📚 Year 10 Edexcel Maths: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick-Reference Guide | Year 10 Edexcel 数学：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering mathematical vocabulary is essential for understanding questions, communicating methods, and securing high marks in your Edexcel Year 10 exams. This guide pairs over 200 key terms with clear definitions and bilingual explanations, arranged by topic to help you commit them to memory quickly and effectively.
掌握数学词汇是理解题意、清晰表达解题步骤并在Edexcel Year 10 考试中取得高分的基础。本指南将 200 多个核心术语按主题分类，附上清晰定义与双语解释，帮助你快速、高效地记牢它们。
1. Algebraic Expressions | 代数表达式
An algebraic expression is a combination of numbers, variables, and mathematical operations. Understanding the building blocks of algebra helps you simplify, expand, and factorise with confidence.
代数表达式是由数字、变量和数学运算组成的式子。理解代数的基础构件能让你自信地进行化简、展开和因式分解。
- Variable – a symbol, usually a letter, that represents an unknown number.
变量 – 通常用字母表示一个未知数的符号。 - Coefficient – the number multiplying a variable, e.g., in 3x, 3 is the coefficient.
系数 – 乘以变量的数，例如在 3x 中，3 是系数。 - Term – a single number, variable, or product of numbers and variables, separated by + or − signs.
项 – 由加号或减号隔开的单个数字、变量或数与变量的乘积。 - Like terms – terms that have exactly the same variable and exponent, e.g., 2x and −5x.
同类项 – 变量和指数完全相同的项，例如 2x 和 −5x。 - Expand – to multiply out brackets, e.g., a(b + c) = ab + ac.
展开 – 去括号相乘，如 a(b + c) = ab + ac。 - Factorise – to write an expression as a product of its factors, e.g., 6x + 9 = 3(2x + 3).
因式分解 – 把一个表达式写成其因式的乘积，例如 6x + 9 = 3(2x + 3)。
2. Linear Equations | 线性方程
A linear equation involves variables to the power of 1 and forms a straight line when graphed. Solving them is about isolating the unknown using inverse operations.
线性方程中变量的指数为 1，其图像是一条直线。求解线性方程就是用逆运算把未知数单独解出来。
- Equation – a mathematical statement showing two expressions are equal, using '='.
方程 – 用等号表示两个表达式相等的数学语句。 - Solve – to find the value of the variable that makes the equation true.
解方程 – 求出使方程成立的变量的值。 - Inverse operation – the opposite operation, e.g., adding and subtracting, multiplying and dividing.
逆运算 – 相反的运算，如加与减、乘与除。 - Balance method – keeping both sides of the equation equal by doing the same operation to both sides.
平衡法 – 对等式两边同时做相同运算，保持两边相等。 - Root/solution – the value of the variable that satisfies the equation.
根/解 – 满足方程的变量值。
3. Inequalities | 不等式
Inequalities compare two expressions and indicate a range of possible values. The symbols and number-line representation are key exam skills.
不等式比较两个表达式，并给出一段可能的值范围。不等号以及数轴上的表示方法是关键的考试技能。
- Inequality – a relation using <, >, ≤ or ≥ to compare two expressions.
不等式 – 用 <、>、≤ 或 ≥ 连接两个表达式的关系。 - < means less than; > means greater than.
< 表示小于；> 表示大于。 - ≤ means less than or equal to; ≥ means greater than or equal to.
≤ 表示小于或等于；≥ 表示大于或等于。 - Integer – a whole number that can be positive, negative, or zero. Often used to list solutions like 'x is an integer such that 2 < x ≤ 5'.
整数 – 正整数、负整数和零。常用来列出不等式的解，如“x 是满足 2 < x ≤ 5 的整数”。 - Number line – a visual representation with a circle (open or closed) to show range of solutions.
数轴 – 用空点或实心点表示解的范围的图示。
4. Graphs and Functions | 图像与函数
Graphs turn algebraic relationships into visual form. Understanding plots, gradients, and intercepts allows you to interpret real-life contexts like distance–time graphs.
图像把代数关系转化为直观的图形。理解描点、斜率和截距能帮助你解读距离–时间图等实际情境。
- Coordinates – ordered pair (x, y) showing position on a grid.
