁感线从北极指向南极。地核就像一个巨大的条形磁铁。
An electromagnet itched on/off and strengthened by increasing current or adding a soft iron core. Remember: 'solenoid = electricity turned into magnet'.
电磁铁是通有电流的线圈（螺线管）。它的磁性可以开关，通过增大电流或插入软铁芯可以增强。记住：'螺线管 = 电生磁'。
The right-hand grip rule helps determine field direction: thumb follows current, fingers curl in direction of magnetic field. For a motor effect, Fleming's left-hand rule is used but detailed beyond vocabulary here; just know motor effect: a current-carrying wire in a magnetic field experiences a force.
右手螺旋定则判断磁场方向：拇指指向电流方向，四指弯曲方向为磁场方向。电动机效应用到弗莱明左手定则，词汇阶段只需明白电动机效应：通电导线在磁场中会受力。
10. Radioactivity and Atomic Structure | 放射性与原子结构
An atom consists of a nucleus (protons + neutrons) surrounded by electrons. The atomic number (Z) is the number of protons; mass number (A) is protons + neutrons. Isotopes are atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.
原子由原子核（质子和中子）和周围的电子组成。原子序数（Z）是质子数；质量数（A）是质子数加中子数。同位素是同种元素但中子数不同的原子。
Radioactive decay is the random process in which an unstable nucleus emits radiation. Three types to know:
放射性衰变是不稳定原子核随机发射辐射的过程。需要记住三种类型：
- Alpha (α) — a helium nucleus (2p, 2n), strongly ionising, stopped by paper or skin. Equation: ²³⁸₉₂U → ²³⁴₉₀Th + ⁴₂He
- Beta (β) — a fast electron emitted when a neutron turns into a proton, moderately ionising, stopped by aluminium. Example: ¹⁴₆C → ¹⁴₇N + ⁰₋₁e
- Gamma (γ) — electromagnetic wave, weakly ionising, very penetrating; reduced by thick lead or concrete.
Half-life is the time taken for half the nuclei in a sample to decay, or for the count rate to half. It is constant for a given isotope and used in dating and medical treatments.
半衰期是样本中一半原子核发生衰变，或计数率减半所需的时间。对于特定同位素，半衰期是固定的，用于年代测定和医疗。
Words to link: 'alpha — big, helium, paper'; 'beta — electron, neutron changes, aluminium'; 'gamma — wave, lead, deep penetration'.
联想记忆：'α 大个、氦核、纸可挡'；'β 电子、中子变、铝板止'；'γ 电磁波、铅块挡、穿透强'。
Published by TutorHao | Physics Revision Series | aleveler.com
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