📚 Year 10 Edexcel Physics: Formula & Theorem Quick Reference | Year 10 Edexcel 物理：公式定理速查手册
This quick reference handbook compiles the essential formulas and theorems for Year 10 Edexcel Physics. It serves as a handy revision tool to reinforce your understanding of key concepts in mechanics, energy, electricity, waves, and thermal physics. Each section pairs the equation with its meaning, standard units, and typical exam context. Use it alongside your class notes and past papers to master the calculations required for your GCSE exams.
本速查手册汇编了 Year 10 Edexcel 物理的核心公式与定理。它是帮助巩固力学、能量、电学、波和热物理关键概念的便捷复习工具。每一节都将公式与含义、标准单位及常见考试情境配对呈现。请结合课堂笔记与历年真题使用，以掌握 GCSE 考试所需的计算能力。
1. Motion: Speed, Distance and Time | 运动：速度、距离和时间
Speed is a measure of how fast an object is moving. The average speed (v) is defined as the total distance traveled (s) divided by the total time taken (t). This equation applies to objects moving at a steady rate or when an average value is acceptable.
速度衡量物体移动的快慢。平均速度 (v) 定义为总行驶距离 (s) 除以总时间 (t)。该公式适用于匀速运动物体，或当题目接受平均值时使用。
v = s / t
ard unit of speed is metres per second (m/s), distance is in metres (m), and time in seconds (s). Always convert kilometres to metres and minutes to seconds before calculating.
在实际题目中，你可能需要变形公式求距离：s = v × t，或求时间：t = s / v。速度的标准单位是米/秒 (m/s)，距离为米 (m)，时间为秒 (s)。计算前务必把千米换算为米、分钟换算为秒。
On a distance-time graph, the gradient represents speed. A horizontal line means the object is stationary, a straight sloping line means constant speed, and a curve means changing speed. Instantaneous speed is the speed at a particular moment, while average speed is calculated over the whole journey.
在距离-时间图像中，斜率代表速度。水平线表示物体静止，倾斜直线表示匀速运动，曲线表示速度变化。瞬时速度是某一时刻的速度，而平均速度则是对整段行程计算得出的。
2. Acceleration and Uniform Motion | 加速度与匀变速运动
Acceleration (a) tells us the rate at which velocity changes. If an object's velocity changes from initial velocity (u) to final velocity (v) over a time period (t), acceleration is given by the equation below. Note that deceleration is simply negative acceleration.
加速度 (a) 描述速度变化的快慢。若物体的速度在时间 t 内从初速度 u 变为末速度 v，则加速度如下式所示。注意，减速就是负加速度。
a = (v − u) / t
u + at, s = ut + ½at², and v² = u² + 2as. These are often called the equations of motion.
加速度的国际单位是米每二次方秒 (m/s²)。对于匀加速运动，以下方程也很有用：v = u + at，s = ut + ½at²，以及 v² = u² + 2as。这些常被称为运动学方程。
On a velocity-time graph, the gradient gives acceleration and the area under the graph gives distance traveled. A negative gradient means deceleration. A flat line above the time axis means constant velocity, while a flat line on the axis means the object is stationary.
在速度-时间图像中，斜率表示加速度，图像下方的面积表示行驶距离。负斜率表示减速。位于时间轴上方的水平线表示匀速运动，而位于轴上的水平线表示物体静止。
3. Forces and Newton's Laws | 力与牛顿定律
A force is a push or pull that can change an object's shape, speed, or direction. The resultant force is the single force that has the same effect as all the forces acting on an object combined. Newton's second law links resultant force (F), mass (m), and acceleration (a).
力是能够改变物体形状、速度或方向的推或拉。合力是与作用在物体上的所有力效果相同的单一力。牛顿第二定律将合力 (F)、质量 (m) 和加速度 (a) 联系起来。
F = m × a
d by gravity and is calculated using W = m × g, where g is the gravitational field strength, approximately 9.8 N/kg on Earth.
