📚 Year 9 CCEA Sociology: Key Terms Memorisation Guide | 9年级CCEA社会学：核心术语速记指南
Mastering the key vocabulary of sociology is essential for Year 9 students preparing for the CCEA specification. This guide presents core sociological terms in clear, paired explanations to help you build understanding, recall definitions accurately, and apply them confidently in your written work and discussions.
掌握社会学核心词汇对于准备CCEA考试的9年级学生至关重要。本指南以清晰的中英对照解释呈现关键术语，帮助大家建立理解、准确回忆定义并在书面作答与讨论中自信应用。
1. What is Sociology? Core Concepts | 社会学是什么？核心概念
Sociology is the systematic study of human society, social relationships, and social institutions. It seeks to understand patterns of behaviour, social structures, and the forces that shape both individual and group life.
社会学是对人类社会、社会关系和社会制度的系统研究。它旨在理解行为模式、社会结构以及塑造个人与群体生活的力量。
Culture encompasses the shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviours, and artefacts that the members of a society use to interact with their world. Norms are the specific rules that guide appropriate behaviour in particular situations, while values are the more abstract standards that define what a society considers good, right, and important.
文化包含了社会成员用来与他们的世界互动的共同信仰、价值观、习俗、行为和人工制品。规范是指导特定情况下适当行为的具体规则，而价值观则是定义社会认为什么是好、对和重要的更抽象的标准。
Socialisation is the lifelong process through which individuals learn and internalise the norms, values, and behaviours necessary to participate in society. It shapes our identity and teaches us how to interact with others according to cultural expectations.
社会化是个体学习和内化参与社会所必需的规范、价值观和行为的终身过程。它塑造了我们的身份，并教会我们如何按照文化期望与他人互动。
2. Types of Socialisation | 社会化的类型
Primary socialisation occurs in early childhood, mainly within the family. During this stage, children learn basic norms, language, and emotional bonds. This foundational phase shapes their personality and core values.
初级社会化发生在儿童早期，主要是在家庭中进行。在这个阶段，儿童学习基本的规范、语言和情感纽带。这一基础阶段塑造了他们的个性和核心价值观。
Secondary socialisation takes place later in childhood and continues throughout life. It occurs through agents such as schools, peer groups, and the media. This type of socialisation builds on primary socialisation and teaches the skills and roles needed in wider society.
次级社会化发生在儿童期后期并持续终生。它通过学校、同伴群体和媒体等媒介进行。这种社会化建立在初级社会化之上，并传授在更广泛社会中所需的技能和角色。
3. Agents of Socialisation | 社会化的媒介
The family is the primary agent of socialisation. It provides emotional support, teaches early norms, and transmits culture from one generation to the next. Parenting styles and family structure can significantly influence a child's development.
家庭是社会化的首要媒介。它提供情感支持，传授早期规范，并将文化代代相传。教养方式和家庭结构可以显著影响儿童的发展。
Education serves as a key secondary agent, where children learn formal knowledge, discipline, and social roles beyond the family. It also reinforces societal norms such as punctuality, obedience, and cooperation.
教育是关键的次级媒介，孩子们在其中学习正式知识、纪律以及超越家庭的社会角色。它还强化了守时、服从和合作等社会规范。
Peer groups become increasingly influential during adolescence. Through interactions with friends, individuals learn to cooperate, negotiate, and develop a sense of belonging. Peers can shape attitudes, fashion choices, and behaviour.
同伴群体在青春期变得日益重要。通过与朋友的互动，个体学会合作、协商，并发展归属感。同伴可以塑造态度、时尚选择和行为。
The mass media exposes individuals to a wide range of information, cultural trends, and role models. It can reinforce stereotypes or challenge traditional norms, thereby playing a powerful part in socialisation.
大众媒体让个体接触到广泛的信息、文化潮流和榜样。媒体可以强化刻板印象或挑战传统规范，从而在社会化中发挥强大作用。
4. Social Roles and Status | 社会角色与地位
A social role is the pattern of behaviour expected of a person who occupies a particular social position. For example, the role of a 'student' involves attending lessons, completing assignments, and following school rules.
社会角色是针对占据特定社会位置的人所期望的行为模式。例如，“学生”角色涉及上课、完成作业和遵守校规。
Status refers to the social position a person holds. Ascribed status is assigned at birth or involuntarily later in life (e.g., race, sex, being a teenager), while achieved status is earned through effort and choice (e.g., becoming a doctor or a sports captain).
地位指一个人所持有的社会位置。先赋地位是在出生时或后来非自愿获得的（如种族、性别、成为青少年），而自致地位是通过努力和选择获得的（如成为医生或运动队长）。
Role conflict occurs when the expectations of one role clash with those of another. For instance, a working parent may struggle to balance job responsibilities and family duties.
角色冲突发生在一种角色的期望与另一种角色的期望发生碰撞时。例如，一位在职父母可能在平衡工作职责和家庭责任方面感到困难。
5. Social Groups and Identity | 社会群体与身份认同
A social group is a collection of people who regularly interact, share common interests, and have a sense of belonging. Groups can be primary (close, emotional ties, like family) or secondary (larger, impersonal, like a workplace team).