坐标 – 表示平面上位置的有序数对 (x, y)。 - Straight line graph – graph of a linear equation y = mx + c.
直线图像 – 线性方程 y = mx + c 的图像。 - Gradient (m) – a measure of steepness, calculated as rise over run (change in y ÷ change in x).
斜率 (m) – 表示陡峭程度的量，等于纵向变化量 ÷ 横向变化量。 - y-intercept (c) – the point where the line crosses the y-axis (x = 0).
y 轴截距 (c) – 直线与 y 轴交点的纵坐标（x = 0 时）。 - Plot – to mark points on a graph using coordinates, then join them.
描点 – 在坐标系上标出点并连成线。 - Quadratic graph – a U-shaped curve (parabola) from y = ax² + bx + c.
二次函数图像 – 由 y = ax² + bx + c 得到的 U 形曲线（抛物线）。
5. Geometry – Angles | 几何—角度
Angle facts govern the relationships between lines, shapes, and polygons. Recalling these rules instantly is vital for multi-step geometry problems.
角度知识决定了直线、图形和多边形之间的关系。迅速想起这些规则对解决多步几何题至关重要。
- Angle – the amount of turn between two lines meeting at a point, measured in degrees (°).
角 – 两条线交于一点时的张角大小，以度 (°) 为单位。 - Acute angle – less than 90°.
锐角 – 小于 90°。 - Right angle – exactly 90°.
直角 – 正好等于 90°。 - Obtuse angle – between 90° and 180°.
钝角 – 大于 90° 小于 180°。 - Reflex angle – between 180° and 360°.
优角 – 大于 180° 小于 360°。 - Angles on a straight line – sum to 180°.
平角/直线上的角 – 和为 180°。 - Angles around a point – sum to 360°.
周角/点周围的角 – 和为 360°。 - Vertically opposite angles – equal when two lines intersect.
对顶角 – 两直线相交时，对顶角相等。 - Corresponding angles – equal in position when a transversal crosses parallel lines.
同位角 – 当横截线与平行线相交时，位置相同的角相等。 - Alternate angles – equal, formed inside parallel lines on opposite sides of a transversal.
内错角 – 相等，在平行线内侧、横截线的两侧。 - Interior angles – sum to 180° between parallel lines on the same side of a transversal (co-interior).
同旁内角 – 在平行线内侧且位于横截线同一侧，和为 180°。
6. Trigonometry Basics | 三角学基础
Trigonometry links angles to side lengths in right-angled triangles. Knowing the three ratios and how to label sides is the foundation for solving problems.
三角学研究直角三角形中角与边长的关系。记住三个比值以及如何标定各边，是解决问题的基石。
- Hypotenuse – the longest side, opposite the right angle.
斜边 – 直角所对的最长边。 - Opposite – the side facing the given angle (not the right angle).
对边 – 面对给定角（非直角）的边。 - Adjacent – the side next to the given angle, forming the right angle together with the opposite.
邻边 – 与给定角相邻、且与对边垂直的那条边。 - Sine (sin) – ratio of opposite ÷ hypotenuse.
正弦 (sin) – 对边 ÷ 斜边。 - Cosine (cos) – ratio of adjacent ÷ hypotenuse.
余弦 (cos) – 邻边 ÷ 斜边。 - Tangent (tan) – ratio of opposite ÷ adjacent.
正切 (tan) – 对边 ÷ 邻边。 - SOH CAH TOA – a memory aid linking ratios to sides.
SOH CAH TOA – 帮助记忆边与比值关系的口诀。 - Angle of elevation – the angle measured upwards from horizontal to a line of sight.
仰角 – 从水平线向上量测到视线的角。 - Angle of depression – the angle measured downwards from horizontal to a line of sight.
俯角 – 从水平线向下量测到视线的角。
7. Perimeter, Area and Volume | 周长、面积与体积
These measures quantify the size of 2D and 3D shapes. Knowing formulas and units is essential, especially for compound shapes.
这些量度衡量二维和三维图形的大小。记住公式与单位对求解组合图形的问题尤为重要。
- Perimeter – total distance around a 2D shape.
周长 – 平面图形一周的总长度。 - Area – the amount of surface covered, measured in square units (cm², m²).
面积 – 物体表面的大小，以平方单位（如 cm², m²）表示。 - Rectangle area – base × height.
