📚 Year 9 CCEA Computer Science: Core Knowledge Points Review | Year 9 CCEA 计算机：核心知识点梳理
This revision guide summarises the key topics covered in Year 9 CCEA Computer Science. It is designed to help students consolidate their understanding of computer systems, programming, networks, digital safety, and the wider impact of technology. Use this article alongside your class notes and practical activities to prepare for assessments.
本复习指南总结了 Year 9 CCEA 计算机课程的核心知识点，旨在帮助学生巩固对计算机系统、编程、网络、数字安全以及技术影响的理解。可结合课堂笔记和实践活动，用于备考评估。
1. Introduction to Computer Systems | 计算机系统简介
A computer system consists of hardware and software working together to process data. The fundamental model is Input – Process – Output. Data enters the system through input devices, the computer processes it, and then outputs the result.
计算机系统由硬件和软件协同工作来处理数据。基本模型是输入-处理-输出：数据通过输入设备进入系统，计算机进行处理，然后输出结果。
For example, when you type a letter on a keyboard (input), the word processor software processes the keystrokes, and the printer produces the document (output).
例如，当你在键盘上输入一封信（输入），文字处理软件处理按键，打印机打印文件（输出）。
Hardware refers to the physical parts you can touch, such as the monitor, CPU, and mouse. Software includes the programs and instructions that tell the hardware what to do.
硬件指的是你可以触摸的物理部件，如显示器、CPU 和鼠标。软件包括告诉硬件做什么的程序和指令。
2. Hardware Components and Peripherals | 硬件组件与外设
The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the brain of the computer, executing instructions and performing calculations. Its speed is measured in gigahertz (GHz).
中央处理器（CPU）是计算机的大脑，执行指令和进行计算，其速度以千兆赫兹（GHz）为单位。
Memory is divided into RAM (Random Access Memory) and ROM (Read Only Memory). RAM is temporary and volatile, used to store data currently in use. ROM is non-volatile and holds essential startup instructions, like the BIOS.
内存分为 RAM（随机存取存储器）和 ROM（只读存储器）。RAM 是临时的、易失性的，用于存储当前正在使用的数据。ROM 是非易失性的，保存着必要的启动指令，如 BIOS。
Storage devices such as Hard Disk Drives (HDD) and Solid-State Drives (SSD) keep data permanently. SSDs are faster and more durable because they have no moving parts.
存储设备如硬盘驱动器（HDD）和固态驱动器（SSD）永久保存数据。SSD 速度更快、更耐用，因为没有移动部件。
Common input devices include the keyboard, mouse, touchscreen, and microphone. Output devices display or present data, such
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