力的单位是牛顿 (N)，质量单位为千克 (kg)，加速度单位为米每二次方秒 (m/s²)。重量是由重力引起的力，用 W = m × g 计算，其中 g 是重力场强度，在地球上约为 9.8 N/kg。
Newton's first law states that an object remains at rest or moves at constant velocity unless acted on by a resultant force. Newton's third law states that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. Mass is the amount of matter in an object, while weight depends on the gravitational field strength.
牛顿第一定律指出，除非受到合力作用，物体保持静止或匀速直线运动。牛顿第三定律指出，每一个作用力都有一个大小相等、方向相反的反作用力。质量是物体所含物质的多少，而重量取决于重力场强度。
4. Work, Energy and Power | 功、能量与功率
Work is done when a force moves an object through a distance. The work done (W) equals the force (F) multiplied by the distance moved in the direction of the force (s). Energy is the capacity to do work, and power is the rate of energy transfer.
当力使物体移动一段距离时，就做了功。做功 (W) 等于力 (F) 乘以沿力方向移动的距离 (s)。能量是做功的能力，功率是能量转移的速率。
W = F × s P = E / t P = W / t
Kinetic energy (Ek) is the energy of a moving object: Ek = ½ × m × v². Gravitational potential energy (Ep) is the energy stored when an object is raised: Ep f energy and work is the joule (J), and power is measured in watts (W), where 1 W = 1 J/s.
动能 (Ek) 是运动物体具有的能量：Ek = ½ × m × v²。重力势能 (Ep) 是物体被抬高时储存的能量：Ep = m × g × h。能量和功的单位是焦耳 (J)，功率单位是瓦特 (W)，其中 1 W = 1 J/s。
The principle of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or stored. In a closed system, the total energy remains constant. Efficiency compares useful energy output with total energy input, and wasted energy is often transferred to the thermal store of the surroundings.
能量守恒定律指出，能量既不能被创造也不能被消灭，只能转移或储存。在封闭系统中，总能量保持不变。效率比较有用能量输出与总能量输入，浪费的能量通常转移到周围环境的热能存储中。
5. Energy Resources and Efficiency | 能源与效率
Energy resources are classified as renewable or non-renewable. Renewable resources include wind, solar, hydroelectric, wave, tidal, geothermal, and biomass. Non-renewable resources include coal, oil, natural gas, and nuclear fuel. Each has advantages and disadvantages in terms of cost, reliability, and environmental impact.
能源分为可再生能源和不可再生能源。可再生能源包括风能、太阳能、水能、波浪能、潮汐能、地热能和生物质能。不可再生能源包括煤、石油、天然气和核燃料。每种能源在成本、可靠性和环境影响方面各有优缺点。
efficiency = (useful energy output / total energy input) × 100%
so be calculated using power: efficiency = (useful power output / total power input) × 100%. No device is 100% energy transfers can improve efficiency, for example by lubrication or thermal insulation.
效率也可以用功率计算：效率 = (有用功率输出 / 总功率输入) × 100%。没有设备能达到 100% 效率，因为总有一部分能量耗散，通常以热的形式。减少不必要的能量转移可以提高效率，例如通过润滑或保温。
e. Remember that the kilowatt-hour (kWh) is a unit of energy used on electricity bills, and 1 kWh = 3.6 × 10⁶ J.
考试中可能会要求比较不同发电能源，或计算使用电器的成本。记住千瓦时 (kWh) 是电费账单中使用的能量单位，1 kWh = 3.6 × 10⁶ J。
6. Electricity: Charge, Current and Voltage | 电学：电荷、电流和电压
Electric current is the rate of flow of electric charge. The charge (Q) that flows past a point in a circuit is equal to the current (I) multiplied by the time (t). Current is measured in amperes (A), charge in coulombs (C), and time in seconds (s).