社会群体是一群经常互动、拥有共同利益和归属感的人的集合。群体可以是初级群体（亲密的情感联系，如家庭）或次级群体（更大、非个人化，如工作团队）。
Identity is our sense of self, shaped by social factors such as gender, ethnicity, social class, and nationality. Sociologists see identity as something that is partly given by society and partly constructed through individual choices.
身份是我们对自我的感知，由性别、种族、社会阶层和国籍等社会因素塑造。社会学家认为身份部分由社会赋予，部分通过个人选择建构。
Gender identity refers to how individuals perceive themselves and what they consider to be masculine or feminine. These ideas are learned through socialisation and are culturally specific rather than biologically fixed.
性别认同指个体如何看待自己以及他们认为什么是男性化或女性化。这些观念通过社会化习得，并且具有文化特定性，而不是生物学固定不变的。
Ethnic identity involves a shared sense of history, heritage, and cultural tradition. It can be a source of pride and solidarity, but can also be a basis for discrimination if society devalues certain ethnic groups.
种族身份涉及共同的历史感、遗产和文化传统。它可以成为自豪和团结的源泉，但如果社会贬低某些种族群体，也可能成为歧视的基础。
6. Culture and Subculture | 文化与亚文化
Culture includes both material items (like technology, clothing, and architecture) and non-material aspects (such as language, beliefs, and values). It provides a framework through which members of a society interpret the world.
文化既包括物质物品（如技术、服装和建筑），也包括非物质方面（如语言、信仰和价值观）。它为社会的成员提供了一个解释世界的框架。
A subculture is a group within a larger culture that differentiates itself through distinct norms, values, and styles. For example, skaters, goths, or hip-hop fans share specific tastes and practices while still being part of mainstream society.
亚文化是较大文化中的一个群体，通过独特的规范、价值观和风格使自己与众不同。例如，滑板族、哥特族或嘻哈迷分享特定的品味和实践，同时仍然是主流社会的一部分。
Cultural diversity refers to the variety of cultures and subcultures within a society. It recognises that different groups may hold different norms and values, and encourages tolerance and understanding.
文化多样性指一个社会中各种文化和亚文化的多样性。它承认不同群体可能持有不同的规范与价值观，并鼓励宽容和理解。
7. Social Stratification and Inequality | 社会分层与不平等
Social stratification describes the way society is organised into hierarchical layers based on factors such as class, wealth, status, and power. It means some groups have greater access to resources and opportunities than others.
社会分层描述了社会根据阶级、财富、地位和权力等因素组织成等级层次的方式。这意味着一些群体比另一些群体更能获得资源和机会。
Social class is a form of stratification typically based on economic position. In the UK, class has often been linked to occupation, income, and lifestyle. Sociologists debate whether class is still the most significant division in modern society.
社会阶级是一种通常基于经济地位的分层形式。在英国，阶级常与职业、收入和生活方式相联系。社会学家争论阶级是否仍然是现代社会中最显著的分化。
Inequality refers to the unequal distribution of resources, opportunities, and privileges. It can be measured by income, education, health, and life chances, and it is often patterned by class, gender, and ethnicity.
不平等指资源、机会和特权的分配不均。它可以通过收入、教育、健康和生活机会来衡量，并且通常与阶级、性别和种族相关联。
8. Prejudice, Stereotyping and Discrimination | 偏见、刻板印象与歧视
A stereotype is a simplified, fixed, and often exaggerated image or idea about a particular group of people. Stereotypes can be positive or negative, but they tend to ignore individual differences and lead to misconceptions.
刻板印象是对特定群体的一种简化、固定且往往被夸大的形象或观念。刻板印象可以是积极的或消极的，但它们往往忽视个体差异并导致误解。
Prejudice is a preconceived attitude or judgment, usually negative, about an individual based solely on their membership in a social group. It involves thoughts and feelings that may not be based on actual experience.
偏见是基于某人在社会群体中的成员身份而对其产生的先入为主的态度或判断，通常是负面的。它涉及的想法和感受可能并非基于实际经验。
Discrimination is the unfair treatment of individuals because they belong to a particular group. It is the behavioural component, acting on prejudice to deny people equal opportunities in areas such as employment, housing, and education.
歧视是因人属于某一特定群体而对其进行的不公平对待。它是行为组成部分，将偏见付诸行动，在就业、住房和教育等领域剥夺人们的平等机会。
9. Research Methods: Core Concepts | 研究方法：核心概念
Primary data refers to information collected first-hand by the researcher for a specific purpose. Examples include questionnaires, interviews, and observations conducted directly with participants.
一手数据指研究者为特定目的亲自收集的信息。例子包括直接对参与者进行的问卷调查、访谈和观察。
Secondary data is data that already exists, having been collected by someone else for a different purpose. Official statistics, historical documents, and previous research studies are common sources.
二手数据是已经存在、由他人为另一目的收集的数据。官方统计数据、历史文献和以往的研究是常见来源。
Quantitative data is numerical and can be measured statistically, such as exam scores, percentages, and census figures. It is often used to identify patterns and test hypotheses.
定量数据是数值型的，可以进行统计测量，如考试成绩、百分比和人口普查数字。它常用于识别模式和检验假设。
Qualitative data is descriptive and non-numerical, capturing feelings, experiences, and meanings. It is gathered through methods like open-ended interviews and participant observation, providing in-depth insight.
定性数据是描述性的、非数值的，捕捉感受、经历
Published by TutorHao | Year 9 社会学 Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图