长方形面积 – 底 × 高。 - Triangle area – ½ × base × perpendicular height.
三角形面积 – ½ × 底 × 垂直高度。 - Parallelogram area – base × perpendicular height.
平行四边形面积 – 底 × 垂直高度。 - Trapezium area – ½(a + b) × h, where a and b are parallel sides, h is perpendicular height.
梯形面积 – ½(a + b) × h，其中 a、b 为两条平行边，h 为垂直高度。 - Compound shape – a shape made by combining simpler shapes; find area by splitting into known pieces.
组合图形 – 由多个简单图形拼合而成的形状；可分割后分别求面积。 - Volume – the space occupied by a 3D object, measured in cubic units (cm³, m³).
体积 – 三维物体所占的空间，以立方单位（如 cm³, m³）表示。 - Prism – a 3D shape with constant cross-section; volume = area of cross-section × length.
棱柱 – 具有均匀横截面的立体图形；体积 = 横截面积 × 长度。 - Surface area – total area of all faces of a 3D shape.
表面积 – 立体所有面的总面积。
8. Statistics – Averages and Spread | 统计—平均数与离散程度
Statistics vocabulary allows you to summarise datasets and describe their distribution. Understanding mean, median, mode, and range is crucial for interpreting charts and tables.
统计词汇帮你总结数据并描述其分布。理解平均数、中位数、众数和极差对解读图表至关重要。
- Data – a collection of information, often numbers.
数据 – 信息的集合，通常为数字。 - Mean – the sum of all values divided by the number of values (average).
平均数（均值） – 总和除以数据个数。 - Median – the middle value when data are ordered.
中位数 – 将数据按大小排列后位于中间的值。 - Mode – the value that appears most frequently.
众数 – 出现次数最多的值。 - Range – the difference between the highest and lowest values (a measure of spread).
极差 – 最大值与最小值的差（离散程度的一种量度）。 - Frequency – the number of times a data value occurs.
频数 – 某个数据值出现的次数。 - Frequency table – a table listing data values with their frequencies.
频数表 – 列出数据值及其对应频数的表格。 - Grouped data – data organised into class intervals; the modal class is the interval with highest frequency.
分组数据 – 按组距分组的数据；众数组为频数最高的区间。
9. Probability Terminology | 概率术语
Probability quantifies the chance of an event happening, from impossible (0) to certain (1). Accurate language is needed for describing experiments and outcomes.
概率量化事件发生的可能性，从不可能 (0) 到必然发生 (1)。描述试验和结果时需要准确的语言。
- Probability – the likelihood of an event, expressed as a fraction, decimal, or percentage between 0 and 1.
概率 – 事件发生的可能性，用 0 到 1 之间的分数、小数或百分比表示。 - Impossible – probability = 0.
不可能事件 – 概率为 0。 - Certain – probability = 1.
必然事件 – 概率为 1。 - Even chance – probability = ½ or 0.5.
等可能性 – 概率为 ½ 或 0.5。 - Outcome – a single possible result of an experiment.
结果 – 试验的一个可能结果。 - Event – a set of one or more outcomes.
事件 – 一个或多个结果的集合。 - Random – each outcome is equally likely to occur.
随机 – 每个结果发生的可能性相同。 - Sample space – the list of all possible outcomes.
样本空间 – 所有可能结果的集合。 - Mutually exclusive – events that cannot happen at the same time.
互斥事件 – 不能同时发生的事件。 - Relative frequency – an estimate of probability from an experiment: number of times an event occurs ÷ total number of trials.
相对频率 – 通过试验估计的概率：事件发生次数 ÷ 总试验次数。
10. Ratio and Proportion | 比与比例
Ratio compares the size of parts, while proportion relates a part to the whole. These concepts appear in recipes, scales, and best-buy problems.
比用于比较各部分的大小，比例则将部分与整体联系起来。这些概念出现在配方、比例尺和最优惠购买问题中。
- Ratio – a way of comparing two or more quantities, written as a : b.
比 – 比较两个或多个数量的方式，写作 a : b。 - Direct proportion – as one quantity increases, the other increases at the same rate. Symbol ∝.
正比例 – 一个量增加，另一个量以相同比率增加，符号为 ∝。 - Inverse proportion – as one quantity increases, the other decreases so that the product is constant.