电流是电荷流动的速率。流过电路中某一点的电荷量 (Q) 等于电流 (I) 乘以时间 (t)。电流单位为安培 (A)，电荷单位为库仑 (C)，时间单位为秒 (s)。
Q = I × t I = Q / t
tential difference in volts (V), W is work done or energy transferred in joules (J), and Q is charge in coulombs (C). In a series circuit, current is the same at all points, while potential difference is shared between components.
电势差（电压）是每单位电荷转移的能量。公式为 V = W / Q，其中 V 是电势差，单位为伏特 (V)；W 是做功或转移的能量，单位为焦耳 (J)；Q 是电荷量，单位为库仑 (C)。在串联电路中，各处电流相同，而电势差由各元件分担。
In a parallel circuit, potential difference is the same across each branch, while current is shared between branches. The total current entering a junction equals the total current leaving it, which is Kirchhoff's first law. Ammeters are connected in series, and voltmeters are connected in parallel.
在并联电路中，各支路两端的电势差相同，而电流在各支路间分配。流入节点的总电流等于流出节点的总电流，这就是基尔霍夫第一定律。电流表串联连接，电压表并联连接。
7. Resistance, Ohm's Law and Power in Circuits | 电阻、欧姆定律与电路功率
esistance is a measure of how difficult it is for current to flow through a component. Ohm' , provided the temperature remains constant. Resistance (R) is calculated using R = V / I.
电阻衡量电流通过元件的难易程度。欧姆定律指出，在温度保持恒定的条件下，通过欧姆导体的电流与其两端电势差成正比。电阻 (R) 用 R = V / I 计算。
V = I × R R = V / I
The unit of resistance is the ohm (Ω). For a fixed resistor, the current-potential difference graph is a straight line through the origin. For a filament lamp, the graph curves because its resistance increases as temperature rises. For a diode, current flows mainly in one direction.
电阻的单位是欧姆 (Ω)。对于定值电阻，电流-电势差图像是过原点的直线。对于灯丝灯泡，图像弯曲，因为其电阻随温度升高而增大。对于二极管，电流主要沿一个方向流动。
P = V × I P = I² × R P = V² / R
seful in different circuit problems. Energy transferred can be calculated using E = P × t, where E is in joules and t is in seconds.
电功率 (P) 是电能转移的速率，单位为瓦特 (W)。这三个功率公式形式在不同电路问题中各有用途。转移的能量可用 E = P × t 计算，其中 E 单位为焦耳，t 单位为秒。
8. Waves: Wave Speed, Frequency and Wavelength | 波：波速、频率和波长
Waves transfer energy from one place to another without transferring matter. The wave speed (v) is related to frequency (f) and wavelength (λ) by the wave equation. Frequency is the number of waves passing a point per second, measured in hertz (Hz).
波将能量从一处传递到另一处，但不传递物质。波速 (v) 通过波方程与频率 (f) 和波长 (λ) 相关。频率是每秒通过某一点的波数，单位为赫兹 (Hz)。
v = f × λ T = 1 / f
Wavelength (λ) is the distance between two consecutive points in phase, such as crest to crest, measured in metres (m). The period (T) is the time for one complete wave, measured in seconds (s). Wave speed is usually in metres per second (m/s).
波长 (λ) 是波中两个相邻同相点之间的距离，例如波峰到波峰，单位为米 (m)。周期 (T) 是一个完整波所需的时间，单位为秒 (s)。波速通常以米/秒 (m/s) 为单位。
Transverse waves have oscillations perpendicular to the direction of energy transfer, such as light and water waves. Longitudinal waves have oscillations parallel to the direction of energy transfer, such as sound waves. Waves can be reflected, refracted, diffracted, and absorbed. The law of reflection states that the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection.
横波的振动方向与能量传递方向垂直，例如光波和水波。纵波的振动方向与能量传递方向平行，例如声波。波可以被反射、折射、衍射和吸收。反射定律指出，入射角等于反射角。
9. Thermal Physics: Specific Heat Capacity and Latent Heat | 热物理：比热容与潜热
m), specific heat capacity (c), and temperature change (Δθ). The equation is ΔE = m × c × Δθ.
比热容 (c) 是使 1 kg 物质温度升高 1°C 所需的能量。转移的能量 (ΔE) 取决于质量 (m)、比热容 (c) 和温度变化 (Δθ)。公式为 ΔE = m × c × Δθ。
ΔE = m × c × Δθ
The unit of specific heat capacity is joules per kilogram per degree Celsius (J/kg°C). When a substance changes state, its temperature remains constant even though energy is being transferred. The energy required to change state is called latent heat.
比热容的单位是焦耳每千克每摄氏度 (J/kg°C)。当物质发生状态变化时，尽管能量在转移，温度却保持不变。状态变化所需的能量称为潜热。
E = m × L
Specific latent heat (L) is the energy required to change 1 kg of a substance from one state to another without a change in temperature. Specific latent heat of fusion is for melting or freezing, and specific latent heat of vaporisation is for boiling or condensing. The unit is joules per kilogram (J/kg).
比潜热 (L) 是使 1 kg 物质在不改变温度的情况下从一个状态变为另一个状态所需的能量。熔化潜热用于熔化或凝固，汽化潜热用于沸腾或冷凝。单位是焦耳每千克 (J/kg)。
10. Density, Pressure and Moments | 密度、压强与力矩
(kg) and V is volume in cubic metres (m³). The unit of density is kilograms per cubic metre (kg/m³).
密度 (ρ) 是物质单位体积的质量。用 ρ = m / V 计算，其中 m 是质量，单位为千克 (kg)，V 是体积，单位为立方米 (m³)。密度的单位是千克每立方米 (kg/m³)。
ρ = m / V P = F / A M = F × d
ssure is the pascal (Pa), where 1 Pa = 1 N/m². Pressure in fluids increases with depth and density.
压强 (P) 是单位面积上的力。用 P = F / A 计算，其中 F 是力，单位为牛顿 (N)，A 是面积，单位为平方米 (m²)。压强的单位是帕斯卡 (Pa)，1 Pa = 1 N/m²。流体中的压强随深度和密度增加而增大。
rpendicular distance from the pivot to the line of action of the force. The unit is the newton metre (Nm). For an object in equilibrium, the sum of clockwise moments equals the sum of anticlockwise moments.
力矩是力绕支点的转动效应。用 M = F × d 计算，其中 d 是从支点到力作用线的垂直距离。单位是牛顿米 (Nm)。对于处于平衡状态的物体，顺时针力矩之和等于逆时针力矩之和。
11. Graphs, Units and Significant Figures | 图像、单位与有效数字
Physics exam questions often require you to interpret graphs. The gradient of a straight-line graph represents the rate of change of the y-axis quantity with respect to the x-axis quantity. The area under a graph can represent a physical quantity, such as distance from a velocity-time graph or work done from a force-distance graph.
物理考试题常要求解读图像。直线图像的斜率表示 y 轴物理量相对于 x 轴物理量的变化率。图像下方的面积可以代表某个物理量，例如速度-时间图像下的面积表示距离，力-距离图像下的面积表示做功。
Always convert units before substituting values into equations. For example, convert centimetres to metres, grams to kilograms, and minutes to seconds. Use standard SI units: m, kg, s, A, K, mol, cd. Derived units include N, J, W, V, Ω, Pa, and Hz.
代入公式前务必换算单位。例如，将厘米换算为米、克换算为千克、分钟换算为秒。使用标准国际单位制单位：m、kg、s、A、K、mol、cd。导出单位包括 N、J、W、V、Ω、Pa 和 Hz。
When writing answers, give the correct number of significant figures, usually the same as the least precise value in the question. Show your working clearly: write the formula, substitute the values, calculate the answer, and include the unit. This method earns method marks even if the final answer is incorrect.
书写答案时，给出正确的有效数字位数，通常与题目中精度最低的数值一致。清晰展示解题过程：写出公式、代入数值、计算答案并带上单位。即使最终答案错误，这种方法
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