反比例 – 一个量增加而另一个量减少，使得乘积保持不变。 - Unitary method – finding the value of one unit first, then scaling up or down.
归一法 – 先求出一个单位的量，再进行缩放。 - Scale factor – the multiplier used to enlarge or reduce a shape or quantity.
比例因子 – 用于放大或缩小图形或数量的乘数。 - Part-to-part ratio – compares separate parts of a whole, e.g., boys to girls.
部分对部分比 – 比较整体的不同部分，如男生对女生。 - Part-to-whole ratio – compares one part to the total.
部分对整体比 – 比较某一部分与总量。
11. Number Types and Operations | 数的类型与运算
Building a clear hierarchy of number sets and mastering operation vocabulary prevents common confusion with negatives, fractions, and indices.
理清数集的层次并掌握运算术语，能避免在负数、分数和指数方面常见的混淆。
- Natural numbers – counting numbers 1, 2, 3, …
自然数 – 用于计数的数，如 1, 2, 3, … - Integers – whole numbers … −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, …
整数 – 包括正整数、负整数和零。 - Rational numbers – numbers that can be written as a fraction a/b where a and b are integers and b ≠ 0.
有理数 – 可以写成分数 a/b 的数，a、b 为整数且 b ≠ 0。 - Irrational numbers – numbers that cannot be written as a simple fraction, e.g., π, √2.
无理数 – 不能写成分数形式的数，如 π、√2。 - Prime number – a positive integer with exactly two factors: 1 and itself.
质数 – 恰好有两个因数（1 和自身）的正整数。 - Factor – a number that divides exactly into another number.
因数 – 能整除另一个数的数。 - Multiple – the product of a number and any integer.
倍数 – 一个数与任意整数的乘积。 - Highest common factor (HCF) – the largest factor shared by two or more numbers.
最大公因数 (HCF) – 两个或多个数共有的最大因数。 - Lowest common multiple (LCM) – the smallest multiple shared by two or more numbers.
最小公倍数 (LCM) – 两个或多个数共有的最小倍数。 - Index (exponent) – raised number showing how many times a base is multiplied by itself, e.g., 2³ = 2 × 2 × 2.
指数 – 表示底数自乘次数的上标小数字，如 2³ = 2 × 2 × 2。 - Standard form – writing numbers as a × 10ⁿ, where 1 ≤ a < 10 and n is an integer.
标准形式 – 将数字写成 a × 10ⁿ，其中 1 ≤ a < 10 且 n 为整数。
12. Transformations | 变换
Transformations move or change a shape on the coordinate plane. Precise language for each type and its properties ensures full marks on construction and description questions.
变换在坐标平面上移动或改变图形。准确说出每种变换及其性质，能在作图与描述题中拿到满分。
- Translation – sliding a shape without turning or flipping; described by a column vector.
平移 – 不旋转不翻转地滑动图形；用列向量描述。 - Reflection – flipping a shape over a mirror line. Every point is the same distance from the line on the other side.
镜像反射 – 沿一条镜线翻转图形；每个点与其像到镜线距离相等。 - Rotation – turning a shape about a centre, by a given angle and direction (clockwise or anticlockwise).
旋转 – 绕一个中心按给定角度和方向（顺时针或逆时针）转动图形。 - Enlargement – changing the size of a shape by a scale factor from a centre of enlargement. A scale factor > 1 makes it bigger, between 0 and 1 makes it smaller.
放大/缩小 – 以某个中心按比例因子改变图形大小。比例因子 > 1 放大，0 到 1 之间缩小。 - Invariant – a point or line that does not move under a transformation.
不变量 – 变换下保持不动的点或线。 - Object – the original shape before transformation.
原像 – 变换前的原始图形。 - Image – the shape after transformation.
像 – 变换后得到的图形。 - Congruent – identical in shape and size; translations, reflections, and rotations produce congruent images.
全等 – 形状和大小完全相同；平移、反射和旋转产生全等图形。 - Similar – same shape but different size; enlargements produce similar shapes (angles unchanged, side lengths in proportion).
相似 – 形状相同但大小不同；放缩产生相似图形（角度不变，边长成比例）。
Published by TutorHao | Maths Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图